BHT with Full Translator’s NotesMark 4 =
4
“He Began to Tell Them Many, Many Things in Parables”
1 Jesus+ began teaching beside the lake once+ again, and such a large crowd gathered near him that he got into a boat+ and sat in it out on the lake, while the whole crowd remained here:+ At the water’s edge on the shore. 2 Then he began to teach them many,+ many things in parables. As he was teaching them, he said:+
“A sower went out to sow his seed”
3 “Listen! Pay close attention:+ A sower went out to sow his seed. 4 While he was sowing, some seed fell along the path, and so the birds came and ate it up. 5 Other seed fell on the hard bedrock, where it had only a thin layer of soil,+ and it sprouted quickly because the soil was not deep enough.+ 6 When the sun came up, it was scorched, and because it didn’t have sufficient root,+ it dried up. 7 Other seed fell among plants with thorns, and the plants with thorns grew up and choked the life out of+ it, so that+ it produced no+ crop. 8 Other seeds fell on good ground and were producing a crop as they sprang up and grew, and they went on+ to yield a harvest+—one thirty times, and one sixty times, and one a hundred times what was sown.” 9 Then he added, “If you have ears to hear, then listen carefully and pay close attention!”+
10 When Jesus+ was away from the crowd,+ the Twelve and the others around him+ began asking him about the parables.
11 “To ᵖyou,” he replied, “has been entrusted the mystery+ concerning the Kingdom of God.+ To those on the outside, however, everything takes place in parables,+ 12 so that
“ ‘they may look closely,+ but not perceive,
and may listen intently, but not understand.
Otherwise, they might return,
in which case+ their sins+ would be forgiven them.’+”
13 Then he said to them, “Do ᵖyou not understand this parable? How in the world+ will you understand, then,+ any of the parables? 14 As for the sower, it is+ the message+ that he is sowing. 15 The seed that+ fell along the path, where the message is sown, represents+ these+ people: When they hear, immediately Satan comes and takes away the message that was sown in them. 16 The seed sown here—+on the hard bedrock—represents these+ people: When they hear the message, they immediately receive it with joy.+ 17 In these people the message doesn’t take deep enough root,+ however, and they endure only+ a short time. Later on, when affliction or persecution occurs because of the message, they quickly stumble with offense.+ 18 The seed sown here—+among the plants with thorns—represents still other+ people. These are the ones who hear+ the message, 19 but then something keeps coming in and choking the life out of+ the message:+ The worries of this age and the deceitfulness of riches and the desire for other+ things. And so+ what does it become?+ Unfruitful. 20 But the seed sown here—+on the good ground—represents these+ people: They hear the message and welcome it and bear fruit—one thirty times, and one sixty times, and one a hundred times what was sown.”
“Nothing is hidden except for the purpose of being disclosed”
21 Jesus+ also said to them, “A lamp isn’t brought in to be placed under the measuring basket, is it,+ or under the bed? Of course not. The lampstand is where+ it is to be placed, is it not? 22 Nothing is hidden except for the purpose of being disclosed,+ you see, and nothing is concealed except for the purpose of eventually+ coming out into the open.++ 23 If you have ears to hear, then listen carefully and pay close attention!+”
24 He also said to them, “Make sure that ᵖyou give careful thought and attention to what ᵖyou are hearing.+ The more ᵖyou do so, the more understanding you will be given, and then still more will be provided to ᵖyou.+ 25 If someone is responsive and attentive and trustworthy with little, you see, further understanding will be entrusted to him.++ If someone is dull and stubborn and unwilling to listen, however, then even+ the little understanding he does have+ will be taken away from him.+”
“This is what the Kingdom of God is like: As when a man scatters seed on the ground”
26 He also said, “This is what+ the Kingdom of God is like: As when a man scatters seed on the ground, 27 and then sleeps night after night and gets up day after day+ while+ the seed goes on+ sprouting and getting taller, though he himself doesn’t understand how it happens.+ 28 The ground produces a harvest all+ on its own—first the blade, then the head, and then the full grain on the head. 29 As soon as the crop+ is ripe,+ he sends in the sickle, because the time for harvest has come.”+
“It is like a mustard seed”
30 He also said, “To what can we compare the Kingdom of God? What parable is it+ that we can use+ to explain+ it? 31 It is like a mustard seed; although+ this seed,+ when sown in the ground, is of all the different kinds+ of seeds in the ground the smallest,+ 32 after it has been sown it comes up and becomes the largest of all the garden plants and produces such large branches that ‘under its shade the wild birds+ are able to nest.’+”+
“He wouldn’t say anything to them, in fact, without using a parable”
33 It was+ with many parables such as these that Jesus+ kept proclaiming the message+ to them, as they were able to listen.+ 34 He wouldn’t say anything to them, in fact,+ without using a parable. Privately, however, he was explaining everything to his own disciples.
“Even the Winds and the Waves Obey Him!”
35 That day, when it was evening,+ he said to his disciples,+ “Let’s cross over to the other side of the lake.+” 36 So after leaving the crowd, they took him with them, since he was already in the boat.+ There accompanied+ him, too,+ other boats. 37 Suddenly+ a fierce windstorm developed, and so many waves were breaking into the boat that it was quickly filling up with water.+ 38 Jesus,+ meanwhile, was in the back part of the boat with his head on a cushion+ asleep.+ The disciples+ woke him up and said to him, “Teacher! Surely you care that we’re about+ to die, don’t you?” 39 Then Jesus+ got up and issued a stern command to the wind and said to the waves,+ “Silence! Be still!”+ At that the wind died down and things became completely calm. 40 Then he said to the disciples,+ “Why are ᵖyou so+ cowardly? Do ᵖyou still not have any faith?”
41 The disciples+ were struck with great fear. “ Who+ then is this man?” they kept saying to one another. “Even+ the wind and the waves+ obey him!”+
+1:1The second genitive here has been interpreted as an objective genitive (though it may be functioning here on a plenary level; see Wallace, Grammar, 119). This is reflected in the translation. Cf NIV, NLT, TEV. Cf also UBSHS (Mk), 2.+1:1Cf Ac 1:22.+1:1Lit The beginning of the gospel about Jesus the Messiah, just as it is written…. Here, the first genitive has been translated as a subjective genitive. Following the lead of L-N in connecting this phrase with what follows (see L-N, 68.1). Cf also NAC (Mk), 38; UBSHS (Mk), 2.+1:2Lit before your face. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 67.19).+1:2Ml 3:1+1:3Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+1:3Lit the paths, or your paths. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 3:3).+1:3εὐθείας ( eutheias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:3Is 40:3+1:4In this context, ἐγένετο ( egeneto) is similar in meaning to παραγίνεται ( paraginetai) at Mt 3:1 (see translation and notes there; cf BSL, Mk 1:4, sv γίνομαι). Cf CJB, TEV.+1:5VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:5).+1:5Or confessing.+1:5Cf Ps 32:3.+1:6Cf 2 Ki 1:8, Lk 1:17.+1:8Or in.+1:9Lit In those days. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 56). Cf NIV, NCV.+1:10According to Stephen Levinsohn and Randall Buth (based on personal correspondence with Dr. Levinsohn), in Mark καὶ εὐθὺς ( kai euthus) often functions as a development marker, somewhat similar to δὲ ( de) in Matthew. Though this is not necessarily always the case, in situations where it does seem to be functioning on this level, it is either translated as a development marker or is left untranslated.+1:10Lit he.+1:10Or the skies. So throughout this section.+1:10ὡς περιστερὰν ( hōs peristeran) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:11φωνὴ ( phōnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+1:11Cf Gn 22:2, 16; Is 42:1.+1:12Lit him.+1:13ἄγγελοι ( angeloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:13Cf Ge 21:15-19; 1 Ki 19:5-8; Ps 78:23-25, 91:11; Lk 22:43; Heb 1:14.+1:14Cf Ps 40:9-10 (see LXX); Is 40:9, 52:7, 61:1 (see LXX); Rm 1:1.+1:15Cf Dn 2:21, 9:24-27; Ga 4:4; Eph 1:10.+1:15VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:2).+1:15Cf Is 13:6-9; Dn 2:34-35, 44-45; Jl 1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:31, 3:14; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-9, 14-18; Ml 4:5; Mt 5:20-24; Lk 10:11-12, 21:31; Rm 13:12; 1 Pt 4:7.+1:15Cf ISV. It must be remembered here that Jesus is addressing a Jewish audience familiar with the OT and the promises of the covenants.+1:15Lit in the gospel. ME(OTB)/IT. In both the OT and NT, the “gospel” isn’t just a generic message, but relates specifically to the promises of the covenants. Cf Gn 12:1-3, 22:18, 26:4, 28:14; 2 Sm 7; 1 Ch 17; Ps 2, 40:9-10 (cf LXX), 89, 132; Is 40:9, 52:7, 61:1 (cf LXX); Ac 7:5, 13:23, 13:32, 26:6; Rm 1:1, 4:14-16; 2 Co 1:20; Ga 3:7-29 (see esp vs 8); Tit 1:2; Re 10:7. Cf πιστεύετε ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ ( pisteuete en euangeliō) here with ἐπίστευσαν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοῦ ( episteusan en tois logois autou) at Ps 105:12 in the LXX (Ps 106:12 in the MT), and with the HCSB, NET, NIV, NLT, and TEV renderings of the MT there.+1:15Cf Is 40:27-31; Hab 2:3.+1:16Lit he.+1:16Lit and Andrew the brother of Simon.+1:17Lit Come after me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+1:18VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+1:19Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ESV, NASB, NRSV, RSV.+1:21IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+1:21See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+1:21Lit he.+1:22Lit they.+1:22Cf NLT.+1:23See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+1:23ἄνθρωπος ἐν πνεύματι ἀκαθάρτῳ ( anthrōpos en pneumati akathartō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus (with the help of a dummy subject).+1:24Or Leave us alone! Lit What to us and to you? ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV.+1:24Lit Did you come, or Have you come. Cf TEV.+1:25Lit to him.+1:26Or after. Since the aorist participles are used with an aorist indicative main verb, it isn’t completely clear whether the relative time of the participles is contemporaneous or antecedent. For further discussion, see Wallace, Grammar, 624.+1:26Lit him.+1:27τοῖς πνεύμασι τοῖς ἀκαθάρτοις ( tois pneumasi tois akathartois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been rendered ascensively to give this constituent extra focus.+1:29See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+1:29ἐκ τῆς συναγωγῆς ( ek tēs sunagōgēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:30Lit immediately. ME. Cf TEV.+1:32Ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:32This was a Sabbath (cf Mk 1:21, 29). Healing was forbidden on the Sabbath (see, eg, Mt 12:2, Jn 9:16), and therefore the people had to wait until evening to bring the sick to Jesus.+1:32Lit they. This is an indefinite plural.+1:32Lit to him.+1:32κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis+1:34Lit he.+1:34κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:34δαιμόνια πολλὰ ( daimonia polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition and italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+1:35πρωῒ ἔννυχα λίαν ( prōi ennucha lian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:35Cf NCV, TEV.+1:35Lit he.+1:35The direct object is implied from the context. Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+1:35The imperfect tense of the verb here “implies some duration to the prayer (see NET Bible Notes, Mk 1:35). Cf NET.+1:37πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:38Lit he.+1:38IT. Cf CJB; UBSHS (Mk), 63.+1:38καὶ ἐκεῖ ( kai ekei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:38εἰς τοῦτο ( eis touto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+1:38IT. Cf ISV.+1:39τὰ δαιμόνια ( ta daimonia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent (“demons” is used in a context in which the verbs are functioning progressively and distributively [ie, the demons are coming out of multiple people as Jesus travels “all over Galilee”]). Mark really seems to love this aspect of Jesus’ ministry!+1:40Lit a leper. Cf Lv 13.+1:40Lit to him.+1:40Lit he.+1:40Lit cleanse. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2). Cf NLT.+1:41Or Jesus was moved with compassion. Lit Being moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072). An independent clause has been used in translation to allow for more natural expression of the idiom in English.+1:41Lit he.+1:42Lit left him.+1:43Lit him.+1:43Lit he.+1:44IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:44Lit show yourself to the priest. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 224). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:44Lit the things. ME(OTB)/IT (see Lv 14:1-32). Cf NIV, TEV.+1:44Cf Lv 14:1-32.+1:44Or as proof, or as a witness, or as a testimony.+1:44Or to them. The dative here has been interpreted as a dative of location. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Lv 14.+1:45Lit he.+1:45Lit the word.+1:45Lit he.+1:45φανερῶς εἰς πόλιν ( phanerōs eis polin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ὥστε ( ōste) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:45φανερῶς ( phanerōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:45ἔξω ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις ( exō ep’ erēmois topois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἀλλʼ ( all’) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:45Lit they.+2:1Lit he.+2:1Lit it was heard. ME. Cf CJB, NET, NLT, NCV, TEV.+2:1IT. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT.+2:1ἐν οἴκῳ ( en oikō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:2Lit He.+2:2Or the word.+2:3Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, TEV; UBSHS (Mk), 73.+2:3Lit they. Cf ISV, NET.+2:3VPR. See VCC (Mk 2:3)+2:4Lit he.+2:7Lit Why...? The rhetorical impact intended by the question here is, in my opinion, more effectively conveyed in English with something like “how dare.” Cf CJB, TEV; UBSHS (Mk), 78; translation and notes at Lk 5:21.+2:7οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf CJB.+2:7Lit Who can forgive sins except God alone? ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:8See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+2:8Lit in his spirit. ME (see UBSHS [Jn], 212).+2:8οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:8τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:10Or know, or realize.+2:10Or on the earth. Cf Ps 2, 8; Dn 7:13-14. If ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( epi tēs gēs) is to be grouped with “have authority,” then it is in a DFE position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn). Because of the parallels in Mt and Lk, I am inclined to interpret it as such here. (This is the interpretation reflected in most English translations.) Italics have therefore been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:12See note at Mk 1:10.+2:12Lit he.+2:12ὥστε ( hōste) here is signaling result. That people are in awe and praising God in response to the healing is clear and obvious from the context, and thus ὥστε has not been translated. Cf CJB, NET, NLT, TEV.+2:12οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:13Lit beside the lake. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:13πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος ( pas ho ochlos) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:14Lit follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+2:14Lit he.+2:14Lit he.+2:14VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+2:15IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:15Lit he.+2:15Lit his.+2:15πολλοὶ τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( polloi telōnai kai hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:15Lit For they were many and were following/accompanying him. ME. Cf CJB, NLT. For a discussion of the interpretive options here, see UBSHS (Mk), 86.+2:16Lit the scribes of the Pharisees. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mk 2:16).+2:16μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ( meta tōn telōnōn kai hamartōlōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a question and an adjective (“such”; cf NLT, TEV) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent (and to convey the surprise and contempt present contextually).+2:17See note at Mt 9:12. The same applies here.+2:17κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:17Lit came to call/invite, or have come to call/invite. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+2:17Or to invite.+2:17δικαίους ( dikaious) and ἁμαρτωλούς ( hamartōlous) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents.+2:17Cf CJB.+2:18Lit they. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV.+2:18Lit to him.+2:18σοὶ ( soi) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a possessive adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:18Lit Why do the disciples of John and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your own disciples don’t fast? The question has been placed at the end of the verse in order to signal the switch in topic more smoothly in English.+2:19ἐν ᾧ ὁ νυμφίος μετʼ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ( en hō ho numphios met’ autōn estin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with μὴ [ mē] expect a negative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:19μετʼ ( met’) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:19In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+2:20Lit days. Here ἡμέραι ( hēmerai) is being used in its generic sense of “time” (see, eg, BDAG, 438, sv 4). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV.+2:20τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:20Lit at/on/in that day.+2:21ἐπίβλημα ῥάκους ἀγνάφου ( epiblēma ‘rakous agnaphou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:21Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NIV, RSV.+2:21χεῖρον σχίσμα ( cheiron schisma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:22Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NIV, RSV.+2:22The verb is implied from the first part of the verse. Cf ISV, LEB, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+2:23Lit he.+2:23ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν ( en tois sabbasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:23Lit to make a road. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mk], 96). Cf NIV, TEV.+2:24τοῖς σάββασιν is ( tois sabbasin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:26Cf Lv 16:32; 1Sa 21:1-6; 2 Sa 8:17;1 Ch 24:6.+2:26τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ( tous artous tēs protheseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question and an emphatic adjective (“very”) have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent. Also, the verb in the preceding clause has been subordinated to ensure that primary emphasis lands on the focal element. Cf Mt 12:4 and Lk 6:3.+2:26Cf Ex 25:30; Lv 24:5-9; 1Sm 21:6.+2:26Lit which is forbidden for [one] to eat, except...+2:26Cf Lv 24:5-9.+2:26σὺν ( sun) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:27τὸ σάββατον ( to sabbaton) here is a topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT).+2:27διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ( dia ton anthrōpon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:27Here διά ( dia) is functioning as a marker of benefaction (see, eg, L-N, 90.38). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:27Lit man. ME. Cf CJB, NRSV, TEV.+2:28κύριος καὶ τοῦ σαββάτου ( kurios kai tou sabbatou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis, with καὶ rendered ascensively to give extra focus to the split element.+3:1Lit he.+3:1Lit dried up. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.173). ἐξηραμμένην ( exērammenēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+3:2Lit they. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+3:2Lit him.+3:2Lit him.+3:2τοῖς σάββασιν ( tois sabbasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:2The context makes it clear that they are looking for grounds on which to accuse. Cf CJB, NIV.+3:2Lit in order to accuse him.+3:3Lit in the middle. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 104).+3:3Lit he.+3:4Lit Which is lawful? ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+3:4ἀγαθὸν ( agathon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:4Or to do evil?+3:4σῶσαι ( sōsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:5Lit the hardness/calloused state/insensitivity of their heart. ME(H/OTB). “People in the ancient Near East viewed the heart as the seat of emotions, the intellect, and the will” (see FSB, Ex 4:21; cf ANLEX, 215, sv καρδία 2; Ibid, 340, sv πώρωσις; FSB, Mk 3:5; Ex 4:21; for a good example of the close interrelationship between emotion, will, and understanding that is assumed in the Scriptures, see Proverbs 2). In modern Western culture, we tend to associate the heart with the emotions and perhaps even the will, but not so much with the mind, intellect, and understanding. (In fact, heart and mind are often viewed in contradistinction to one another.) Some translations try to compensate at this point by using “mind” in translation (see, eg, the NCV and TEV at Mk 6:52 and 8:17).+3:5Cf Ex 32:9-14; Dt 9:13-14.+3:5Lit he.+3:6Lit went out and began giving counsel against him. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:6μετὰ τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν ( meta tōn hērōdianōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give this element extra focus. συμβούλιον ( sumboulion) here has been interpreted as incorporated in the verb phrase. (Through personal correspondence, Dr. Stephen Levinsohn told me that in his personal annotations he has noted that συμβούλιον may be incorporated. His doubts spring from the fact that a different verb is used here.) Cf the BART Display at Mt 12:14.+3:6Lit the Herodians. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 22:16).+3:6Since a colon was used to give extra focus to the focal constituent (see note at “these” in this verse), the verbal idea has been restated in translation here.+3:6The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+3:7πολὺ πλῆθος ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ( polu plēthos tēs Galilaias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used in order to allow this element to land in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:7πολὺ ( polu) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+3:9πλοιάριον ( ploiarion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore διὰ τὸν ὄχλον ( dia ton ochlon) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:9Lit they. Cf NIV, TEV.+3:10πολλοὺς ( pollous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:10VPR. See VCC (Mk 3:10).+3:11ἐθεώρουν ( etheōroun) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:12VPR. See VCC (Mk 3:12). Cf ISV.+3:12πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been modified with an adverb and segmented with commas for extra focus and emphasis.+3:12φανερὸν ( phaneron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+3:12Lit him not to make known. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 110). Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:13Lit he.+3:13Or wanted. Cf Lk 6:13.+3:14ἀποστόλους ( apostolous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:14Lit to be with him. ME. Cf ISV, NLT.+3:17An ellipsis is present here in the Greek text. The verb is implied from v 16.+3:19IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+3:20Lit so that they.+3:20ἄρτον ( arton) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+3:20Lit were not able to eat bread. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+3:21Lit they were saying. The subject here has been interpreted as an impersonal plural (for a brief discussion of the interpretive options here, see UBSHS [Mk], 116). This is reflected in the translation.+3:21Lit he.+3:21Or For they were saying, “He’s lost his mind.” Cf Jn 6:41-70.+3:22ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων ( apo Yerosolumōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:22Βεελζεβοὺλ ( Beelzeboul) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:22Lit He has Beelzebul. Cf NET, NIV, NLT.+3:22ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ( en tō archonti tōn daimoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:22IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:22This is a genitive of subordination.+3:23Lit he.+3:23ἐν παραβολαῖς ( en parabolais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:23σατανᾶν ( satanan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:23“He asked” is used as a transition here, since a rhetorical question was used to give extra focus to the focal constituent in the preceding line (see note at “what?” earlier in this verse). Cf NCV, NLT.+3:24ἐφʼ ἑαυτὴν ( eph’ heautēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:24In this context, ἵστημι ( histēmi) means to “continue to exist” (see DBL Greek, #2705.11; L-N, 13.90) or to “survive” (see UBSHS [Mt], 373). Cf CJB, NCV.+3:25The focal prominence given to “house” (see BART Display) is underscoring a contrast between different things that can be divided.+3:25οἰκία ( oikia) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:26Or rebels, or rises up. For this gloss for ἀνίστημι ( anistēmi), see UBSHS (Mk), 120.+3:26Lit he is going to have his end, or he has his end, or he will certainly have his end. The meaning here is not the end of Satan’s existence, but the end of his power and kingdom (see UBSHS [Mk], 121). The present indicative here is most likely conveying the certainty of Satan’s demise if the protasis were true. τέλος ( telos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:27Or the strong man’s.+3:27εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ἰσχυροῦ ( eis tēn oikian tou ischurou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:27See note at Mt 12:29. The same applies here.+3:27τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ( ta skeuē autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:27δήσῃ ( dēsē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:27τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:27See note at Mt 12:29. The same applies here.+3:28IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+3:28Lit the sons of men. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mk], 122). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, TEV.+3:28πάντα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα καὶ αἱ βλασφημίαι ὅσα ἐὰν βλασφημήσωσιν ( panta ta hamartēmata kai hai blasphēmiai hosa ean blasphēmēsōsin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow this information to land in clause-final for primary focus and stress. An emphatic adverb has also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+3:28The context (juxtaposition with a category/class/kind of sin known as “blasphemy of the Spirit”; plural usage of βλασφημία [ blasphēmia]) indicates that πάντα ( panta) here is signaling different categories and classes of sin and blasphemy. Cf BDAG, 784, sv πᾶς 5; L-N, 58.28.+3:28“Commit” is implied here.+3:28Lit blasphemies.+3:29A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+3:29ἔνοχός αἰωνίου ἁμαρτήματος ( enochos aiōniou hamartēmatos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adverb/spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:29αἰωνίου ( aiōniou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:30IT. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:30πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον ( pneuma akatharton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:31ἔξω ( exō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:31IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:32ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ σου ( hē mētēr sou kai hoi adelphoi sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+3:34περὶ αὐτὸν κύκλῳ ( peri auton kuklō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:35οὗτος ( houtos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:1Lit he.+4:1πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:1εἰς πλοῖον ( eis ploion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:1πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( pros tēn thalassan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore and adverb and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:2πολλὰ ( polla) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:2Lit And he was saying to them in his teaching. ME. ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτο ( en tē didachē autou) here is active in meaning (ie, it is referring to “the act of teaching” and to “the thing taught”) ( UBSHS [Mk], 128). Cf CJB, ISV.+4:3Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+4:5Lit did not have much soil. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 403).+4:5Lit because it did not have depth of soil. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 403).+4:6Lit because it did not have root. ME. Cf NET.+4:7IT (see note at Mt 13:7).+4:7Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+4:7καρπὸν ( karpon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before this element to give it extra focus. The element has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 13:8). A different lexeme is used here, but the context is the same, and the same aspect is encoded in the verb.+4:8The direct object is implied here. Cf, eg, CJB, LEB.+4:9Lit He who has ears, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 11:15).+4:10Lit he.+4:10Lit according to that which is alone/private. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 133).+4:10Lit those around him along with the Twelve. ME. Here, σὺν ( sun) is functioning in a way very similar to καί ( kai). Cf BDAG, 962, 3.a.β.; NCV, NIV, NLT.+4:11τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ ( to mustērion tēs basileias tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. The preposed element has also been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:11Cf Dn 2:17-47, 4:9; Rm 11:25, 16:25; 1 Co 4:1-2, 13:2, 14:2, 15:51; Eph 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19; Col 1:26-27, 2:2, 4:3; 1 Ti 3:9, 16; Re 1:20, 10:7, 17:5.+4:11ἐν παραβολαῖς ( en parabolais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:12See notes at Mt 13:15. The same applies here.+4:12See note at Mt 13:15. The same applies here.+4:12Lit it. IT.+4:12Is 6:9, 10.+4:13EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this type of context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+4:13Here καί ( kai) is most likely introducing an apodosis to a condition implied in the question (cf BDAG, 494, sv 1.b.δ); ie, “If you don’t understand this parable, how will you understand...?” The implied apodosis is signaled to English readers here with “then.” Cf ESV, HCSB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV. Also, πάσας τὰς παραβολὰς ( pasas tas parabolas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “then” has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:14τὸν λόγον ( ton logon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:14Or word, or teaching. So throughout this section.+4:15Lit those who. Masculine inflections are used throughout the explanation of the parable, since people are meant. Throughout this section, “the seed” is used in translation for the sake of clarity and to aid information flow.+4:15In this context, εἰμί ( eimi) means to “mean” or “represent” (see BDAG, 283, sv 2.c.). Cf NLT.+4:15The nominatives here make up a convertible proposition (they have an identical referent and are interchangeable; for more on convertible propositions, see Wallace, Grammar, 41-5). Pronouns are typically the subjects in such constructions ( Ibid, 44). At the same time, in vv 15-16, οὗτοί ( houtoi) is in P2 (see LDGNT and BART Display). Therefore, even though οὗτοί technically stands as the subject, since the two constituents are interchangeable, and since εἰμί ( eimi) is signaling a metaphor here (see UBSHS [Mk], 138; cf BDAG, 283, sv εἰμί 2.c.), οὗτοί has been placed in clause-final both for primary stress, and to allow for the metaphor to be signaled in more natural English (the passive with “represent” sounds a bit awkward, in my opinion).+4:16ἐπὶ τὰ πετρώδη ( epi ta petrōdē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:16See note at “these” in Mk 4:15 above. The same applies here.+4:16μετὰ χαρᾶς ( meta charas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:17Lit And they have no root in themselves. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:17πρόσκαιροί ( proskairoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf ISV, NIV.+4:17Or fall away. Cf Jb 2:9; Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Mt 11:2; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+4:18εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας ( eis tas akanthas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:18See note at “these” in Mk 4:15 above. The same applies here with ἄλλοι ( alloi).+4:18ἀκούσαντες ( akousantes) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:19IT (see note at Mt 13:7).+4:19ἡ μέριμνα τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι ( hē merimna tou aiōnos kai hē apatē tou ploutou kai hai peri ta loipa epithumiai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore delay and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:19περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ( peri ta loipa) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:19Result is implied here (cf BDAG, 495, sv καί 1.b.ζ.).+4:19ἄκαρπος ( akarpos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:20ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν τὴν καλὴν ( epi tēn gēn tēn kalēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:20See note at “these” in Mk 4:15. The same applies here.+4:21Lit he.+4:21ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον ἢ ὑπὸ τὴν κλίνην ( hupo ton modion ē hupo tēn klinēn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with μὴ [ mē] expect a negative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:21ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν ( epi tēn luchnian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:22Lit For there is not anything hidden except that it may be disclosed. ME. Cf ISV.+4:22IT. Cf NLT.+4:22Lit nor has become concealed but that it may come out into the open. ME. Cf ISV.+4:22Cf Dt 29:29; Pr 25:2; Dn 2:21-22.+4:23Lit If someone has ears to hear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 11:15).+4:24Lit See what you are hearing. ME (see BDAG, 179, sv βλέπω 4, 6).+4:24Lit By which measure you measure it will be measured to you, and it will be added to you. ME. Cf NLT. Following here the lead of the NLT, which, in my opinion, captures the meaning of this saying in this context very well. Cf Jsh 1:8; Ps 1:2, 19:14, 49:3, 119:18; Dn 1:17, 2:20-23, 7:15-16, 8:15-16, 9:20-23; Mt 13:11-2, 52; Rm 15:14; 1 Co 1:5.+4:25Lit He who has, it will be given/entrusted/granted to him. ME/IT (see translation and notes at Mt 13:12).+4:25Cf Dn 1:17, 2:20-23, 7:15-16, 8:15-16, 9:20-23; Mt 13:11-12, 13:52, 25:29; Eph 1:7-9, 16-18.+4:25καὶ ὃ ἔχει ( kai ho echei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+4:25Lit He who does not have, even what he has. ME/IT (see translation and notes Mt 13:12).+4:25Cf Ho 4:4-6, 6:7-10; Mic 3:9-12; Zp 3:4; Mal 2:7-9; Mt 21:33-46; Rm 11:7-15, 25.+4:26οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:27Lit and he is sleeping and getting up night and day. VPR (see VCC [Mk 4:27]). The meaning here is “‘sleep in the night and rise in the day’” (see UBSHS [Mk], 146).+4:27Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). In this case the implied relationship is contemporaneous in nature. Cf CJB, ISV.+4:27VPR. See VCC (Mk 4:27).+4:27IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+4:28αὐτομάτη ( automatē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NIV.+4:29Lit the fruit.+4:29Lit As soon as the fruit permits. ME. Cf ESV, HCSB, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+4:29Cf Jl 3:13; Ho 6:11; Mt 13:36-43; Re 14:15.+4:30ἐν τίνι παραβολῇ ( en tini parabolē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:30Lit Or by/with what parable. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:30Lit put. ME (see BDAG, 1003, sv τίθημι 1.b.α.). Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:31The participle in this verse is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, LEB, NASB, NET.+4:31Lit which.+4:31Here, πάντων ( pantōn) means different kinds of seeds (see UBSHS [Mt], 425). Cf BDAG, 784, sv πᾶς 5; L-N, 58.28.+4:31μικρότερον πάντων τῶν σπερμάτων τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( mikroteron pantōn tōn spermatōn tōn epi tēs gēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:32Lit the birds of the sky. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, 13:32). Cf NCV, NET. τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ( ta peteina tou ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:32Dn 4:12, Ezk 17:23+4:32Cf Is 2:2-4, 42:1-4, 49:5-6; Ac 10:9-15.+4:33τοιαύταις παραβολαῖς πολλαῖς ( toiautais parabolais pollais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:33Lit he.+4:33Or word, or teaching.+4:33Or to hear, or to understand.+4:34χωρὶς παραβολῆς ( chōris parabolēs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer (cf NLT) to give extra focus to this element.+4:35ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:35Lit said to them.+4:35IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+4:36Or took him along, just as he was, in the boat. Cf HCSB, TEV. Following the interpretation favored by the UBSHS (see UBSHS (Mk), 152; cf NET Bible Notes, Mk 4:36) in translation here.+4:36Lit were with. ME (see BDAG, 636, sv μετά 2.a.γ.א; UBSHS [Mk], 152).+4:36ἄλλα πλοῖα ( alla ploia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject; cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV). καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:37Lit and. The translation here is based on the context. Cf TEV.+4:37Lit and the waves were breaking into the boat, so that already the boat was being filled.+4:38Lit He.+4:38Lit on a cushion sleeping. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 154). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:38καθεύδων ( katheudōn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:38Lit They.+4:38VPR. See VCC (Mt 8:25).+4:39Lit he.+4:39Lit the lake, or the sea. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:39Cf Jb 38:8-11; Ps 104:5-9; Jr 5:22.+4:40Lit to them.+4:40δειλοί ( deiloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:41Lit They.+4:41τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:41καὶ ὁ ἄνεμος καὶ ἡ θάλασσα ( kai ho anemos kai hē thalassa) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:41Lit and the lake, or and the sea. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:41Cf Gn 1:9, 8:1-5; Jb 38:11; Ps 18:15, 89:9, 93:4, 102:5-7, 106:9, 107:29; Jr 5:22.
=