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“It Is Those Who Have Faith Who Are Blessed along with Abraham”
You foolish Galatians! Exactly who was it that put a spell on you, in whose presence+ Jesus the Messiah was vividly described+ as crucified? Answer me this one question: Was it by deeds of Torah that you received the Spirit, or by placing your faith in what you heard?+ Are you really so foolish? Although you began by the Spirit, now is it mere human strength+ by which you are trying to finish? Did you experience so many painful and remarkable+ things for nothing? I can’t believe that!+ Does the one who provides you with the Spirit and performs acts of power within+ you, therefore, do so by deeds of Torah, or by your placing your faith in what you heard? Abraham provides our example:+ “He placed+ his faith in God, and it was put down on record for him as righteousness.” Be assured of this, then: It is those who have faith who are Abraham’s sons. Because the Scripture foresaw, moreover, that it was by faith that God would mercifully+ hold the Gentiles to be righteous, it proclaimed the gospel ahead of time to Abraham: “All the nations will be blessed in+ ˢyou.”+
So then, it is those who share faith who are blessed along with Abraham, the man of faith.
10 Everyone who shares deeds of Torah, you see, is under a curse.+ For it is written: “Cursed is everyone who does not continue in all the things written in the Scroll+ of the Torah,+ and do them.”+ 11 Now the fact that through Torah no one is “held to be righteous in the sight of God”+ is clear: “As for the righteous one, it is by faith that he will have life.”+ 12 Torah, on the other hand,+ is not by faith, yet “the person who does these things will have life by them.”+ 13 The Messiah, with regard to us, paid the price for us to be released+ from the curse pronounced in Torah,++ by becoming for us a curse (for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who is hung on a tree”+), 14 so that to the Gentiles would come, in union with Messiah Jesus, the very blessing promised to Abraham, so that the promised Spirit we might receive through faith.+
15 Let me illustrate, brothers and sisters, using something with which you are familiar.+ Once a covenant has been solemnly sworn into effect, even a merely human one, no one dares to turn his back on it or add to its terms. 16 Now, to whom exactly were the promises made? To Abraham, and to his “seed.”+ The Torah+ does not say, “and to seeds,” as though referring to multiple people, but says this—“and to ˢyour seed”+—in reference to a single person, namely, the Messiah. 17 Now here is my point: The binding force of the covenant previously initiated and put into effect by God,+ Torah, which came a good four hundred thirty years later, does not undo so as to cancel the promise. 18 If it is by Torah that the inheritance comes, you see, then it no longer comes by promise. On Abraham, however, God has graciously bestowed+ it by promise.
19 In light of these things, why was Torah given? It was added for this reason: To make sin even more severe and intense by giving it specific definition,+ added until the arrival of the “seed” to whom the inheritance+ has been promised,+ its instructions having been laid down in detail through angels,+ with Moses acting as an intermediary.++ 20 An intermediary, moreover, by definition implies the existence of what? More than one party, who can’t meet directly.+ God, however, as a single party does act directly.+
21 Is Torah, therefore, opposed to the promises of God? Absolutely not! If a Torah had been given that was capable of giving life, you see, then righteousness would have come, truly, by Torah. 22 However, as the Scriptures make clear,+ God chose to yield+ the entire human race over to the enslaving and tyrannical+ power of sin,+ so that what was promised might be given to those who place their faith in him+ by the faith of Jesus the Messiah.+
23 Now, prior to the arrival of this faith,+ it was under the jurisdiction of Torah that we were being held prisoner,+ yielded over to the power of sin+ until+ the appearance of the faith that was destined to be revealed.+ 24 As a result, Torah has turned out to be this: Our guardian. Like an attendant hired to escort a child to and from school, supervising and guiding his conduct until he comes of age, so Torah did with us until+ the arrival of the Messiah, so that we might be held to be righteous by faith. 25 Because this faith has come, however, we are subject+ to a guardian no longer. 26 All of you, you see, are through faith, in union with Messiah Jesus, sons of God.+ 27 Indeed, all of you who were baptized into union+ with the Messiah became clothed with the Messiah’s own life.+ 28 There is neither Jew nor Gentile,+ there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female.+ Indeed, all of you constitute, in union with Messiah Jesus, a single and united fellowship.+ 29 If ᵖyou belong to the Messiah, moreover, ᵖyou are “seed,” then, of Abraham, heirs according to promise.+
+1:3Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:4Lit for sin, or on behalf of sin, or for the sake of sin. ME/IT (see BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.). In the Koine era, there was substantial overlap in meaning between ὑπὲρ ( huper) and ἀντὶ ( anti) (see Wallace, Grammar, 383-9). Representation, substitution, and benefaction are all important aspects of atonement (see, eg, Lv 16, Is 53).+1:4Cf Is 53:4-12.+1:4Cf Is 53:10.+1:6Or called, or invited.+1:7Lit which is not another, except that there are some. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 12-13). Cf NIV. There is a significant mismatch in languages here. A transitional word is used here to “introduce a special factor which needs to be considered” ( UBSHS [Ga], 13). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, TEV. NIV. Paul’s point here is simply that some people are causing confusion among the Galatian believers by giving them twisted and distorted teaching and calling it the gospel. The teachers apparently indentified themselves with Jesus and the Christian movement (cf 2 Co 11), which explains why they were presenting a “gospel.”+1:8Lit let him be anathema/cursed. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 63, sv ἀνάθεμα 2; UBSHS [Ga], 14). This is the same idea as that which is expressed in the OT when a people or city were “devoted” to the Lord for destruction (see, eg, Nu 21:3; Dt 7:26; Jsh 6:17; 7:12; Jg 1:17; Zc 14:11). In this context it is most likely referring to eternal punishment in Gehenna/hell (cf NET, NIV, TEV). Cf Mt 10:28; Rm 9:3.+1:10Lit now. ME (see ESS [Ga], 24; UBSHS [Ga], 15).+1:11Lit not according to man. ME. Cf ISV, NET, TEV.+1:12Lit but through revelation of Jesus the Messiah, or through a revelation of Jesus the Messiah. Though a case can be made for an objective genitive here (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Ga 1:12), the focus of the point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT) and the immediate context (“I didn’t receive it from man, nor was I taught it [“by man” implied]) favors the genitive being interpreted as functioning in the subjective/source range (cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV). Cf ESS (Ga), 29.+1:13Cf Ac 9:1-3, 22:3-5, 26:9-11; Php 3:6; 1 Ti 1:12-14.+1:14Lit beyond many people of the same age in my nation. ME. Cf NIV, TEV.+1:14Cf Mt 15:2-6; Mk 7:2-13.+1:15Or called.+1:16Or through, or in.+1:16Lit immediately I did not seek advice. ME. Cf NLT.+1:16Drawing from ANLEX (see ANLEX, 331, sv προσανατίθημι 1) and L-N (see L-N, 33.175) in translation here. Cf NET.+1:17Lit to the apostles before me. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 23).+1:18Or to get to know.+1:18That is, Simon Peter. Κηφᾶς ( kēphas) (“Cephas” in many translations) is the Aramaic surname for Simon (see L-N, 93.211). Cf CJB.+1:20Lit The things I am writing to you, behold before God that I am not lying. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 25). The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Cf NCV, NET.+1:22Lit I was unknown in/by the face. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 887, sv πρόσωπον 1.b.α.) Cf HCSB, NET.+1:23Lit They were only hearing. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+1:24Lit were glorifying God in me. ME. Cf ISV, REB.+2:2Lit lest somehow I should run or did run in vain. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 30). Bringing together elements from the NCV, NET, and TEV in translation here, while maintaining the imagery of “race” and “running.” I agree with the UBSHS here, namely, that an overly-literal translation can create a bit of a misimpression (ie, that Paul was concerned about the truth of his message, rather than being concerned that his work might somehow be undermined or put at risk) (see UBSHS [Ga], 30).+2:3Lit who was with me. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+2:3Lit Greek. ME (see L-N, 11.40). Cf NLT.+2:4Or who were smuggled in. Cf NCV, Phps.+2:4Cf Jn 8:31-41; Ac 15:1-35; Ga 5:1.+2:5Lit for an hour. ME. Cf ISV, NET, NIV, NLT.+2:6Or God does not show partiality. God does not accept the face of a man. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 30.120; UBSHS [Ga], 35). Cf CJB, TEV.+2:6Lit to me those who were regarded added nothing. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 35). The verb here is the same as that used in v 1:16. Hence the use of “advise” here.+2:7IT. The task/assignment of proclaiming is implied here. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV; UBSHS (Ga), 35.+2:7Lit to the uncircumcised. ME. Cf NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:7Lit just as Peter of [to] the circumcision. ME/IT. See note at “proclaiming” in this verse.+2:7Lit to the circumcised. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:8Lit for apostleship of [to] the circumcision. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:8Cf Ac 15:12.+2:9Cf Rm 1:5, 12:3; 1 Co 1:10, 4:10.+2:9ME(I/F/H)/IT (see ESS [Ga], 59; FSB, Ga 2:9; JFB, 2:337; Spence, PC [Ga], 76; UBSHS [Ga], 37; Vincent, Word Studies, 4:100). These ideas are activated by “the right hand of fellowship.”+2:10Lit only. ME. Cf NIV, TEV.+2:10Cf Ac 11:27-30; Rm 15:26-28; 1 Co 16:1-4; 2 Co 8:1-15, 9:1-15.+2:11Lit according to face. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Ga], 39).+2:11Lit because he was condemned. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:12Lit with the Gentiles. ME/IT. This is obviously referring not to all Gentiles, but to Gentile believers. Cf TEV.+2:12Lit they.+2:12Lit fearing those from the circumcision. ME(H) (see notes at Ac 10:45 and 11:2). Cf Ac 11.+2:13Lit the rest of the Jews joined in the hypocrisy. “Jews” here is clearly referring to Jewish believers. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:14Lit have been living in a Gentile manner/according to Gentile custom, and not in a Jewish manner/according to Jewish custom. ME (see ANLEX, 205, sv Ἰουδαϊκῶς; BDAG, 276, sv ἐθνικῶς; ESS [Ga], 67; UBSHS [Ga], 43; Stern, JNTC, Ga 2:14). The context indicates that food/meal-related customs are primarily in view here, though some other non-Jewish customs (in context to interacting with Gentile believers) seem to be implied as well.+2:15\f + Cf Dt 4:5-8; Ps 19:8-12, 119:130; Rm 2:17-20, 3:1-2.+2:16Cf CJB. Cf also Ac 10:23, 10:44-46, 11:15-18, 15:7-14.+2:16Or by the faithfulness of Jesus the Messiah, or by faith in Jesus the Messiah.+2:16Or by the faithfulness of the Messiah, or by faith in the Messiah.+2:16Lit all flesh, or any flesh, or any kind of flesh. Translating according to “Flesh” H, N (see FBT Chart). Rm 1-2 is what causes me to lean in this direction. Maintaining consistency in translation with Rm 3:20.+2:16Ps 142:2 (LXX). Ps 143:2 in the MT.+2:17Lit is the Messiah then a minister/servant of sin? ME (see BDAG, 230, sv διάκονος 2; NET Bible Notes, 2:17). Cf NCV, NET.+2:18Cf Rm 10:3; Php 3:4-11.+2:18παραβάτην ( parabatēn) here involves a willful disregard for God’s instrucion in the Torah (see translation and notes at Rm 2:25; UBSHS [Jm], 74).+2:19Cf Is 54:1-5; Rm 7-8.+2:20Cf Rm 6:1-14, 8:1-4.+2:20Lit in the flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C, F, G (see FBT Chart).+2:20Or by the faithfulness of the Son of God, or by faith in the Son of God.+2:20Cf TEV.+2:21Cf Ac 13:39; Heb 8-9.+3:1Lit according to whose eyes. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 83.34).+3:1Or publicly announced.+3:2Or or by hearing with faith? Lit or by hearing of faith? ME. Cf ISV, NET, NIV, NRSV.+3:3Lit by the flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” G (see FBT Chart). Cf CJB, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. Cf also Eph 1:19, 3:16.+3:4The statement here is interpreted as referring to both painful and remarkable experiences. Cf BDAG, 785, sv πάσχω; ESS (Ga), 89; UBSHS (Ga), 55.+3:4Lit if it really be in vain. EFE (see UBSHS [Ga], 56). Cf TEV.+3:5Or among. This could be a reference to miracles, but the context seems to focus on the work of the Spirit on the inside of people to produce righteousness (cf vv 20-21). This is also Paul’s primary focus in his other writings.+3:6Lit just like Abraham. Cf Rm 4.+3:6πιστεύω ( pisteuō) here does not simply indicate cognitive assent, but “to have a strong confidence or reliance upon someone or something” ( BSL, Ga 3:6, sv), or a “willing and unreserved surrender to God...[and a] humble and utter dependence on him...[and a] confident trust in his word” ( UBSHS [Ga], 58). In Paul’s theology, it is the opposite of “boasting.”+3:8IT. The extension of mercy is implied here. See James B. Prothro, A Pauline Theology of Justification: Forgiveness, Friendship, and Life in Christ. (Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2023). Cf Rom 4:1-8.+3:8Or through.+3:8Gn 12:3, 18:18+3:10Cf Dt 31:24-27.+3:10Or the Book.+3:10Or of the Law. Cf CJB.+3:10Dt 27:26+3:11Ps 142:2 (LXX). Ps 143:2 in the MT.+3:11Hab 2:4.+3:12Following Jason Staples in translation here. See Jason Staples, Paul and the Resurrection of Israel: Jews, Former Gentiles, Israelites (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2024), 252–253).+3:12Lv 18:5+3:13Lit bought us back. ME (see ANLEX, 153, sv ἐξαγοράζω; BSL, Ga 3:13, sv ἐξαγοράζω; L-N, 37.131). According to L-N, ἐξαγοράζω means “to cause the release or freedom of someone by a means which proves costly to the individual causing the release” ( L-N, 37.131). In this situation, the “cost” was the Messiah’s own life, as Paul states at the opening of Galatians (see Ga 1:4). This is in keeping with standard biblical notions of redemption (see, e.g., Lev 25-27).+3:13Lit from the curse of the Law/Torah. ME. Cf CJB.+3:13Cf Dt 29:21, 31:24-26; v 10 above.+3:13Dt 21:23. Cf Ac 5:30, 10:39, 13:29.+3:14Cf Is 44:1-5.+3:15Lit I am speaking according to man. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Ga], 68). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NIV, REB.+3:16Cf Gn 12:7; 13:15; 17:8; 24:7.+3:16Lit it. Cf NIV.+3:16Gn 12:7; 13:15; 17:8; 24:7+3:17Cf Gn 22:16-17; Heb 6:13-18.+3:18Cf NABRE.+3:19Lit for the sake of transgressions. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 5:13 and 5:20; ESS [Rm], 332, 396, 478; UBSHS [Ga], 74). Looking to Rm 4:15, 5:13, 5:20, and 7:13 for help in determining Paul’s intended meaning here. διατάσσω ( diatassō) (see BDAG, 237, sv 2) also indicates a role of providing clear and detailed definition.+3:19Lit to whom it has been promised. The implied subject (the land inheritance; cf vv 16, 18) has been included in translation for clarity.+3:19Cf Rm 8:17.+3:19Cf Dt 33:2 (LXX), Ac 7:38, 52; Heb 2:2.+3:19Lit by the hand of an intermediary. ME(I/F/OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 1082, sv χείρ 2.a.; BSL, Ga 3:19; L-N, 9.17, 31.22; UBSHS [Ga], 75). Cf CEV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:19Cf Ex 19:3-8, 19:20-25, 20:18-21, 24:1-4; Dt 5:2-5, 18:16.+3:20Lit the intermediary is not of one [thing, or person]. ME (OTB) (see BDAG, 634, sv μεσίτης; NET Bible Notes, Ga 3:20; UBSHS [Ga], 75). Cf ESV, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV. The OT (see Ex 19:3-8, 19:20-25, 20:18-21, 24:1-4; Dt 5:2-5, 18:16) gives support to the interpretation suggested by BDAG and the UBSHS, though one modification is needed: An intermediary was necessary not simply to facilitate agreement and compromise, but to keep the Israelites from dying (see Ex 19:10-24; cf Lv 16). This fact in itself reveals the Law’s inability to restore full fellowship between God and human beings.+3:20Lit God is [focally prominent] one. ME (see ESS [Ga], 121; UBSHS [Ga], 76). Cf ISV, NLT. According to Hedrickson, 430 solutions have been proposed with regard to the relationship between this clause and the previous clause (see ESS [Ga], 121)! As obscure as this statement may be, however, the contrast with “mediatorship” indicates that this clause is meant to be understood in terms of the opposite. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Ge 15; Heb 6:13-20. Cf also Ga 2:17-21 above.+3:22Cf Dt 32:8-9 (see also NET Bible Notes, Dt 32:8); Rm 3:10-18 (all the OT Scriptures quoted there), 11:32-35.+3:22Lit the Scripture imprisons. ME/IT (see BDAG, 952, sv συγκλείω 2; UBSHS [Ga], 78).+3:22See note at Rom 1:21.+3:22Cf Rm 1-2, 11:32-35.+3:22The direct object is implied here from the context.+3:22Or the faithfulness of Jesus the Messiah, or by faith in Jesus the Messiah.+3:23Or the faith. Since the Tanakh itself places great emphasis on trusting God in faith to the exclusion of boasting (see, eg, Ga 3:11 just above), and since Abraham himself had faith in the “gospel” in some sense (see Ga 3:8 above), “the faith” here means either the “body of faith/belief/teaching” (see BDAG, 820, sv πίστις 3; Ga 3:23-25 is cited as a possible example), or faith now articuated specifically in reference to Jesus, with the article functionaing anaphorically (cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV), pointing readers back to v 22.+3:23Cf Jn 8:31-41; Ac 15:10; Rm 6-8.+3:23IT. Maintaining consistency in translation with v 22 (the verb used here [συγκλείω ( sunkleiō)]) is the same as that used in v 22. “The power of sin” is implied from v 22. Cf also Rm 1:24-26, 11:32.+3:23Or for. Πρὸ τοῦ ἐλθεῖν ( pro tou elthein) in v 23, and οὐκέτι ( ouketi) in v 25 (note also the focal prominence given to οὐκέτι there [see BART Display and LDGNT]), in my mind tip the scales in favor of a temporal interpretation here. Cf ESV, HCSB, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+3:23Cf 1 Co 2:7; 1 Pt 1:20.+3:24Or for. See note at “until” in v 23.+3:25Cf TEV at Ga 4:21, 5:18.+3:26Cf Jn 1:13, 3:1-21; Rm 8:14; Ga 2:17-21, 3:2-5, 3:27; 1 Th 4:9, 5:23, 2 Th 2:16; 1 Jn 2:27.+3:27Cf NLT, TEV here; ISV and TEV at Rm 6:3.+3:27Lit put on the Messiah. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 84). Cf TEV. Passages like Ga 2:20, Ga 3:21, Eph 4:20-24, Php 2:13, Col 3:9-12, and 1 Th 2:13 confirm the accuracy of the TEV here.+3:28Lit Greek.+3:28As Col 3:9-11 makes clear (see esp the NASB, NCV, NLT, and NRSV there), the point is that God’s life is at work in all of these different parts of the Messiah’s body, who become connected to the Messiah’s powerful life in context to a baptismal rite and receiving the gift of the Holy Spirit (cf Ac 10). This, in turn, serves as the unifying factor among believers, as the following clause makes clear (cf, eg, Col 3:5-14). Praise God that my believing wife is still a woman, and that my Messianic brothers are still Jews, and that my Kenyan brothers are still Kenyans!+3:28Lit For you are all one. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 85).+3:29Cf Rm 8:17; Eph 3:6; Tit 3:7.