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“Not Even Titus...Was Required to Be Circumcised”
Fourteen years later, I went back up to Jerusalem with Barnabas, and I had Titus come along, too. Now, I went in obedience to a revelation and explained to them the gospel I proclaim among the Gentiles—in a private meeting with those regarded as important leaders, though, to make sure that my race, including my present and past work, would not somehow end up having been for nothing.+ Well, not even Titus, even though he is my own close associate,+ and a Gentile+ at that, was required to be circumcised.
Now this issue arose because of the false brothers, who did what? Who wormed their way into our group,+ slipping in unnoticed so that they could spy out the freedom we have in union with Messiah Jesus, for the purpose of enslaving us,+ to whom we did not yield or submit even for a moment,+ so that the truth of the gospel would be preserved for you. As for those leaders regarded as important (however they were regarded doesn’t mean a thing to me; it isn’t outward appearances on which God bases his judgment+)—to my message those leaders advised not even a single change.+ In fact, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the task of proclaiming+ the gospel to the Gentiles,+ just as Peter had been assigned to proclaim+ it to the Jews+ (the one who put his power to work through Peter as an apostle to the Jews,+ you see, put his power to work through me, too, as an apostle to the Gentiles+); when James and Kefa and John, who were regarded as pillars, perceived the gift that had been entrusted to me,+ they gave me and Barnabas the very right hand of fellowship, acknowledging us as friends and partners and agreeing+ that we should work among the Gentiles, and they themselves among the circumcised. 10 All they asked+ was that for their poor we continue to show concern, which was the very thing I also was anxious to do.+
“I Confronted Him Right in Front of the Other Believers”
11 Now when Kefa came to Antioch, I confronted him right in front of the other believers,+ because he did something that was clearly in the wrong.+ 12 Prior to the arrival of some men sent by James, you see, he had no qualms about eating with with the Gentile believers.+ When those men+ arrived, however, he became reluctant to do so and began to separate himself, fearing criticism from those who belong to the faction strict about Gentile circumcision,+ 13 and the other Jewish believers followed his hypocritical example.+ As a result, even Barnabas was led astray by their hypocrisy. 14 Well, when I observed this discrepency between their actions and the truth of the gospel, I said to Kefa in front of everyone: “Given the fact that ˢyou, even though you are a Jew, have until just recently been acting not according to Jewish custom, but according to Gentile custom,+ how in the world is it that the Gentiles you are now pressuring to follow Jewish customs? 15 As for us, we are Jews by birth and not sinners from among the Gentiles.+ 16 Nevertheless, because we have come to realize+ that a person is held to be righteous not by deeds of Torah, but by the faith of Jesus the Messiah,+ even we ourselves have put our faith in Messiah Jesus, so that we may be held to be righteous by the faith of the Messiah+ and not by deeds of Torah. For by deeds of Torah no corrupt member of the human race+ ‘will be held to be righteous.’+
“I Have Been Crucified with the Messiah”
17 Now if, while fervently desiring to be held to be righteous in union with the Messiah, we ourselves were also discovered to be sinners, does this mean that the Messiah encourages sin?+ Absolutely not! 18 If the things I tore down,+ you see, these I again begin building, I am proving myself to be one who disregards+ God’s instruction. 19 I, through Torah, died, you see, to Torah, so that I may live, now, in union with God himself.+ 20 I have been crucified with the Messiah. It is no longer I myself who live, moreover, but the Messiah who is living in me.+ The life I am now living in this lowly mortal condition+ I am living by the faith of the Son of God,+ who showed his love for me and gave his life+ for me. 21 I refuse to turn my back on the gift of God! For if it is through Torah that righteousness comes, then the Messiah’s death was completely pointless!+
+1:3Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:4Lit for sin, or on behalf of sin, or for the sake of sin. ME/IT (see BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.). In the Koine era, there was substantial overlap in meaning between ὑπὲρ ( huper) and ἀντὶ ( anti) (see Wallace, Grammar, 383-9). Representation, substitution, and benefaction are all important aspects of atonement (see, eg, Lv 16, Is 53).+1:4Cf Is 53:4-12.+1:4Cf Is 53:10.+1:6Or called, or invited.+1:7Lit which is not another, except that there are some. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 12-13). Cf NIV. There is a significant mismatch in languages here. A transitional word is used here to “introduce a special factor which needs to be considered” ( UBSHS [Ga], 13). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, TEV. NIV. Paul’s point here is simply that some people are causing confusion among the Galatian believers by giving them twisted and distorted teaching and calling it the gospel. The teachers apparently indentified themselves with Jesus and the Christian movement (cf 2 Co 11), which explains why they were presenting a “gospel.”+1:8Lit let him be anathema/cursed. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 63, sv ἀνάθεμα 2; UBSHS [Ga], 14). This is the same idea as that which is expressed in the OT when a people or city were “devoted” to the Lord for destruction (see, eg, Nu 21:3; Dt 7:26; Jsh 6:17; 7:12; Jg 1:17; Zc 14:11). In this context it is most likely referring to eternal punishment in Gehenna/hell (cf NET, NIV, TEV). Cf Mt 10:28; Rm 9:3.+1:10Lit now. ME (see ESS [Ga], 24; UBSHS [Ga], 15).+1:11Lit not according to man. ME. Cf ISV, NET, TEV.+1:12Lit but through revelation of Jesus the Messiah, or through a revelation of Jesus the Messiah. Though a case can be made for an objective genitive here (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Ga 1:12), the focus of the point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT) and the immediate context (“I didn’t receive it from man, nor was I taught it [“by man” implied]) favors the genitive being interpreted as functioning in the subjective/source range (cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV). Cf ESS (Ga), 29.+1:13Cf Ac 9:1-3, 22:3-5, 26:9-11; Php 3:6; 1 Ti 1:12-14.+1:14Lit beyond many people of the same age in my nation. ME. Cf NIV, TEV.+1:14Cf Mt 15:2-6; Mk 7:2-13.+1:15Or called.+1:16Or through, or in.+1:16Lit immediately I did not seek advice. ME. Cf NLT.+1:16Drawing from ANLEX (see ANLEX, 331, sv προσανατίθημι 1) and L-N (see L-N, 33.175) in translation here. Cf NET.+1:17Lit to the apostles before me. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 23).+1:18Or to get to know.+1:18That is, Simon Peter. Κηφᾶς ( kēphas) (“Cephas” in many translations) is the Aramaic surname for Simon (see L-N, 93.211). Cf CJB.+1:20Lit The things I am writing to you, behold before God that I am not lying. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 25). The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Cf NCV, NET.+1:22Lit I was unknown in/by the face. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 887, sv πρόσωπον 1.b.α.) Cf HCSB, NET.+1:23Lit They were only hearing. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+1:24Lit were glorifying God in me. ME. Cf ISV, REB.+2:2Lit lest somehow I should run or did run in vain. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 30). Bringing together elements from the NCV, NET, and TEV in translation here, while maintaining the imagery of “race” and “running.” I agree with the UBSHS here, namely, that an overly-literal translation can create a bit of a misimpression (ie, that Paul was concerned about the truth of his message, rather than being concerned that his work might somehow be undermined or put at risk) (see UBSHS [Ga], 30).+2:3Lit who was with me. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+2:3Lit Greek. ME (see L-N, 11.40). Cf NLT.+2:4Or who were smuggled in. Cf NCV, Phps.+2:4Cf Jn 8:31-41; Ac 15:1-35; Ga 5:1.+2:5Lit for an hour. ME. Cf ISV, NET, NIV, NLT.+2:6Or God does not show partiality. God does not accept the face of a man. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 30.120; UBSHS [Ga], 35). Cf CJB, TEV.+2:6Lit to me those who were regarded added nothing. ME (see UBSHS [Ga], 35). The verb here is the same as that used in v 1:16. Hence the use of “advise” here.+2:7IT. The task/assignment of proclaiming is implied here. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV; UBSHS (Ga), 35.+2:7Lit to the uncircumcised. ME. Cf NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:7Lit just as Peter of [to] the circumcision. ME/IT. See note at “proclaiming” in this verse.+2:7Lit to the circumcised. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:8Lit for apostleship of [to] the circumcision. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:8Cf Ac 15:12.+2:9Cf Rm 1:5, 12:3; 1 Co 1:10, 4:10.+2:9ME(I/F/H)/IT (see ESS [Ga], 59; FSB, Ga 2:9; JFB, 2:337; Spence, PC [Ga], 76; UBSHS [Ga], 37; Vincent, Word Studies, 4:100). These ideas are activated by “the right hand of fellowship.”+2:10Lit only. ME. Cf NIV, TEV.+2:10Cf Ac 11:27-30; Rm 15:26-28; 1 Co 16:1-4; 2 Co 8:1-15, 9:1-15.+2:11Lit according to face. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Ga], 39).+2:11Lit because he was condemned. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:12Lit with the Gentiles. ME/IT. This is obviously referring not to all Gentiles, but to Gentile believers. Cf TEV.+2:12Lit they.+2:12Lit fearing those from the circumcision. ME(H) (see notes at Ac 10:45 and 11:2). Cf Ac 11.+2:13Lit the rest of the Jews joined in the hypocrisy. “Jews” here is clearly referring to Jewish believers. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:14Lit have been living in a Gentile manner/according to Gentile custom, and not in a Jewish manner/according to Jewish custom. ME (see ANLEX, 205, sv Ἰουδαϊκῶς; BDAG, 276, sv ἐθνικῶς; ESS [Ga], 67; UBSHS [Ga], 43; Stern, JNTC, Ga 2:14). The context indicates that food/meal-related customs are primarily in view here, though some other non-Jewish customs (in context to interacting with Gentile believers) seem to be implied as well.+2:15\f + Cf Dt 4:5-8; Ps 19:8-12, 119:130; Rm 2:17-20, 3:1-2.+2:16Cf CJB. Cf also Ac 10:23, 10:44-46, 11:15-18, 15:7-14.+2:16Or by the faithfulness of Jesus the Messiah, or by faith in Jesus the Messiah.+2:16Or by the faithfulness of the Messiah, or by faith in the Messiah.+2:16Lit all flesh, or any flesh, or any kind of flesh. Translating according to “Flesh” H, N (see FBT Chart). Rm 1-2 is what causes me to lean in this direction. Maintaining consistency in translation with Rm 3:20.+2:16Ps 142:2 (LXX). Ps 143:2 in the MT.+2:17Lit is the Messiah then a minister/servant of sin? ME (see BDAG, 230, sv διάκονος 2; NET Bible Notes, 2:17). Cf NCV, NET.+2:18Cf Rm 10:3; Php 3:4-11.+2:18παραβάτην ( parabatēn) here involves a willful disregard for God’s instrucion in the Torah (see translation and notes at Rm 2:25; UBSHS [Jm], 74).+2:19Cf Is 54:1-5; Rm 7-8.+2:20Cf Rm 6:1-14, 8:1-4.+2:20Lit in the flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C, F, G (see FBT Chart).+2:20Or by the faithfulness of the Son of God, or by faith in the Son of God.+2:20Cf TEV.+2:21Cf Ac 13:39; Heb 8-9.