Revelation 17 (BHT-FTN)

+1:1Divine necessity is implied by the verb used here (see translation and notes at Mt 16:21, Jn 3:15; UBSHS [Re], 12).+1:1Cf Lk 21:31.+1:1Or happen soon, or happen suddenly.+1:1IT. The direct object is implied from the context. Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:1σημαίνω ( sēmainō) in this context means to make known/foretell (cf Ac 11:28) through symbols and signs (see ANLEX, 348, sv 1, 2; UBSHS [Re], 12).+1:1Or messenger.+1:2Cf NLT.+1:2In Greek, the article is a weak demonstrative, and in this context is pointing listeners back to the revelation mentioned in v 1.+1:2Or word.+1:2The μαρτυρέω ( martureō) cognate group sometimes carries connotations of warning (cf, eg, most English translations at 1 Th 4:6 [where διαμαρτύρομαι ( diamarturomai) is used]). This is the case here (cf ANLEX, 348, sv σημαίνω 2; Ac 11:28).+1:3Or and pay close attention to.+1:3ἐν αὐτῇ ( en autē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:4IT. Cf CJB, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:4“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NLT, TEV at 1 Ti 6:21.+1:4χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ( charis kai eirēnē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus commas and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:4Cf Ex 3:14 (LXX). See NET Bible Notes, Re 1:4, for a solid explanation of the rough grammar here (ie, John is not wanting to alter the divine name). See also Wallace, Grammar, 62.+1:4Or from the seven spirits. Cf CJB, HCSB footnote, NIV footnote, NLT. An allusion to Is 11:2-3 (LXX).+1:5Cf Ps 89:38. The nominative case is being used in apposition to the genitive here to preserve the titles from the OT (see Wallace, Grammar, 62). In other words, the grammar here is intentionally violated for the sake of theological connection to the OT.+1:5Cf Ps 89:27; Ac 26:23; Rm 8:29; 1 Co 15:20–23; Col 1:18.+1:5Cf Ps 89:27; Re 17:14, 19:16.+1:5Cf NET.+1:6Cf Ex 19:6; Ml 1:11; Jn 4:21-24; Rm 12:1-2, 15:16; 1 Th 1:3; 1 Pt 2:9; Heb 13:15.+1:6The dative here is best understand as local with this cognate group (cf, eg, Lk 1:8).+1:7Dn 7:13 (LXX)+1:7Or even.+1:7ξεκέντησαν ( exekentēsan) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:7Or of the earth. Cf Zc 12:10-14. The Greek word that is used here can mean “land,” “earth,” “ground,” or “region,” depending on the context.+1:7Zc 12:10-14+1:7ME/IT (see L-N, 69.1, 72.6).+1:9Lit your brother and fellow-sharer. Cf Php 1:7.+1:9IT (see UBSHS [Re], 25). Cf Ac 14:22; Rm 8:17; Php 3:10-11; Re 11:15, 12:10.+1:9Cf NIV; TEV at Rm 8:39.+1:9Cf L-N, 89.119; CJB, SpCL.+1:9Cf, eg, Rm 8:17; Php 3:10-11.+1:9ME(H)/IT (see ESS [Re 1-11], 30). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:10Lit I became in the Spirit. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 28). The entrance into a state signaled by the verb here is difficult to convey in natural English without an ME. Hence the rendering here. Cf CEV, TEV.+1:10Lit I heard behind me a great voice like a trumpet. In English, “voice” is typically used for intelligible messages, while trumpets make “sound.” Hence the rendering here. Cf UBSHS (Re), 28.+1:11Or in a book.+1:11ὃ βλέπεις ( ho blepeis) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:11The verb is functioning tendentially here, since the vision is still ahead.+1:12Lit to see the voice that was speaking with me. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:13Or among the lampstands.+1:13Dn 7:13+1:13ζώνην χρυσᾶν ( zōēn chrusan) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:13Lit girded about at the chest with a golden sash. Cf ISV, NIV, NLT.+1:14Translating the genitive attributively. Cf CJB, HCSB, LEB, NET.+1:15ἐν καμίνῳ ( en kaminō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:15Lit [was] like the sound/voice of many waters. ME(OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 1071, sv φωνή 1; ESS [Re 1-11], 36; UBSHS [Re], 31). Cf CJB, ESV, NET, NIV; ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV at Ezk 43:2; NCV, NIV, NLT, NRSV at Ps 93:4.+1:16ῥομφαία δίστομος ὀξεῖα ( romphaia distomos oxeia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:16Lit And his face was like the sun shining in its power. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 32). Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, TEV.+1:18ζῶν ( zōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:18Lit Hades. ME(OTB). Hades is the Greek word used in the LXX for Sheol, the abode of the dead (see, eg, Ps 6:6 in the LXX).+1:19Lit the things that are. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 34).+1:19Lit destined to happen after these things. ME. Cf NIV. “These things” are referring to “the things that are,” and therefore “after these things” is referring to future occurrences.+1:20ἄγγελοι τῶν ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησιῶν ( angeloi tōn hepta ekklēsiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative wh-cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:20Or angels.+1:20ἑπτὰ ἐκκλησίαι ( hepta ekklēsiai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun, colon, and intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:1Or angel.+2:1The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation.+2:1ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ( en Ephesō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:2Here the pronoun is singular because Jesus is speaking to the assembly as a whole.+2:2For this gloss of δύναμαι ( dunamai), see LEH LXX Lex, sv.+2:2IT. Cf NCV.+2:3ὑπομονὴν ( hupomonēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an adverb and comma have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+2:3Lit And you have patient endurance. ME. Cf ESV, NRSV, RSV.+2:3Or for the sake of my name.+2:4τὴν ἀγάπην σου τὴν πρώτην ( tēn agapēn sou tēn prōtēn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:4The genitive here is a subjective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NRSV, RSV.+2:4Cf Ac 19:17-20.+2:5πόθεν ( pothen) here is referring to a state rather than a physical position (see BDAG, 838, sv 1; NET Bible Notes, Re 2:5). Cf NET.+2:5τὰ πρῶτα ἔργα ( ta prōta erga) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and a demonstrative pronoun have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:5VPR. See VCC (Re 2:5).+2:6Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+2:6κἀγὼ ( kagō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:7Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+2:7IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+2:7Or Eden, or Paradise. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 761, sv παράδεισος 1; NASB Dic, #3857; LEH LXX Lex, sv παράδεισος; ANLEX, 294, sv παράδεισος 1; UBSHS [Re], 44). In the LXX, this was the word used for the Garden of Eden.+2:7Cf Gn 2:8-9; Ezk 47:12; Re 22:1-2.+2:8Or angel.+2:8The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation.+2:8ἐν Σμύρνῃ ( en smurnē) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:9IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+2:9πλούσιος ( plousios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:9Ἰουδαίους ( Youdaious) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:9Lit but are not. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 2:25-29, Ga 6:16, and Re 3:9). Cf NCV; Re 3:9. Cf also Lv 26:41; Dt 10:16, 30:6; Ps 32:2, 73:1; Jr 4:4, 9:25; Jn 1:47; Ac 7:51, 14:2, 17:5; Rm 2:17-29; 15:31; Re 2:2, 3:9. In both the Old and New Testaments, a “true Israelite/Jew” is a Jew who is circumcised outwardly (see Gn 17) and circumcised inwardly (ie, on the inside he is free of deceit, repentant, loyal to God, etc), while a “false Jew/Israelite” is a Jew who is circumcised outwardly but full of wickedness and deceit inwardly (cf Lv 26:41; Dt 10:16, 30:6; Ps 32:2, 73:1; Jr 4:4, 9:25; Jn 1:47; Ac 7:51, 14:2, 17:5; Rm 2:17-29; 15:31). Thus, for a “Jew” to “not be a Jew” simply means that a Jewish person (or Gentile proselyte; cf Mt 23:15), though circumcised outwardly, is still uncircumcised of heart (cf Re 2:2 and 3:2, where the same language is used in context to discriminating the true [authentic] from the false [inauthentic]). In Smyrna and Asia more widely, this uncircumcision of heart (cf Ac 5:17, 17:5) sometimes manifested itself in slander and persecution of followers of the Messiah (eg Ac 19:33), both Jew and Gentile (cf Ac 19:17). (It is worth noting here that in the book of Acts, Jewish persecution against believers was most often instigated by Jewish leaders and those influenced by them [see ESV footnotes at Ac 9:23, 13:50, 17:5, 18:12]; in fact, prior to Acts 10, every example of persecution we see involves Jews persecuting other Jews!) That some Jews had uncircumcised hearts, however, does not mean that God has abandoned the Jewish people and his covenant promises to Israel (see Rm 9-11)! Nor does it mean that the Jewish people are any more inherently vile or wicked than Gentiles! We all deserve the Lake of Fire, and it is by the blood of Jesus alone that any of us are spared such punishment.+2:10The verb here is functioning causatively. Cf CJB, NET, TEV. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+2:10Lit for ten days. ME. “In apocalyptic literature ten days stands for a short, limited amount of time” ( UBSHS [Re], 48; cf BDAG, 216, sv δέκα). Cf Gn 24:55, Dn 1:12-14.+2:11Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+2:12Or angel.+2:12The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation+2:12ἐν Περγάμῳ ( en Pergamō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:13The genitive here is objective. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+2:13Lit in the days of. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+2:13The nominative in apposition to the oblique case makes this statement stand out, possibly as a title of honor (for more on nominatives in place of oblique cases, see Wallace, Grammar, 61-3). The breaking of the typical grammatical rules here is not a “mistake.” Choice implies meaning. The grammatical interruption momentarily stops the flow of thought and draws extra attention to the description.+2:13The pronoun here is an objective genitive (see UBSHS [Re], 53). This is reflected in the translation.+2:13Lit was killed at you. ME (see BDAG, 757, sv παρά B.1.b.β.). Cf CJB, NCV, NET NIV.+2:13ὁ σατανᾶς ( ho satanas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:14Lit ˢyou have there. ME. Cf NET at v 15; TEV. The singular pronoun is addressing the assembly as a whole.+2:14IT (see BDAG, 926, sv σκάνδαλον 2).+2:14IT (see BDAG, 926, sv σκάνδαλον 2). The infinitive is functioning appostionally (see Wallace, Grammar, 607, where Re 2:14 is cited as an example).+2:14An allusion to Nu 25.+2:15Lit ˢyou too have. ME. Cf NET; TEV at v 14. The singular pronoun is addressing the assembly as a whole.+2:16Or soon, or without delay, or quickly. Cf NLT.+2:16Lit them.+2:17Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+2:17Cf Ex 16:32-34; Jr 3:15-17; Jn 6:31-41; Heb 9:4. See also 2 Mac 2:4-8.+2:17The “white stone” here most likely means either (1) a vote of acquittal (see BDAG, 1098, sv ψῆφος 1; cf Ac 26:10); or (2) admission to the Messianic feast as guests with special privileges (see ANLEX, 414, sv ψῆφος 3; JNTC, Re 2:17).+2:17Lit and on the stone.+2:17Cf Is 62:2, 65:15 (LXX). ὄνομα καινὸν ( onoma kainon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:17Exception/restriction is a forward-pointing device in Greek (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 83-91).+2:18Or angel.+2:18The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation.+2:18ἐν Θυατείροις ( en Thuateirois) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:19Or are more than.+2:19Lit that your last works are more than/excel the first. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 58). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+2:20Lit She teaches and deceives. The coordinated verbs are interpreted as a hendiadys (ie, the expression of a unified concept by means of coordination). This is reflected in the translation. Cf NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+2:21Lit to repent of. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 59). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:22VPR. See VCC (Re 2:22).+2:22Lit throw her onto a bed. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.152; UBSHS [Re], 59).+2:22Lit if they do not repent of the deeds of her. The language here is highly compressed. Since Jesus is calling Jezebel’s followers to repent of their own sins, it is likely that the article here is functioning possesively, and that the genitive is a genitive of means, or a genitive of source, or a subjective genitive with the verbal information implied from the context (ie, “the deeds she teaches/deceives them into,” cf v 20). The intended sense is clear enough from the context (cf UBSHS [Re], 60). The negative moral connotation is implied from the context (cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV). Cf Dt 28:22, 29:22; 32:39;1 Sm 2:6, 25:38; 2 Sm 24:16; 2 Ki 19:35; 2 Ch 21:11-20; Ps 106:15; Hs 6:1; Ac 5:1-11, 13:8-12, 12:23.+2:23Lit her children. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 36.40; NET Bible Notes, Re 2:23). Cf NCV, NET, TEV.+2:23Lit will kill with death. ME. In this context, “death” means a deadly pestilence or plague (see BDAG, 443, sv θάνατος 3; L-N, 23.158; NET Bible Notes, Re 2:23).+2:24ὑμῖν τοῖς ἐν Θυατείροις, ὅσοι οὐκ ἔχουσιν τὴν διδαχὴν ταύτην, οἵτινες οὐκ ἔγνωσαν τὰ βαθέα τοῦ σατανᾶ ὡς λέγουσιν ( humin tois en thuateirois, hosoi ouk echosin tēn didachēn tautēn, hoitines ouk egnōsan ta bahtea tou satana hōs legousin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+2:24Or experienced.+2:24The genitive here is interpreted as the Lord’s evaluation of, and indignation towards, the teachings and practices taught by Jezebel, rather than as a self-designated description (following Vincent; see Vincent, Word Studies, 2:457). This is reflected in the translation.+2:24Or burden. Cf Ac 15:28.+2:26τὰ ἔργα μου ( ta erga mou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:26Lit the deeds of me. The genitive here is a subjective genitive, and ἔργα ( erga) approximates “commands” in meaning (see BDAG, 390, sv ἔργον 1.c.β.; UBSHS [Re], 63). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV here; NCV, NET, NIV, TEV at Jn 6:28. Here Jesus is stressing the things that he commands his disciples to do, in contrast to the things that Jezebel commands her disciples to do (v 20, 22, 24).+2:27“As his own prize” is drawn from the middle voice of the verb here. Whereas the LXX uses the second person/singular/future active of συντρίβω ( suntribō) at Ps 2:9, here the third person present middle/passive form of the indicative is used. The verb is most likely functioning as a true middle here, highlighting the special interest of the subject (intensive/indirect/benefactive middle). Such a usage is quite appropriate in this context, since Jesus is offering “the victor” here the privilege/benefit of sharing (in the age to come) in the authority that the Father has given to him.+2:27τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικὰ ( ta skeuē ta keramika) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:27Ps 2:9 (LXX). Cf Nu 24:17; Ps 149; Is 11:14; Zc 14:17-19.+2:28The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf ISV, NIV.+2:28As the context makes clear, the morning star, usually identified with Venus (see, eg, BDAG, 147, sv ἀστήρ; L-N, 1.33; UBSHS [Re], 64), represents governmental authority granted in context to the commencement of the new “Day,” ie, the Messianic Kingdom to be established at Jesus’ return (see note at 2 Pt 2:19). Cf Gn 1:14-19 (“rule/govern” the night); Nu 24:17; Jb 9:9, 38:32; Ps 19:1-6, 84:11; Is 40:25-26, 60:1-2; Dn 7:27, 12:3; Ml 4:2; Mt 13:43; Lk 1:78; Rm 10:14-18, 13:11-12; 2 Pt 1:19; Re 20:4, 22:16. Jesus will be the chief ruler in the coming Kingdom as “the Bright Morning Star” (Re 22:16). Cf FSB, Re 2:28.+2:29Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+3:1Or angel.+3:1The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation.+3:1ἐν Σάρδεσιν ( en Sardesin) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:1Or the seven spirits.+3:1Lit name. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NET, NIV, TEV. ὄνομα ( onoma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:1νεκρὸς ( nekros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:1IT. Cf CJB, NCV.+3:3Lit how, or what. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 68). Cf BRCL.+3:3Lit at what hour. ME. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV. ποίαν ὥραν ( poian hōran) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:3Or upon.+3:4Lit names. ME (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 2; UBSHS [Re], 68).+3:4Cf NCV, TEV.+3:4IT. Cf NET, NIV.+3:4ἄξιοί ( axioi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:5Or in the same way.+3:5Cf Ex 32:32-3; Ps 69:28; Dn 7:10, 12:1; Php 4:3; Re 20:12.+3:5Lit openly acknowledge his name. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 70). Cf translation and notes at Mt 10:32-33.+3:5Cf Mt 10:32-33.+3:6Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+3:7Or angel.+3:7The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation.+3:7ἐν Φιλαδελφείᾳ ( en Philadelpheia) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:7Or the True One, or the Dependable One.+3:7IT. “Doors” is implied from the context here. Greek often leaves direct objects to be inferred from the context. Such is the case here (see NET Bible Notes, Re 3:7). Cf ISV, NCV, NET, TEV.+3:7Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, NET.+3:8μικρὰν δύναμιν ( mikran dunamin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:8Cf 2 Co 11:23-33, 12:7-10.+3:8Or word, or message.+3:8Cf Jn 14:15; Mt 10:24-33.+3:9Lit cause/produce/bring about some from among. ME(OTB). A partitive idea is implied in the prepositional phrase here, ie, “a part/portion out from among...,” or “some out from among...” (see JFB, Commentary, Re 3:9; Robertson, Word Pictures, Re 3:9). The theme of God calling forth and creating a believing Jewish remnant out from the unbelieving nation as a whole, especially in context to Israel’s dispersion among the Gentiles, is a prominent theme in Scripture (see, eg, Lv 26:33; Dt 4:25-27, 28:64, 32:21; Ne 1:8; Ps 44:11; Is 4:2-6, 10:22, 11:11-16, 28:5; Jr 9:16, 23:3, 31:2, 31:35-37; Ezk 12:15-16, 20:35-44, 22:15-16; Mic 4:6-8, 7:18-20; Ho 1:6-2:23; Am 9:9-10; Zp 2:7-11; Zc 7:14, 8:1-8, 13:7-9; Mt 25:31-40; Jn 6:37-40, 8:31-59, 10:1-18; Rm 9-11). Here δίδωμι ( didōmi) is functioning in its causative sense (see BDAG, 242, sv 4; DBL Greek, #1443.2; L-N, 13.128). While many translations rightly treat both δίδωμι and ποιέω ( poieō) causatively here, it is unfortunate that most of them seem to assume simple redundancy (“stylistic variation” [ NET Bible Notes, Re 3:9]), and thus don’t connect the first verb with the partitive idea.+3:9Ἰουδαίους ( Youdaious) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:9Lit but are not. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 2:25-29; Ga 6:16; Re 2:9).+3:9Lit and are not, but are false/are lying/deal falsely. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Rm 2:25-29; Ga 6:16; Re 2:9). Cf NCV; NIV at Re 21:27. Here, falsehood should be understood covenantally, that is, in its well-attested OT sense of “unfaithfulness” (“false to,” “acting falsely towards,” “dealing falsely with,” which often involves false/empty verbal pronouncements with respect to God [eg, Is 29:13]), in contrast to God’s own faithfulness and truthfulness (cf v 7 above). For this usage of ψεύδομαι ( pseudomai), see, eg, the LXX at Lv 6:2 (middle voice, “dealt falsely” [Brenton]), Jsh 24:27 (middle voice, “deal falsely with the Lord my God” [Brenton]; cf the NIV’s translation of the MT), Jb 31:28 (middle voice; translations of the MT include “been false to God” [ESV, NET, NRSV, RSV], “denied God” [HCSB, NASB], and “been unfaithful to” [NCV, NIV]). Cf also Jm 3:14 (see esp ESV, NRSV, RSV), and Heb 6:18 (see esp ISV, NRSV, RSV).+3:9Cf Gn 35:5-7, 43:26, 44:14, 45:7. In the story of Joseph, God took Jacob’s younger son, deprived him of his own strength and refined him through suffering in Egypt, and then used him to preserve his older brothers, who were driven to Egypt by means of a God-ordained crisis. The door God opened for Joseph was opened in an unusual and sovereign way, and could not be reversed. Only when the older brothers finally got to Egypt in the time of crisis did they realize that Joseph was their brother. In the same way, the assembly in Philadelphia (and the type of believers she represents) has been emptied of her own strength and refined through suffering, and thus the younger son (the “one new man,” comprised of both Jews and Gentiles “in Messiah”), becomes the instrument God will use to preserve a remnant from among the older brother (Israel, the “firstborn son” [Ex 4:22]) in context to a time of great crisis (v 10; cf Jr 30:6-7).+3:9Or acknowledge.+3:9Lit that I have loved you. ME(OTB) (see NET Bible Notes, Ml 1:2-3; translation and notes at Jn 17:23 and Rm 9:13). Cf Dt 7:7, 10:15; Lk 9:35; Ac 10:44-48, 15:14, 22:21-22, 28:28; Rm 8:26-20, 11:28-32; Eph 1:4; Col 3:12; 1 Th 1:4; 2 Th 2:13; 1 Pt 1:19-20; Re 17:14. The point here is not that the Gentiles are chosen in place of Israel, but that God has chosen a remnant from among the Gentiles (see Rm 11:22-25) and joined them to the believing remnant of Jews (see Rm 11:5) as one body, and has appointed this body for a certain task in relation to the older brother who has yet to believe (like Joseph and his brothers; cf Rm 10:19, 11:11-12).+3:10Or word, or message.+3:10The genitive is interpreted as an objective genitive (with the UBSHS; see UBSHS [Re], 75). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV.+3:10Here Jesus is making a play on words by using the word τηρέω ( tēreō) in two different senses: “obey” and “protect.” I have tried to maintain some of this connection (albeit imperfectly) by including “attentively” in translation here (attentiveness and carefulness are implied by this word in its various uses [see BDAG, 1002, sv 3; ESL, #5083]).+3:10Or through, or from, or out from the midst of. In this context, τηρέω ( tēreō) is clearly being used in the sense of “protect,” and therefore “hour” is being used to refer not strictly to the time itself, but to the dangers that will characterize that time (cf, eg, Jn 17:15). In English, we don’t usually speak of protection from “time.” The meaning here is protection from harm during the time of trial (see UBSHS [Re], 75; cf NAB, NJB, TNT). This phrase does not mean that God’s people are separated in heaven by means of a completely unanticipated “pretribulation rapture,” but that certain churches like Philadelphia will experience protection similar to what Lot and his family experienced when Sodom and Gomorroh were about to be destroyed (Gn 19:1-29); or when the people of Israel experienced God’s protection in Goshen during the Exodus events (Ex 8:22, 9:26); or when Noah and his family found protection in the ark as the storm raged around them. Cf Is 26:20-21.+3:10Lit the hour. ME (see ANLEX, 415, sv ὥρα 2).+3:10Cf Ge 19:1-29.+3:10Or upon the whole inhabited earth.+3:10Or the inhabitants of the land. γῆ ( gē) can refer either to the earth more broadly conceived, or to the land of Israel itself (cf, eg, Re 1:7).+3:11Or quickly, or soon, or without delay. Re 16:15 indicates that ταχύς ( tachus) here is most likely meant to be understood in the sense of swiftly/suddenly (cf the NLT at Re 2:16; UBSHS [2 Pt], 104). Cf Is 60:22; Hab 2:3-4; Lk 18:6-8; Heb 10:37; 2 Pt 3:2.+3:11Cf NAB, REB, TEV.+3:12Cf Ps 15:1-2, 16:11, 17:15, 24:3-4, 27:4, 52:8, 65:4, 84:10. οὐ μὴ ἐξέλθῃ ( ou mē exelthē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:12Cf Is 60:14, 62:2-4.+3:12The nominative participle stands out here, and is probably pointing readers back to the OT (see, eg, Is 40-66). For more on nominatives in place of oblique cases, see Wallace, Grammar, 61-3.+3:13Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+3:14Or angel.+3:14The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation.+3:14ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ( en Laodikeia) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:14Or the ruler, or the source.+3:15οὔτε ψυχρὸς οὔτε ζεστός ( oute psuchros oute zestos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15ψυχρὸς ἢ ζεστός ( pschros ē zestos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15Lit hot or cold. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+3:16χλιαρὸς καὶ οὔτε ζεστὸς οὔτε ψυχρός ( cliaros kai oute zestos oute psuchros) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and commas have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:17πλούσιός ( plousios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:17Lit and don’t realize, or and so don’t realize. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Since a reason/result frame is used in this verse (see LDGNT), a participle has been used in translation here, to establish the grounds for the exhortation in v 18. Cf ESV, RSV.+3:17IT. Cf NCV.+3:18When applied to metals, the Greek word used here, πυρόω ( puroō), means to purify/refine by making red hot with fire (see ANLEX, 340, sv 1.b.; BDAG, 899, sv 2; BSL, Re 3:18, sv; DBL Greek, #4792.4; L-N, 79.72). Since Jesus starts off this letter with a rebuke concerning lukewarmness, and then follows this with a description of the dross that needs to be removed, both aspects have been included in translation here.+3:18IT. Cf NCV. Cf also Re 2:9.+3:18Cf Lk 12:13-21, 16:9-13; Ti 6:6-10, 17-19; Re 2:9.+3:18The genitive here has been translated as an attributed genitive (cf NET Bible Notes, Re 3:15; lit the shame of the nakedness of you). Cf HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+3:18Or exposed publicly (see BDAG, 1088, sv φανερόω 1). Cf Ezk 16:37-39.+3:19ὅσους ἐὰν φιλῶ ( hosous ean philō) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus. Since all of the statements made in vv 15-18 are rebukes/correction on some level, I am inclined to agree with the BART Display here in seeing “as many as I love” as the most newly activated information.+3:19Cf Heb 12:1-14.+3:20Lit enter to him. ME (see ESS [Re 1-11], 114; NET Bible Notes, Re 3:20; cf Ac 11:3). Cf NET.+3:21Or right. IT. Cf Phps.+3:21Cf TEV. Here, μετὰ ( meta) is functioning as a marker of location (cf, eg, DBL Greek, #3552.8; LEH LXX Lex, sv; L-N 83.9), and in this context most likely means “beside” (see UBSHS [Re], 83). Cf, eg, Mt 20:23, 22:24; Mk 10:37, 40; Ac 2:33; Heb 1:3.+3:21κἀγὼ ( kagō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:22Lit He who has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+4:1Lit I saw. ME (see ESS [Re 1-11], 116; UBSHS [Re], 86; translation and notes at Jn 8:56). Cf REB, TEV.+4:1Lit behold. Cf CJB, NIV.+4:1θύρα ( thura) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element extra focus.+4:1Lit the earlier voice which I heard like a trumpet. See note at Re 1:10 (the same applies here).+4:1Divine necessity is implied by the verb used here (see translation and notes at Mt 16:21, Jn 3:15; UBSHS [Re], 12).+4:2Lit I became in the Spirit. ME (see translation and note at Re 1:10). Cf TEV.+4:2θρόνος ( thronos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+4:3IT. Cf NCV, NET, ISV, NLT.+4:3Lit was like in sight/appearance to a jasper stone and carnelian. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 88). Cf Ex 24:10; Is 6:1-5; Ezk 1:26-27.+4:3ἶρις ( iris) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:3Lit was like in sight/appearance to an emerald. ME (see ESS [Re 1-11], 121; M-M, #4664; UBSHS [Re], 88).+4:4In the NA27 and UBS4, θρόνος ( thronos) is inflected in the masculine/accusative/plural. If this reading is correct, it means that “I saw” is implied here. The meaning is the same either way.+4:4Lit and on the thrones.+4:4εἴκοσι τέσσαρας πρεσβυτέρους ( eikosi tessaras presbuterous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:4Lit and on their heads. ME. Cf TEV.+4:5The genitive has been translated as an attributive genitive.+4:5Or lamps. ἑπτὰ λαμπάδες πυρὸς ( hepta lampades puros) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. Cf ISV.+4:5Or the seven spirits. See note at Re 1:4. Cf Is 11:2-3 (LXX).+4:6Or a sea, or a lake.+4:6Or as clear.+4:6Or as ice.+4:6Or In the middle of each side of the throne, or In the midst of the throne and around the throne. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Re], 91).+4:8Cf Is 6:2.+4:8Lit around and within. ME (see ESS [Re 1-11], 126; UBSHS [Re], 92). Cf NIV.+4:8ἀνάπαυσιν ( anapausin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:10Lit and cast. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). A third coordinated element makes for rather difficult processing, especially with the amount of content that is coordinated. At the same time, it is important that the information be processed in close connection with the preceding content. Hence the use of the participle here.+4:11ἄξιος ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:11διὰ τὸ θέλημά σου ( dia tou thelēma sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:1Lit written inside and on the outside. ME (see NET Bible Notes, Re 5:1; UBSHS [Re], 96). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, REB, TEV. Cf also Ezk 2:9-10.+5:2Lit with a loud voice.+5:2L it Who is worthy to open the scroll and loose its seals? ME (see BDAG, 606, sv λύω; UBSHS [Re], 98). Cf NCV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+5:3ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς οὐδὲ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς ( en tō ouranō oude epi tēs gēs oude hupokatō tēs gēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer (the context indicates an adversative relationship to the preceding clause; cf, eg, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV) to give extra focus to this element.+5:3Lit under the earth/ground. ME (OTB) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:23, Rm 8:38, Php 2:10; UBSHS [Php], 63; UBSHS [Re], 98). Cf Lk 8:31, 16:19-31; Rm 10:7; 1 Pt 3:19; 2 Pt 2:4; Jud 6; Re 9:1, 20:1.+5:3As the context makes clear (cf ἄξιος [ axios] in vv 2 and 4), δύναμαι ( dunamai) in this context means to be “unable” in the sense of not being fit or qualified (see UBSHS [Re], 98).+5:3Or read it. Lit see it. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 98). Cf CEV, NAB, NLT.+5:4Or bitterly, or intensely.+5:4ἄξιος ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:5Cf Is 11:1, 10; Re 22:16.+5:5The infinitive here is an infinitive of result. Hence, a new sentence has been started in translation, with the result implied. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+5:5Lit able. ME (see note at “fit” in v 3).+5:6Lit I saw among/in the middle of the throne and of the four living beings and among/in the middle of the elders. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 101).+5:6ἀρνίον ( arnion) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been left in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:6Lit standing like/as though it had been slaughtered. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 101). Cf REB; Caird (see ESS [Re 1-11], 137). As is pointed out in the NET Bible Notes (see NET Bible Notes, Re 5:6), ὡς ( hōs) is being used here simply to signal what the lamb looked like, not to call the actual fact of sacrifice into question.+5:6Lit which. The antecedent (see UBSHS [Re], 101) has been restated in translation for clarity.+5:6Or the seven spirits. See note at Re 1:4. Cf Is 11:2-3 (LXX).+5:6Cf 2 Ch 16:9; Jb 28:24; Ps 11:4, 33:11; Zc 1:9, 3:6-10.+5:6This is a parenthetical comment/explanation (this is common in John’s writings). Cf, eg, Jn 7:39; the NET at the end of v 8.+5:7Lit he, or it.+5:7IT. The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf most English translations.+5:8Lit which. The antecedent (see UBSHS [Re], 101) has been restated in translation for clarity.+5:8Lit the holy ones/saints.+5:8Cf NET.+5:9ἄξιος ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:9Cf NET.+5:9Or tongue.+5:10The dative is interpreted as a dative of advantage. This is reflected in the translation (in this context, service to God is the meaning). Cf NET, NIV, NRSV, TEV.+5:11Cf NLT, TEV.+5:11Lit And their number was myriads of myriads and thousands of thousands. ME (see ANLEX, 267, sv μυριάς 2; BDAG, 661, sv μυριάς 2; L-N, 60.8; UBSHS [Re], 105).+5:12ἄξιος ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:13καὶ πᾶν κτίσμα ὃ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς καὶ ὑποκάτω τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτοῖς πάντα ( kai pan ktisma ho en tō ouranō kai epi tēs gēs kai hupokatō tēs kai epi tēs thalassēs kai ta en autois panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+5:13Or in the sky.+5:13Lit under the earth/ground. ME (OTB) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:23, Rm 8:38, Php 2:10; UBSHS [Php], 63; UBSHS [Re], 98). Cf Lk 8:31, 16:19-31; Rm 10:7; 1 Pt 3:19; 2 Pt 2:4; Jud 6; Re 9:1, 20:1.+6:1Lit saying as with a voice of thunder. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 109).+6:2Cf Zc 6:1-8.+6:2Lit and the one sitting on it.+6:2Cf Gn 10:9.+6:2Lit he.+6:2Cf Is 40:22-24; Dn 2:20-21, 4:17, 7:19-22; Re 17:1-6.+6:3Lit he.+6:3δευτέρου ( deuterou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:4Lit so that they. This is an indefinite plural. For more on indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf most English translations.+6:4σφάξουσιν ( sphaxousin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:5Lit he.+6:5τρίτου ( tritou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:5Lit and the one sitting on it having a yoke/crossbar/lever of balance in his hand. ME(H)/IT (see ANLEX, 186, sv ζυγός; L-N, 6.214; UBSHS [Re], 112).+6:6Lit And I heard as it were a voice in the center/midst of the four living creatures. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 112).+6:6Lit A choenix of wheat for a denarius, and three choenixes of barley for a denarius. ME(H)/IT (see translation and note at Mt 18:24; ESS [Re 1-11], 153; NET Bible Notes, Re 6:6; UBSHS [Re], 113).+6:6καὶ τὸ ἔλαιον καὶ τὸν οἶνον ( kai to elaion kai ton oinon) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity; cf LDGNT), and therefore καὶ (an adversative relationship to the preceding statements is indicated by the context; cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NRSV, RSV, TEV) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+6:6Or You are not to harm the oil and the wine. Cf TEV. Here, effect/produce is most likely being used metonymically for cause/source (see BDAG, 313, sv ἔλαιον 2; Ibid, 701, sv οἶνος 3; UBSHS [Jl], 113). Cf Jl 1:10-11.+6:7Lit he.+6:7τετάρτου ( tetartou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:8Lit Hades. ME(OTB). Hades is the Greek word used in the LXX for Sheol, the abode of the dead (see, eg, Ps 6:6 in the LXX).+6:8IT. The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf ISV, NCV, NET.+6:8Lit by death. ME. In this context, “death” means a deadly pestilence or plague (see BDAG, 443, sv θάνατος 3; L-N, 23.158; NET Bible Notes, Re 2:23).+6:8Lit by the beasts of the earth. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 114).+6:9Lit he.+6:9Or at the foot of the altar, or underneath the altar. In this context, ὑποκάτω ( hupokatō) most likely means “at the foot/base of” (see ANLEX, 392, sv; LEH LXX Lex, sv; UBSHS [Re], 115). Cf Ex 29:12; Lv 4:7, 17:11; Php 2:17; Ti 4:6.+6:9ἔχω ( echō) in this context means to “hold fast to” (see BDAG, 421, sv 3.c.).+6:10Cf Ps 6:3, 13:1–2; 35:17; Is 6:11; Zc 1:12.+6:10Or condemn [them], or sit in judgment, or administer justice. Lit judge. Cf REB.+6:10Lit and avenge our blood from those who dwell on the earth? ME (see BDAG, 298, sv ἐκ 6.b.; UBSHS [Re], 116). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:11Cf Gn 15:15; Jb 3:13; Is 57:1-2; Dn 12:13; Php 1:23; Re 14:13.+6:11Lit until their fellow-slaves and their brothers and sisters who were destined/going to be killed as they also was brought to [numerical] completion. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 117). Cf CJB, NET, NLT, TEV.+6:12Lit he.+6:12σεισμὸς μέγας ( seismos megas) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+6:13Or the stars in the sky.+6:13Lit as a fig tree throws the unripe/early figs on it. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 118). Cf NCV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+6:13ὑπὸ ἀνέμου μεγάλου ( hupo anemou megalou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:13Cf Is 13:10; Ezk 32:7-8; Jl 2:31; Am 8:9; Mt 24:29-30; Mk 13:24-26; Lk 21:25-28.+6:14Or Heaven.+6:14IT. Since the sky is described as being “split apart,” it means that both sides of the “split” are rolling back like a scroll (see Thomas et al in ESS [Re 1-11], 166).+6:14ὡς βιβλίον ( hōs biblion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:14Cf Ps 46; Is 24. ἐκ τῶν τόπων αὐτῶν ( ek tōn topōn autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:15Lit and every slave and freeman. Cf CJB, TEV.+6:15Lit the rocks of the mountains. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 120). Cf RNAB.+6:15Cf Jg 6:2; Is 2:6-22; Jr 49:30.+6:16Lit Fall over us! ME (see UBSHS [Re], 120; translation and notes at Lk 22:30).+6:16Lit from the face. ME(I/F/OTB) (see FSB, Ezk 14:8; UBSHS [Lv], 266). Cf, eg, Lv 17:10, 20:1-6, 26:17; Ps 34:15-16; Ezk 4:1-7, 14:7-8, 21:1-3; Am 9:4.+6:17Or survive. Lit stand. ME(OTB). Cf ISV, NET, NLT. In this context, ἵστημι ( histēmi) means “to endure,” or to “survive” (see BSL, Re 6:17, sv; UBSHS [Re], 121). Cf, eg, Na 1:6; Ml 3:2.+7:1Here ἵστημι ( histēmi) is not emphasizing standing, but is simply referring to being in a place (see BDAG, 482, sv C.2.b).+7:1Cf Jr 49:36; Dn 7:2; Ezk 37:9; Zc 6:5.+7:1Or upon the earth.+7:2Lit from the rising of the sun. ME (see BDAG, 74, sv ἀνατολή 2.a.; UBSHS [Re], 122). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NIV, NKJB, TEV.+7:2Lit And he cried out/shouted in a loud voice...saying.+7:2Or earth.+7:3IT (see UBSHS [Re], 124).+7:3Cf Ezk 9:4-6.+7:4Lit sons. ME (see L-N, 11.58).+7:5δώδεκα χιλιάδες ( dōdeka chiliades) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:9Lit behold. EFE (see note at Mt 2:9).+7:9Lit which to number no one was able. ME. Cf CJB, NLT.+7:14σὺ ( su) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured to give this element extra focus and stress.+7:14Lit out of the great affliction/tribulation. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 129).+7:15Cf Ps 27:5; 31:20; 61:4; Is 4:2-6, 25:4; Re 21:3.+7:16An allusion to Is 49:10.+7:17Maintaining consistency in translation with Re 5:6 (see translation and notes there).+7:17ζωῆς ( zōēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:17Cf Ps 23:2; Is 49:10; Jr 2:13.+7:17An allusion to Is 25:8.+8:1Lit he.+8:2ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ( enōpion tou theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:2Cf Mt 18:10, Lk 1:19.+8:3ἄλλος ἄγγελος ( allos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:3Lit a firepan/censer made of gold. ME(OTB/H) (see ANLEX, 246, sv λιβανωτός; L-N, 6.138; UBSHS [Re], 134).+8:3πάντων ( pantōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:3Lit the holy ones/saints.+8:3Cf, eg, Ex 30:1-8.+8:4IT (see UBSHS [Re], 134).+8:4Lit the holy ones/saints.+8:4IT (see UBSHS [Re], 134).+8:5In this context, πῦρ ( pur) means burning, fiery coals (see UBSHS [Re], 135).+8:5Cf Ezk 10:1-2.+8:5Cf Is 29:6; Ezk 38:19; Zc 14:5; Re 6:12, 11:19, 16:18.+8:7ὁ πρῶτος ( ho prōtos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+8:7Cf Gn 19:24-25; Ex 7:20, 9:13-35; Jsh 10:11; Jb 38:22; Ps 11:6, 18:12-13, 78:47-48, 105:32, 148:8; Is 28:2, 30:30; Ezk 38:22; Hg 2:17; 2 Pt 2-3; Re 16:21.+8:7Or at the land.+8:7τὸ τρίτον τῆς γῆς ( to triton tēs gēs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:7Lit And the third part of the earth was burned up, and the third part of the trees was burned up, and all the green grass/herbage was burned up. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 137). τὸ τρίτον τῶν δένδρων ( to triton tōn dendrōn) and πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς ( kai pas chortos chlōros) are in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the most newly activated information in these constituents has been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress. Also, καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to πᾶς χόρτος χλωρὸς.+8:8ὁ δεύτερος ἄγγελος ( ho deuteros angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:8ὡς ὄρος μέγα πυρὶ καιόμενον ( hōs oros mega puri kaiomenon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore this element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+8:8Cf Ex 7:14-25; Ps 105:29; Jr 51:25; Re 16:3. πυρὶ ( puri) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:9τὸ τρίτον τῶν πλοίων ( to triton tōn ploiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to τὸ τρίτον within the ME (see following note), while inversion and spacers (καὶ [ kai] is used as a spacer here, as is τὸ τρίτον itself) have been used to give extra focus to τῶν πλοίων within the ME.+8:9Lit And the third part of the creatures that are in the sea, those having life, died, and the third part of the ships were destroyed. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 138).+8:10ὁ τρίτος ἄγγελος ( ho tritos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:10Or from the sky.+8:10Cf Ex 7:14-24; Hab 3:8; Re 16:4.+8:11Lit The name of the star was called “Wormwood,” and the third part of the waters became into wormwood. ME (see L-N, 79.43; UBSHS [Re], 138-9).+8:11Lit And many men died from the waters, because they were made bitter. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NLT.+8:12ὁ τέταρτος ἄγγελος ( ho tetartos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:12Or the length of time that they provided light was reduced by a third. Lit the third part of them was darkened. ME (see ESS [Re 1-11], 191). Cf Ex 10:21–29; Isa 13:10; Jl 2:31; Am 8:9. Cf also ASV, CJB, HCSB, LEB, NASB, NET, NKJV, NLT at Zc 14:6-7.+8:13Lit I heard one eagle flying in mid-heaven, saying with a loud voice. ME (see L-N, 1.10; UBSHS [Re], 140).+8:13Or of the land.+8:13Lit Woe, woe, woe to those who dwell on the earth, because of the remaining blasts of the trumpet of the three angels, which are about to be blown/trumpeted. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 287, sv οὐαί 2; DBL Greek, #4026; L-N, 22.9; UBSHS [Re], 141). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+9:1ὁ πέμπτος ἄγγελος ( ho pempos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:1Or from the sky. Cf Jb 38:7; Is 14:12; Lk 10:18, 21:25-28; Jud 13; Re 8:10, 12:1-17. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ( ek tou ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:1Or it.+9:1Cf Lk 8:31; Rm 10:7.+9:2Or door. IT (see ESS [Re 1-11], 195; UBSHS [Re], 142).+9:2Lit smoke ascended out of the shaft. ME (see L-N, 1.37; UBSHS [Re 1-11], 141).+9:2Cf Gn 19:28; Ex 19:8.+9:2Lit smoke ascended out of the shaft like the smoke of a great furnace, and the sun and the air were darkened by the smoke of the shaft. ME (see L-N, 1.7, 1.37; UBSHS [Re], 143).+9:3Or upon the earth. Cf Ex 10:1-20; Dt 28:28; 2 Ch 7:13; Ps 78:46, 105:34; Jl 1:4, 2:25; Am 4:9.+9:3Lit And authority was given to them, like the scorpions of the earth have authority. ME (see BDAG, sv ἐξουσία 2; ESS [Re 1-11], 195; L-N, 20.69; UBSHS [Re], 143).+9:4Lit grass/plants/herbage of the earth. Maintaining consistency in translation with Re 8:7 (see translation and notes there).+9:5Lit they.+9:5Lit kill them.+9:5Lit the torment/pain of them. Translating the genitive as a subjective genitive here, with the compressed verbal information made explicit.+9:6Lit And in those days. ME. Cf TEV. This is referring to the five months mentioned in v 5.+9:6Lit people will seek death, but will not find it. ME (see L-N, 25.9).+9:8Cf Jl 1:6. ὡς λεόντων ( hōs leontōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:9The genitive has been translated as a subjective genitive. Cf TEV.+9:9Lit the sound of their wings was like the sound of many chariots with horses [or chariots of many horses] running into battle. ME(H)/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 147). Cf CJB, ESV, NASB, HCSB, KJV, NLT, NKJV, NRSV, RSV, TEV at Na 3:2. Cf Jl 2:5.+9:10Lit And they have tails like scorpions, and/indeed/namely stingers. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 148).+9:10Or power.+9:11IT (see ANLEX, 28-9, sv Ἀβαδδών; L-N, 93.2; UBSHS [Re], 148). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+9:12Ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ μία ( hē ouai hē mia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:12Lit Behold, still two woes are coming after these things. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, TEV.+9:13ὁ ἕκτος ἄγγελος ( ho hektos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:14Cf Dn 2:20-23; Is 7:20, 8:5-8, 10:5-12.+9:16Lit I heard their number. ME. Cf ISV.+9:17Lit And this is how I saw the horses in the vision and the ones sitting on them. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+9:18Lit their.+9:19IT. Cf NAB. Cf also v 10 above.+9:19Lit For their tails were like serpents, having heads. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 153).+9:20Lit were not killed by. ME. Cf ISV.+9:20Lit from the works of their hands. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [Re], 154). Cf Dt 4:28; Ps 115:4–7, 135:15–17.+9:20βλέπειν οὔτε ἀκούειν οὔτε περιπατεῖν ( oute blepein oute akouein oute peripatein) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:21Lit or their thefts. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, TEV.+10:1Or from the sky.+10:1ἡ ἶρις ( hē iris) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give this element extra focus.+10:1Or a rainbow, or a halo.+10:2Lit he.+10:3Lit cried out with a great voice just as a lion roars. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 157). Cf, eg, Ho 11:10; Am 3:8. λέων ( leōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:3Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 1071, sv φωνή 2.c.). Cf Jn 12:28-29.+10:4Lit You are to seal up. ME (see BDAG, sv σφραγίζω 2; UBSHS [Re], 158).+10:4αὐτὰ ( auta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. The element has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:6Or heaven.+10:6Or the earth.+10:6Lit the sky and the things in it, and the earth and the things in it, and the sea and the things in it. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+10:6οὐκέτι ἔσται ( ouketi estai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:7Lit days.+10:7Or destined to blow his trumpet. Lit But in the days of the sounding/blast/voice of the seventh angel, when he is going to/destined to/about to blow [the trumpet]. Cf Lv 23:23-32, 25:9; Is 27:13; Mt 24:31; 1 Co 15:52; 1 Th 4:16; Re 11:15.+10:7The aorist is functioning proleptically here (ie, it is used to indicate future certainty).+10:7Cf Ps 40:9; Is 40-66 (see esp 40:9, 52:7); Jl 2:32 (LXX); Dn 12:1-4; Lk 24:44-45; Rm 16:25-27; Ga 3:8; Eph 3:5; 1 Pt 1:10-12; 2 Pt 1:19-21.+10:8πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:9IT. The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf most English translations.+10:9Cf Ezk 2:8-3:3.+10:10Lit ate. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+10:11πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:11Or against.+11:1Lit was given a reed like a rod. ME (see L-N, 6.213; UBSHS [Re], 164). Cf REB.+11:1μετρέω ( metreō) means to make a spatial measurement (see BDAG, 643, sv μετρέω 1.a.; UBSHS [Re], 164). Cf CEV.+11:1Lit and the worshipers. ME. Technically, “worshipers” is included as one of the direct objects here. However, in English we don’t usually say something like “measuring worshipers.” As verse 2 makes clear (cf HCSB, LEB, NASB, and NIV there), the meaning here is that the people worshiping at the sanctuary and altar are to be included in the boundary that is being measured off (see UBSHS [Re], 165).+11:2καὶ τὴν αὐλὴν τὴν ἔξωθεν τοῦ ναοῦ ( kai tēn aulēn tēn exōthen tou naou) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore καὶ (interpreted disjunctively, based on the context; cf most English translations) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+11:2Lit the outside court of the sanctuary. ME (see BDAG, 150, sv αὐλή 1). Cf NIV, NLT, TEV.+11:2αὐτὴν ( autēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+11:2As the next clause makes clear, the aorist indicative is functioning proleptically here.+11:2τὴν πόλιν τὴν ἁγίαν ( tēn polin tēn agian) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for ambiguity), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:2Cf Lk 21:24.+11:3Cf Ml 4.+11:4Lit these men/ones.+11:4Following the lead of the UBSHS in the translation here (see UBSHS [Re], 168; the article is feminine, agreeing grammatically with “olive trees” and “lampstands,” but the participle itself is inflected in the masculine plural).+11:4ἐνώπιον τοῦ κυρίου τῆς γῆς ( enōpion tou kuriou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:4An allusion to Zc 4:1-14.+11:5Lit them.+11:5θέλει ἀδικῆσαι ( thelei adikēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+11:5πῦρ ( pur) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:5Cf 2 Ki 1.+11:5ἀδικῆσαι ( adikēsai) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured to allow for part of this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Cf CJB.+11:5οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:6Lit these ones/men.+11:6ὑετὸς ( hetos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:6An accusative of time is used here, indicating that length/extent of time is meant here (see Wallace, Grammar, 202-3). Cf NLT.+11:6Lit for [the length of/duration of] the days of their prophesying. The genitive has been translated as a subjective genitive. Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+11:6Cf Gn 8:2; Dt 11:17; 1Ki 8:35, 17:1, 18:1; 2Ch 6:26; 7:13; Lk 4:25; Jm 5:17.+11:6Cf Ex 4:9, 7:17–21; Rv 8:8, 16:4.+11:6IT. “Authority” is implied from the preceding clause.+11:6Or the land.+11:7Lit When they have completed/finished their testimony. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 170). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+11:8Cf Is 1:9, 10; 3:9; Jr 23:14; Ezk 16:46-49.+11:8Cf Ezk 23:1-27.+11:8The antecedent has been restated in translation for clarity. Cf NLT.+11:9Or tongue.+11:9Lit their corpses, or their dead bodies.+11:10Or of the earth.+11:10Lit rejoice/celebrate because of them. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:10δῶρα ( dōra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+11:10Lit had tormented. Cf NCV, TEV.+11:10Lit upon the inhabitants of the earth/land. Cf NLT.+11:11Lit in/into them.+11:11πνεῦμα ζωῆς ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ( pneuma zōēs ek tou theou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+11:11Lit they.+11:11φόβος μέγας ( phobos megas) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:12Lit they. Cf NCV, TEV.+11:12Or into the sky.+11:12Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, and/or when some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+11:12Cf 2 Ki 2:11; Ac 1:9.+11:13Lit hour. ME. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+11:13τὸ δέκατον τῆς πόλεως ( to dekaton tēs poleōs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:13ὀνόματα ἀνθρώπων χιλιάδες ἑπτὰ ( onomata anthrōpōn chilades hepta) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus.+11:13ἔμφοβοι ( emphoboi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and comma have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+11:14Ἡ οὐαὶ ἡ δευτέρα ( hē ouai hē deutera) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:15ὁ ἕβδομος ἄγγελος ( ho hebdomos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:16ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ ( enōpion tou theou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:17Lit taken. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 176). Cf CEV, NCV.+11:18Or The nations.+11:18Or both the lowly and the powerful.+11:18Or the earth. The brunt of God’s wrath at this point is directed primarily against the Gentile armies that have been trying to destroy the Jews (cf, eg, Dt 32:35-43; Ps 83; Is 10:12, 10:20-27, 17:14, 29:1-8, 30:27-33, 31:4-9, 34:1-8, 40, 54:7-8, 63:1-9; Ezk 38-39; Dn 12:1-7; Hab 2-3; Jl 3; Zc 12-14; Mt 25:31-46; 2 Th 2:8; Re 19:11-20:6).+12:1Or in heaven.+12:1Or a large, or a great.+12:1σημεῖον μέγα ( sēmeion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+12:1This is an allusion to the constellation Virgo (for further discussion about God using the constellations to communicate to the inhabitants of the earth, see the series “The Gospel in the Stars” at www.danieltrainingnetwork.org; some information about this particular constellation is also included in a children’s book on the DTN website entitled The Heavens Declare).+12:1ἡ σελήνη ( hē selēnē) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:1Cf Gn 37:9-11.+12:2Lit having in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). ἐν γαστρὶ ( en gastri) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:3Or in heaven.+12:3Or fierce.+12:3This is most likely an allusion to the constellation Draco (for further discussion about God using the constellations to communicate to the inhabitants of the earth, see the series “The Gospel in the Stars” at www.danieltrainingnetwork.org; some information about this particular constellation is also included in a children’s book on the DTN website entitled The Heavens Declare).+12:4Or a third of the stars of heaven. This is most likely an allusion to the constellation Ursa Minor (the Little Dipper, or Little Bear; for further discussion about God using the constellations to communicate to the inhabitants of the earth, see the series “The Gospel in the Stars” at www.danieltrainingnetwork.org; some information about this particular constellation is also included in a children’s book on the DTN website entitled The Heavens Declare). The proportion of stars in the Little Bear is about one-third when contrasted with the Big Bear (ie, the “two-thirds”). The Little Bear probably represents Jewish believers, and the Big Bear Gentile believers, who together form one body.+12:4Cf Dn 8.+12:5Lit she.+12:5Lit to a son, a male. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation (see UBSHS [Re], 183). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:5Ps 2:9 (LXX)+12:5IT. Because “snatched up” is an adversative statement in relation to the statement about the dragon’s readiness to devour the child (in v 4), the information from v 4 has been restated in translation for clarity (following the lead of the UBSHS; see UBSHS [Re], 183).+12:6Lit where she has there a place prepared from God. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 184).+12:6Cf Is 35.+12:7Lit the angels of him. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 184).+12:8Cf NAB.+12:8τόπος ( topos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis within the ME (see following note).+12:8Lit nor was a place found for them any longer in heaven. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 185). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+12:9Or the whole inhabited earth.+12:9οἱ ἄγγελοι ( hoi angeloi) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to the same end.+12:10Lit Now/at last became.... ME/IT (see translation and notes at Jn 12:31, 13:31, 16:5). Cf NLT; REB.+12:10The genitive is interpreted as a subjective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf UBSHS (Re), 187; TEV.+12:10Or salvation.+12:10Cf Dn 2:44; Re 11:15-17, 20.+12:10The genitive is interpreted as a subjective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf UBSHS (Re), 187; TEV.+12:10Cf Jb 1-2.+12:11Or word.+12:11Or the message, the testimony they had faithfully proclaimed. Lit the word of the testimony of them. The first genitive here has been interpreted as functioning appositionally, and the second genitive has been interpreted as a subjective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Since martyrs are being referred to here, the verbal information compressed in the second genitive is mostly likely the same as that which is explicitly stated at Re 6:9 (see translation and notes there). The next line seems to confirm this as well.+12:11Lit did not love their lives to the point of death. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 188). Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT.+12:12IT. Cf CJB, ESV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+12:12Or land.+12:12Cf ISV.+12:12ὀλίγον καιρὸν ( oligon kairon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:14Or large.+12:14In ancient depictions of Virgo, she is usually portrayed with two large wings on her back (for further discussion about God using the constellations to communicate to the inhabitants of the earth, see the series “The Gospel in the Stars” at www.danieltrainingnetwork.org; some information about this particular constellation is also included in a children’s book on the DTN website entitled The Heavens Declare). Cf Ex 19:4; Dt 32:11.+12:14Lit to her place. ME/IT (see note at v 6 above).+12:14Dn 7:25; 12:7+12:14ME(OTB)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Re 12:14; UBSHS [Re], 190). cf NCV, TEV.+12:14Cf Re 11:2-3, 12:6.+12:14Lit away from the face of the serpent. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 85.26; UBSHS [Re], 190). Cf NIV, REB.+12:15Cf NCV.+12:15Lit water like a river/flood. ME. Cf NLT, TEV. This is most likely referring to Gentile armies (cf, eg, Ps 124; Is 8:6-8, 17:12-13; Jr 46:8; Dn 7:3, 9:26, 11:40-45; Zc 12-14; Re 13-14). ὕδωρ ὡς ποταμόν ( hudōr hōs potamon) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:15Here, the purpose/intent of the ἵνα ( hina) clause and the potentiality of the subjunctive mood are signaled in translation with “hoping.” Cf, eg, the NCV at Ac 5:5.+12:16Or earth, or land.+12:16Lit and the earth opened its mouth. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, and/or when some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, NIV, NLT.+12:17Lit was angry because/at/over the woman. ME.+12:17Here, τῶν λοιπῶν ( meta tōn loipōn) is referring to the gleanings/remainder of the sheaf of wheat in Virgo’s hand (cf the MT and LXX at Lv 23:22).+12:17Virgo holds a sheaf of wheat in her left hand. The seeds of wheat in the sheaf trickle off into the Milky Way, which has so many stars that they cannot be counted (for further discussion about God using the constellations to communicate to the inhabitants of the earth, see the series “The Gospel in the Stars” at www.danieltrainingnetwork.org; some information about this particular constellation is also included in a children’s book on the DTN website entitled The Heavens Declare). Cf Ge 15.+12:17Here ἔχω ( echō) has the same meaning that it has at Re 6:9 (see translation and notes there).+12:17The genitive here is interpreted as an objective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NET.+13:1Lit he/it.+13:1θηρίον ἀναβαῖνον ( thērion anabainon) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+13:1Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf most English translations.+13:2Cf Dn 7.+13:2Lit on it.+13:3Lit its.+13:3ὅλη ( olē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:3Or land, or region.+13:4Cf Ex 15:11; Ps 35:10, 113:5.+13:4Lit And who is able to wage war with it? ME (see UBSHS [Re], 196).+13:5Lit it.+13:5Dn 7:8+13:6Lit And it opened its mouth. ME. Cf NCV, TEV.+13:6IT (see translation and notes at Mt 5:2, Lk 4:21). Cf also L-N, 33.401.+13:6ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ ( en tō ouranō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:7Lit it.+13:7Lit the holy ones/saints.+13:7Cf Dn 7:21-22, 8:9-26.+13:8Or land, or region.+13:8Or anyone whose name was not written in the book of life belonging to the Lamb who was slain from the foundation of the world. Re 17:8 suggests that “from the foundation of the world” is most likely meant to be read with “written.” Some propose 1 Pt 1:19-20 as a parallel in favor of the interpretation reflected in the alternative translation in the footnote (see, eg, interpretation 1 in ESS [Re 12-22], 43). While is 1 Pt 1:19-20 is similar, it is worth pointing out that πρὸ [ pro], rather than ἀπὸ [ apo], is used there. See also NET Bible Notes, Re 13:8.+13:9Lit If anyone has an ear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 11:15).+13:10ὑπάγει ( hupagei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:10Cf Jr 15:2, 43:11.+13:10Cf Re 6:11. ἐν μαχαίρῃ ( en machairē) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:10ἀποκτανθῆναι ( apoktanthēnai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:10Lit Here is the endurance and the faithfulness of the saints/holy ones. ME (see BDAG, 1101, sv ὧδε 2; UBSHS [Re], 200). Cf ESV, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+13:11Or earth, or ground. The contrast here is with “sea” at 13:1.+13:12τὴν ἐξουσίαν τοῦ πρώτου θηρίου πᾶσαν ( tēn exousian tou prōtou thēriou pasan) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:12πρώτου ( prōtou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:12πᾶσαν ( pasan) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been segmented with commas for extra focus and stress.+13:12Lit it.+13:12Or in its presence. BDAG categorizes ἐνώπιον ( enōpion) under “special uses” here (see BDAG, 342, sv 4.b.). Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NRSV.+13:12Or the land, or the region.+13:13Cf Dn 8; 2 Th 2:9.+13:13καὶ πῦρ ( kai pur) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. καὶ has also been rendered ascensively to the same end.+13:13Or the land, or the ground.+13:13Or from heaven. ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ( ek tou ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+13:13Lit before men/people. ME. The meaning of ἐνώπιον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ( enōpion tōn anthrōpōn) here appromixates ἐν αὐτοῖς ( en autois) at Jn 15:24 and ἔμπροσθεν αὐτῶν ( emprosthen autō) at Jn 12:37 (see translation and notes at those places). Cf NCV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+13:14Or of the land, or of the region.+13:14Or in the presence of.+13:14IT. Cf ISV. NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+13:14Cf 2 Th 2:11.+13:14Lit the inhabitants of the earth/land.+13:14The dative is interpreted as a dative of advantage. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV. See also UBSHS (Re), 203.+13:14Cf Dn 3.+13:15Lit it.+13:15IT.+13:15Lit who refused to worship the image of the beast. Cf NIV, NLT, TEV.+13:16Lit it.+13:16Or the lowly and the powerful.+13:16Or a brand.+13:17The second ἵνα ( hina) clause is also dependent on ποιεῖ ( poiei) in v 16 (lit and caused/forced/made it that anyone should not be able to buy or sell).+13:17τις ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:17Lit made it that anyone not be able to buy or sell, except the one having the mark. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NLT, TEV. The second ἵνα ( hina) clause is also dependent on ποιεῖ ( poiei) in v 16.+13:18ἡ σοφία ( hē sophia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:18A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf NIV.+13:18Lit The one who has a mind/understanding/insight. In my opinion, “mind” is better here, since understanding is the goal of the exhortation. The phrase is similar to “he who has an ear, let him hear” (see, eg, translation and notes at Re 2:7).+13:18Or he must figure out the meaning of the beast’s number. Lit he must calculate/interpret the number of the beast. ME(H) (see FSB, Re 13:8; L-N, 32.15, 60.4; Vincent, Word Studies, 2:531; UBSHS [Re], 205).+13:18Lit it.+13:18ἀριθμὸς ἀνθρώπου ( arithmos anthrōpou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+14:2Lit like the sound/voice of many waters. ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and note at Re 1:15).+14:2Lit like the sound of loud thunder. Cf HCSB.+14:2Lit And the sound I heard was like. ME. Cf TEV.+14:3Or understand.+14:3Exception/restriction is a forward-pointing device in Greek (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 83-91).+14:3Or from the earth. Cf Re 7:1-8.+14:4μετὰ γυναικῶν ( meta gunaikōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+14:4παρθένοι ( parthenoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used within the ME (see following note) to give extra focus to this element.+14:4Lit for they are virgins. ME (see ANLEX, 301, sv παρθένος 3). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT.+14:4Cf Lv 17:7; Dt 32; Jr 2:20, 3:6-10, 31:21-30 (cf LXX); Ezk 20, 23; Ho 4; 2 Co 11:2; Re 14:8, 17:2-4; 18:3, 18:9, 19:1-8.+14:4Cf NLT.+14:4Lit a firstfruits to God. ME(OTB)/IT (see FSB, Re 14:4, sv ἀπαρχή; UBSHS [Re], 208). Cf, eg, Ex 23:19.+14:4Cf Gn 12:3; Ex 4:22, 19:5; Is 59:20-21; Jr 2:3, 31:7, 31:37; Mic 7:18-20 Mt 10:5-6, 19:28-30; Lk 22:28-30; Ac 3:26; Rm 1:16, 11:1-6, 11:16, 11:29; Ga 4:1-7; Eph 1:11-14; Re 7:1-8.+14:5Or no lie, or nothing false. Cf, eg, Ps 12:3-4, 15:2-3, 24:4, 34:13, 50:19, 144:8; Pr 12:6; Jn 1:47; Re 3:9.+14:5ἄμωμοί ( amōmoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:6According to the UBSHS, ἔχω ( echō) “in this context means...‘carrying’ in the sense of ready to proclaim” (see UBSHS [Re], 210).+14:6Or of the earth.+14:6Or to the inhabitants of the earth, that is, to every nation and tribe and language and people. Cf Re 11:13.+14:7Lit saying in a loud voice.+14:7Lit hour.+14:7The genitive here is a subjective genitive (lit the hour of his judgment). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+14:7Or heaven.+14:7Or the earth.+14:7Cf Ac 14:15-18, 26:16-18; 1 Th 1:9; Ga 4:8; 1 Co 12:2. Cf also Re 11:13.+14:8ἄλλος ἄγγελος δεύτερος ( allos angelos deuteros) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final within the ME (see following note) for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+14:8Lit another angel, a second, followed. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 211). “Second” has been activated within the reported speech.+14:8Or who made the nations drink the wine of her passionate immorality, or who made the nations drink the maddening wine of her immorality. Cf Is 51:17; Jr 51:7-8; Zc 12:2; Re 14:10, 14:19, 15:1, 7; 16:1, 16:19, 17:1-2, 19:15. Cf also CJB, HCSB, NET, NLT, NIV, REB, TEV.+14:9ἄλλος ἄγγελος τρίτος ( allos angelos tritos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final within the ME (see following note) for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). An adverb has also been used to the same end.+14:9Lit another angel, a third, followed. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 211). “Third” has been activated in the next sentence in translation.+14:9Lit saying in a loud voice.+14:9Or his.+14:10καὶ αὐτὸς ( kai autos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+14:10Or with.+14:10Cf Is 30:27-33, 60:22-24.+14:11Lit And the smoke of the torment of them. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 214). Cf TEV.+14:11εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων ( eis aiōnas aiōnōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+14:11Or his.+14:12ἡ ὑπομονὴ τῶν ἁγίων ( hē hupomonē tōn hagiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+14:12Or and remain faithful to Jesus. Cf NET, NIV, NRSV. Cf also Re 2:13.+14:13Lit the dead. Cf NLT, TEV; UBSHS (Re), 216.+14:13ἐν κυρίῳ ( en kuriō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore ἀπ’ ἄρτι ( ap’ arti) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element, which has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf Dn 7:21; 2 Th 2; Re 13.+14:13Cf Is 57:1-2; Php 1:22-23; Re 7:14.+14:13IT (see UBSHS [Re], 216).+14:13Cf Jb 34:11; Pr 24:12,28:4, 62:12; Jr 17:10, 32:19; Rm 2:6, 14:12; 2 Co 5:10; 1 Pt 1:17; Re 2:23, 20:12, 22:12.+14:14Dn 7:13+14:15ἄλλος ἄγγελος ( allos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy-subject).+14:15Lit crying out with a loud voice.+14:15Lit Send your sickle. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 43.17).+14:15Lit the hour. ME (see ANLEX, 415, sv ὥρα 2).+14:16Lit and the earth. ME/IT. Cf TEV.+14:17ἄλλος ἄγγελος ( allos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+14:18ἄλλος ἄγγελος ( allos angelos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). An adverb has also been used to the same end.+14:18Lit spoke with a loud voice.+14:18Lit to the one.+14:19Lit gathered the vineyard of the earth. ME. Cf NET, NIV.+14:20Lit And the winepress was trampled. ME/IT (see BDAG, 593, sv ληνός; UBSHS [Re], 221). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+14:20Lit 600 stades. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Re 14:20; UBSHS [Re], 222).+15:1Or in heaven.+15:1ἄλλο μέγα καὶ θαυμαστόν ( allo mena thaumston) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb and comma have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+15:1Or great, or large.+15:1The bowl judgments poured out on the Anti-Christ Empire might generally be represented by the three-fold constellation of Hydra (a multi-headed serpent in flight, being trampled by Leo the Lion), Corvus (a bird pecking away at the flesh of Hydra; cf, eg, Ezk 39:17, Re 19:17-18), and Crater (a bowl or cup used for mixing and pouring wine, located just over Hydra’s back). Hydra was associated in antiquity with Cancer (which represents the Anti-Christ Empire). For those interested in this topic, I would direct you to the series “The Gospel in the Stars,” at www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.+15:1Lit having. ME (see ESS [Re 12-22], 183; UBSHS [Re], 223). Cf also BDAG, 421-2, sv ἔχω 5, 8; L-N, 90.51.+15:2Or sea, or lake.+15:2Maintaining consistency in translation with Re 4:6. See translation and notes there.+15:2Lit standing near the sea/body of water of glass. Since this information has already been activated in the previous clause, and since the direct object is so long, this first adverbial participle has been moved forward in translation.+15:2νικάω ( nikaō) with ἐκ ( ek) is an unusual combination (see BDF, §212; Robertson, Word Pictures, Re 15:2; Robertson, Grammar, 598). BDF claims that it approximates τηρέω ἐκ ( tēreō ek) in meaning ( BDF, §212; cf also BDAG, 673, sv νικάω1.a.), ie, to be “victorious over (by separation)” (Robertson, Grammar, 598), or to “free oneself from...by victory” ( BDAG, 296, sv ἐκ 1.d.). Hence the translation here.+15:2Or his.+15:2The genitive has been interpreted as being in the source/subjective range. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, HCSB, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+15:3Cf Ex 15; Dt 32.+15:3μεγάλα καὶ θαυμαστὰ ( megala kai thaumasta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+15:3δίκαιαι καὶ ἀληθιναὶ ( dikaiai kai alēthinai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+15:4μόνος ( monos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+15:4Or Gentiles.+15:4Cf Ps 86:9; Is 2:2–4, 66:23; Mic 4:2.+15:4Or righteous judgments.+15:4The aorist indicative is functioning propletically here (“the prophetical past for the immediate future” [ JFB, 2:58]).+15:5The genitive is interpreted as an appositional genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT. Cf also, eg, Ex 38:21; Nu 1:50-53.+15:6ζώνας χρυσᾶς ( zōnas chrusas) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis (lit girded about at the chest with golden sashes).+15:8Cf Ex 19:18, 40:34; 1 Ki 8:10-11; 2 Ch 5:13-14; Is 6:4; Ezk 10:4.+15:8The verbal information compressed in the genitive is clear from the context.+15:8Lit until the seven plagues of the seven angels were completed/finished. ME. Cf NLT.+16:2Or on the earth, or on the region.+16:2Or sores. Cf Ex 9:8-12.+16:2Or his.+16:3Cf Ex 7:14-24; Rev 8:8–9.+16:3Lit it became blood like a dead person. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 231).+16:3πᾶσα ψυχὴ ζωῆς τὰ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ ( pasa psuchē zōēs ta en tē thalassē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective and comma have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+16:4Cf Ex 7:14-24; Rev 8:8–9.+16:5The genitive has been interpreted as a genitive of subordination (cf Re 14:18, where ἐξουσία [ exousia] is used). This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+16:5δίκαιος ( dikaios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:5Lit because these things you judged. ME. Cf CJB, NIV.+16:6αἷμα ἁγίων καὶ προφητῶν ( haima hagiōn kai prophētōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+16:6αὐτοῖς ( autois) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:6ἄξιοί ( axioi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:6Lit they are worthy/deserving [of this punishment]. Instead of restating the implied direct object here, the connection with the punishment stated in the previous clause has been signaled here through a subordinate clause. Cf NCV, NIV.+16:6Cf Rm 12:19; Re 6:10.+16:7ἀληθιναὶ καὶ δίκαιαι ( alēthinai kai dikaiai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:7Cf Re 6:9-11, 8:3-5.+16:8Lit to scorch men with fire. ME (see L-N, 14.68; UBSHS [Re], 233).+16:9Lit And people were scorched with great scorching/heat. ME (see BSL, Re 16:9, sv καῦμα; L-N, 14.68; UBSHS [Re], 233).+16:9Or blasphemed, or profaned.+16:9Or power, or authority.+16:10Or his.+16:10Cf Ex 10:21.+16:10Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, TEV.+16:11Or blasphemed, or profaned.+16:11Or sores.+16:11Lit because of their pain and because of their boils. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 234).+16:11IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+16:12Lit from the rising of the sun. ME (see BDAG, 74, sv ἀνατολή 2.a.). Cf most English translations.+16:13πνεύματα τρία ἀκάθαρτα ὡς βάτραχοι ( pneumata tria akatharata hōs batrachoi) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+16:14The genitive has been translated as an attributive genitive. Cf ESV, CJB, ISV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+16:14Cf Lv 11:10. Cf also Dn 8:23-25; 2 Th 2; Re 13. Frogs were included among the unclean, “detestable” creatures of the waters.+16:14Or over all mankind.+16:15Cf 1 Th 5:1-11.+16:15Or and who doesn’t lose his garments, or and who keeps his clothes on. Cf Brc, NLT, Phps, REB.+16:15γυμνὸς ( gumnos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:15Lit they. Cf ISV.+16:15Lit and they see his shame. ME. The meaning here is similar to Re 3:18 (see translation and notes there). Cf NET, NIV, TEV.+16:15Cf Re 3:18.+16:16ME/IT (see ANLEX, sv Ἁρμαγεδών, 74). Cf Jg 5:19; 2 Ki23:29–30; 2 Ch 35:22.+16:17Lit came from the sanctuary from the throne. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 238). Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+16:17Or It is done! Cf NJB, Phps.+16:18σεισμὸς μέγας ( seismos megas) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a spacer and adverb have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+16:18Lit such as has not occurred. ME. Cf NET.+16:18ἄνθρωπος ( anthrōpos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured and translated to allow for this element to land in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf TEV; UBSHS (Re), 238 (lit from when man became on the earth).+16:19αἱ πόλεις τῶν ἐθνῶν ( hai poleis tōn ethnōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+16:19Or of the Gentiles.+16:19Lit Babylon the Great was remembered before God. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Re], 239; UBSHS [Ps], 941). Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. Cf also CJB, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV at Ps 109:14.+16:19This first genitive of the genitive chain has been translated as a genitive of content. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT.+16:19The second genitive has been translated as an attributive genitive. Cf HCSB, LEB, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+16:20Lit fled/escaped. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 239). Cf Re 6:14.+16:20Lit were not found. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 239). Cf NLT. Cf also Re 6:14.+16:21Or from the sky.+16:21χάλαζα μεγάλη ὡς ταλαντιαία ( chalaza megalē hōs talantia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:21Lit about a talent. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Re 16:21). Cf most English translations.+16:21Or blasphemed, or profaned.+16:21μεγάλη ( megalē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+16:21Lit And men blasphemed God from the plague of hail, because the plague of it is great, extremely. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 240). The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Cf Ex 9:13-35.+17:1Lit he.+17:1Or condemnation, or judgment.+17:1The genitive here is an objective genitive, with the verbal information compressed in the genitive implied from the context. Cf NCV, TEV.+17:1Or powerful, or great.+17:1Or on many waters, or over many waters. Cf Jr 51:13.+17:2Or the earth, or the region.+17:3Lit he.+17:3Lit in the Spirit. ME (see translation and notes at Re 1:10; UBSHS [Re], 243).+17:3Lit it, or he.+17:4ME(OTB)/IT (see Thomas et al in ESS [Re 12-22], 118). Cf, eg, Lv 17:7; Dt 32; Jr 2:20, 3:6-10, 31:21-30 (cf LXX); Ezk 20, 23; Ho 4; 2 Co 11:2; Re 14:8, 17:2-4; 18:3, 18:9, 19:1-8.+17:6Lit the holy ones/saints.+17:6Lit and with the blood of the witnesses of Jesus, or and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. The meaning here is similar to Re 2:13, 6:9, and 12:17 (see translation and notes there). Cf NCV, TEV.+17:6Lit I was astonished with great astonishment. ME. Cf TNT.+17:8Cf Re 11:7; 13:5.+17:8Or and. The broader context (cf, eg, Re 11:7, 13:5; cf also 2 Th 2) indicates that this statement is most likely meant to be understood as being in an adversative relationship to the preceding statement (ie, the beast will come up from the Abyss [for a short time to rule and oppress], and yet the beast’s final destiny is to be destroyed). In other words, the beast isn’t “destroyed” immediately upon coming up from the Abyss.+17:8Lit goes to destruction. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 247). The meaning here is similar to “son of destruction” at 2 Th 2:3 (see translation and notes there). Cf Dn 8:25; Ezk 38-39; Zc 14; 2 Th 2:8; Re 19-20. εἰς ἀπώλειαν is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+17:8Or of the land, or of the region.+17:8Or when they see the beast, because it was, and is not, and will reappear.+17:9IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+17:9ἑπτὰ ὄρη ( hepta orē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:9Cf Is 2:2-5, 12-19; Jr 51:25; Dn 2:34, 4; Re 8:8, 18:8-9.+17:9ἡ γυνὴ ( hē gunē) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:10βασιλεῖς ἑπτά ( kai basileis hepta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+17:10Lit The five. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+17:10Lit one is. ME. Cf NLT, TEV. The meaning here is clear from the context.+17:10Lit the other. Cf NLT.+17:10Divine necessity is implied by the verb used here (see NET Bible Notes, Jn 4:4; UBSHS [Jn], 109; translation and notes at Mt 16:21). Cf, eg, Is 40:21-24; Dn 2:20-23, 4:17.+17:10Lit remain. ME. Cf NLT, TEV. The meaning here is to remain in power.+17:10ὀλίγον ( oligon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf TEV.+17:11ὄγδοός ( ogdoos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:11ἐκ τῶν ἑπτά ( ek tōn hepta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the context) has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:11IT (see UBSHS [Re], 249).+17:11Or he belongs to the seven, or he will come from the seven.+17:11Lit and goes to destruction. ME (see note at v 8 above). Maintaining consistency in translation here with v 8. Cf Dn 8:25; Ezk 38-39; Zc 14; 2 Th 2:8; Re 19-20. εἰς ἀπώλειαν is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+17:12δέκα βασιλεῖς ( deka basileis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:12οὔπω ἔλαβον ( outō elabon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress (lit received, with God as the implied giver of authority).+17:12IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, TEV.+17:12Because ἐξουσίαν ὡς βασιλεῖς ( exousian hōs basileis) is a POD/topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT), a passive verb has been used in translation here. Cf TEV.+17:12μίαν ὥραν ( mian hōran) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+17:12Lit one hour. ME (see BDAG, 1102, sv ὥρα 2.b.; UBSHS [Re], 252).+17:13Lit these ones/men.+17:13μίαν γνώμην ( mian gnōmēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:13τῷ θηρίῳ ( tō thēriō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:14Lit these ones/men.+17:14μετὰ τοῦ ἀρνίου ( meta tou arniou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+17:14κύριος κυρίων καὶ βασιλεὺς βασιλέων ( kurios kuriōn kai basileus basileōn) is in a split focal position P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:15Lit he.+17:15ἡ πόρνη ( hē pornē) is receiving focal prominence (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:15λαοὶ καὶ ὄχλοι καὶ ἔθνη καὶ γλῶσσαι ( laoi kai ochloi kai ethnē kai glōssai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:16ἠρημωμένην καὶ γυμνὴν ( ērēmōmenēn kai gumnēn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb, a comma, and italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+17:16See preceding note.+17:17Lit For God will give/place into their hearts to do his purpose/plan/mind and to act with one purpose/mind and give their kingdom to the beast until the words of God are fulfilled/accomplished. ME (see UBSHS [Re], 251). The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf Is 13-14, 47-48; Jr 50-51.+17:18Or the great city that rules. The participle here is interpreted as functioning proleptically. This is reflected in the translation. V 13 clearly refers to the Second Coming, when the Messiah triumphs over the beast (cf, eg, Re 19:11-20) in context to a real battle against Gentile armies (cf, eg, Nu 24:17-19; Is 63:1-6; Ezk 38; Jl 3; Zc 14). Some might argue that the present indicative in v 9 (κάθηται [ kathētai]) would require the Rome interpretation here. This isn’t necessarily the case, though, even if the Greek verb does in fact encode tense in the indicative mood (a claim that is disputed among Greek scholars). If one assumes that the “mountains” of v 9 are in fact a “clear reference to the city of Rome” ( UBSHS [Re], 248), then κάθηται [ kathētai] would most likely mean “the city presently sitting on seven [hills]” (ie, Rome). However, if “mountains” are referring to something other than Rome, such as a Gentile kingdom or empire (cf, eg, Is 2:2-5, 12-19; Jr 51:25), and/or if the “woman” is meant to activate the OT imagery of Zc 5:5-10 (a reasonable possibility, since Babylon is specifically mentioned there; cf also 2 Th 2:1-12), then κάθηται [ kathētai] at v 9 is most likely functioning gnomically, ie, “Wickedness/Lawlessness,” the woman, has ridden/rides/will ride whatever godless empire that God puts in power during a particular season in history. In John’s day, she rode on “Rome,” and in times past, she rode on other idolatrous empires. At the end of the age, she will “ride” the city that is destroyed by the beast and the ten kings (see vv 16).+17:18Cf 2 Th 2:1-12.