2 Peter 3 (BHT-FTN)

+1:1Lit have received by lot. ME/IT (see BDAG, 581, sv λαγχάνω 1; BSL, 2 Pt 2:1, sv λαγχάνω; L-N, 57.127). Cf, eg, various English translations of λαγχάνω ( lanchanō) at Lk 1:9 and Ac 1:17.+1:1ἰσότιμον πίστιν ( isotimon pistin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a comma and adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:1Or in.+1:1Cf Ac 10:44-48, 15:14.+1:2χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ( charis kai eirēnē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:2Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:2Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Pt 1:2 (see translation and note there).+1:2Or because you know, or as you know, or in the knowledge of.+1:2Cf Jn 17:3; 1 Co 1:9; Php 3:8-11; 1 Th 2:12.+1:3πάντα τὰ πρὸς ζωὴν καὶ εὐσέβειαν ( panta ta pros zōēn kai eusebeian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+1:3Lit have been bestowed on us by his divine power. An equative verb, adverb, and possessive pronoun have been used in translation here in order to convey the ongoing effects signaled by the perfect tense, and to maintain consistency in translation between the dative pronoun in this verse and that in v 2.+1:3θείας ( theias) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:3Or through. In many instances, there is close overlap between the instrumental and causal uses of διά ( dia) (see ANLEX, 108, sv δια I.4.; BDAG, 225, sv διά 5; L-N, 89.26). Cf NCV.+1:3Or called, or invited.+1:3The dative here is interpreted as a dative of advantage. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Is 42:8, 12; 43:21, 48:9; Zc 6:13.+1:3Or praise, or glory.+1:3Or summoned us by his own glorious power and mighty act. Cf Is 42:8, 42:12, 43:7, 43:21, 48:9; Zc 6:13.+1:4Or through these things, or because of these things. Cf TEV; REB and TNT in ESS (2 Pt), 22.+1:4τίμια καὶ μέγιστα ἐπαγγέλματα ( timia kai megista epangelmata) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun (in Greek, the article is a weak demonstrative) and an adverb (in the case of μέγιστα, the adverb is also warranted by the superlative inflection of the adjective; cf, eg, NET, NRSV) have been used to give extra focus to this element. τίμια has also been rendered with a strong gloss (drawn from the UBSHS; see UBSHS [2 Pt], 75) to the same end.+1:4While ἐπαγγέλματα ( epanggelmata) could possibly refer here to the future promises mentioned in 2 Pt 3 (see vv 4, 9, and 13), the repeated use of δωρέομαι ( dedōreomai) in the perfect tense indicates that is most likely referring to the blessings connected to the promised Spirit, which free us from the power of sin. Cf Ac 2:33; Ga 3:14; Eph 1:3, 14.+1:4Lit so that you may become sharers. ME. Cf TEV; REB in ESS (2 Pt), 24. Cf Ac 10; Ga 3:7-9; Eph 1:11-14.+1:4θείας φύσεως ( theias phuseōs) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:4Lit become partakers of/sharers in the divine nature. ME (see JFB, 2:517; L-N, 58.8; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 294; UBSHS [2 Pt], 76). Cf Rm 6:5-6, 8:29; 1 Co 15; 2 Co 3:18, 4:7-5:5; Eph 4:24; Php 3:23; Col 3:4; 1 Pt 5:1; Heb 12:10; 1 Pt 1:15-16, 4:6, 5:1; 1 Jn 3:2.+1:4Lit the corruption that is in the world.+1:4ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ ( en epithumia) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:5αὐτὸ τοῦτο ( auto touto) is receiving thematic prominence (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra prominence.+1:5καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ( kai auto touto) is interpreted as referring to vv 3-4. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NCV, NLT; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 1:5.+1:5σπουδὴν πᾶσαν ( spoudēn pasan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with πᾶσαν in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:5Lit bringing to bear all diligence/eagerness/urgency/effort. ME (see BDAG, 939, sv σπουδαίως 1; L-N, 68.64, UBSHS [2 Pt], 78). Cf also L-N, 68.74 (ἀγωνίζομαι).+1:7Drawing from the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 80).+1:8The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+1:8ὑπάρχοντα καὶ πλεονάζοντα ( huparchonta kai pleonazonta) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Adverbs and an auxiliary verb have also been used to the same end (cf NET; UBSHS [2 Pt], 81).+1:8Lit to you being and increasing/and multiplying. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NIV, TEV. The first participle denotes possession, while the meaning of the second participle is similar to 2 Pt 1:2 above.+1:8οὐκ ἀργοὺς οὐδὲ ἀκάρπους ( ouk argous oude akarpous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end. The double negatives (lit “ they are not going to make you ineffective nor unfruitful”) seem to be functioning on the level of litotes (so TNT [see ESS (2 Pt), 33]; cf also UBSHS [2 Pt], 81), ie, as an understatement used for emphasis or rhetorical effect (eg, “Billy Graham isn’t a bad preacher” = “Billy Graham is a great preacher”). Hence, the statement has been rendered positively in translation. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:9τυφλός ( tuphlos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:9The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, TEV; UBSHS (2 Pt), 82. According to this interpretation, the meaning is that he is so nearsighted that he is for all practical purposes blind.+1:9λήθην τοῦ καθαρισμοῦ τῶν πάλαι αὐτοῦ ἁμαρτιῶν ( lēthēn tou katharismou tōn palai autou hamartiōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). An adjective has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element within the ME (see following note).+1:9Lit getting forgetfulness of the cleansing of his past sins. ME(H/OTB) (see ESS [2 Pt], 39; L-N, 29.13; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 302; UBSHS [2 Pt], 82. See also Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:10A sense of urgency/haste is implied in the cognate group here (see BDAG, 939, sv σπουδάζω 1; Ibid, sv σπουδαίως 1).+1:10Lit the summons/calling and election of you, or your calling/summons and election. God is obviously the implied subject here. Cf NASB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:10Or to put God’s summons and choice of you beyond doubt. Lit to make the summons/call and choice of you firm/secure. ME (see BDAG, 172, sv βέβαιος 3; interpretation 2 in ESS [2 Pt], 41; L-N, 71.15). Cf NJB, TEV. According to BDAG, βεβαίαν τὴν κλῆσιν καὶ ἐκλογὴν ποιεῖσθαι ( bebaian tēn klēsin kai eklogēn poieisthai) in this context means to “to keep the call in force” (see BDAG, 172, sv βέβαιος 3). Since the supporting statement that follows most likely refers to apostasy (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 305), which is in turn followed by another supporting statement whose content pertains to entry into the Kingdom of God, the interpretation represented in BDAG is most likely correct here. This is further confirmed by the broader context (see, eg, 2 Pt 2:20-22). The implied warning is similar to that of Heb 4:1 and 4:11 (note that σπουδάζω [ spoudazō], the verb used here in 2 Pt 1:10, is also used at Heb 4:11). Cf also Is 50:1; Ezk 3:16-27,14:14, 18:21-29; Jn 15:2; Rm 2:6-10; 1 Co 9:24-10:1-13; 2 Co 6:1; 2 Ti 2:12; 2 Pt 2:20-22; Heb 3:14, 6:1-12; Jud 5; Re 2-3. βεβαίαν ( bebaian) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:10Or by. The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation (cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, KJV, LEB, NIV, NKJV, NRSV, RSV, TEV). An adverbial of means is also conceivable here (cf NET). The meaning is essentially the same either way.+1:10ταῦτα ( tauta) is a POD/Topical Frame (see BART Display and LDGNT), and is also receiving thematic prominence (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra prominence to this element, and to allow it to stay toward the front of the clause, with ποιοῦντες ( poiountes) rendered as “conduct” (cf L-N, 41.7).+1:10Lit these things doing. Cf L-N, 41.7. “These things” refers to the virtues mentioned in vv 5-7.+1:10Or never fall away, or never be overthrown/defeated, or never be lost, or never stumble in sin. Lit never stumble, or never fall. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 894, sv πταίω 2; ESS [2 Pt], 42; LALS, sv πταίω; Little Kittel, 968, sv πταίω; UBSHS [Rm], 214; UBSHS [2 Pt], 84). Cf, eg, Jb 4:1-6; Ps 37:23-24, 73:1-2; Pr 24:16; Mic 7:8; Rm 11:11.+1:11Lit in this way (referring to the virtues of vv 5-7). The antecedent has been restated in translation because of the play on words Peter makes in this verse.+1:11The same verb is used at 2 Pt 1:5 above. Peter seems to be making a play on words here.+1:11πλουσίως ( plousiōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+1:11Cf Re 21:7-8, 26-27.+1:12ἀεὶ ( aei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:12Lit in the truth that is present. ME (see BDAG, 42, sv ἀλήθεια 2.b.; UBSHS [2 Pt], 87; translation and notes at 2 Th 2:15.). Cf NLT, NRSV, TEV.+1:13δίκαιον ( diakaion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf NLT, TEV.+1:13Lit in this tabernacle. ME/IT (see L-N, 23.91; translation and notes at 2 Co 5:1). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NCV.+1:13Lit by way of reminder, or by way of calling your attention to them.+1:14ταχινή ( tachinē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:14Lit the removing/setting aside of the tabernacle of me is soon. ME (see note at v 13 above; L-N, 23.111). ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+1:14Cf Jn 21:18-19.+1:15ἑκάστοτε ἔχειν ὑμᾶς μετὰ τὴν ἐμὴν ἔξοδον τὴν τούτων μνήμην ( ekastote echein humas meta tēn emēn exdoxon tēn toutōn mnēmēn) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. Commas have also been used to the same end.+1:15ἑκάστοτε ( ekastote) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Cf CJB.+1:16σεσοφισμένοις μύθοις ( sesophismenois muthois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:16Lit that we followed. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 91). Cf TEV; REB and TNT in ESS (2 Pt), 59.+1:16δύναμιν καὶ παρουσίαν ( dunamin kai parousian) is in interpreted here as a hendiadys (ie, the use of coordination to communicate a unified concept). This is reflected in the translation.+1:16ἐπόπτα τῆς ἐκείνου μεγαλειότητος ( epopta tēs ekeinou megaleiotētos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). A cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element within the ME (see following note).+1:16Lit we were eyewitnesses of. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:16Lit the majestic splendor of that one. Since the Second Coming is in view here, the verbal information compressed in the verb is meant to be understood as pointing forward to that event (cf translation and notes at Mt 16:28). The point here, as v 19 makes clear, is that the transfiguration was a visionary foreshadowing of the glory in which the Messiah will return at the Second Coming.+1:17IT. Cf CJB, TEV.+1:17τιμὴν καὶ δόξαν ( timēn kai doxan) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:17φωνῆς τοιᾶσδε ( phōnēs toiasde) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has therefore been placed at the end of the clause for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+1:17Lit such a voice having been brought to him by the Majestic Glory. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+1:18ἡμεῖς ( hēmeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:18ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ( ex ouranou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:18The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, NET, RSV.+1:18σὺν αὐτῷ ( sun autō) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+1:19Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+1:19Lit And we have the prophetic word as more firm. ME/IT (see BDAG, 173, sv βεβαιόω 1; L-N, 28.43, 31.90). Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. Cf also the translation at Rm 15:8.+1:19Or to which. The LSGNT Notes mark ᾧ ( hō) as a dative of reference.+1:19Or if. The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of means. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESS (2 Pt), 75. An adverbial of condition is also possible (cf LEB). The meaning is the same either way.+1:19ἡμέρα ( hēmera) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. The “day” here is clearly referring to something known, namely, the Day of the Lord prophesied by the prophets. The constituent is anarthrous because it is receiving focal prominence.+1:19Cf Is 13:6-9; Ezk 13:5, 30:3; Jl 1:15, 2:1-31, 3:14; Am 5:18, 20; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-14; Ml 4:5; 2 Co 1:14; Php 1:6-10, 2:16; 1 Th 5:2; 2 Th 2:2.+1:19The “morning star” here is most likely a reference to the planet Venus, though some think it possibly refers to the sun (see, eg, ANLEX, 404, sv φωσφόρος; BSL, 2 Pt 1:19, sv φωσφόρος; DBL Greek, #5892; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 321; L-N, 1.32). Apart from the sun, Venus is the brightest “star” in the sky, reaching its maximum brightness just before sunrise or just after sunset, depending on where it is in its orbit of the sun. Just as the morning star heralds the end of the night and the beginning of the new day, so the Second Coming will mark the end of this age of darkness and the beginning of His Day. Cf Gn 1:14-19; Jb 9:9, 38:32; Ps 19:1-6, 84:11; Is 40:25-26, 60:1-2; Ml 4:2; Lk 1:78; Rm 10:14-18, 13:11-12.+1:19φωσφόρος ( phōsphoros) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:19Cf Nu 24:17; Re 22:16.+1:20Most English translations group “in your hearts” with “rises” here. However, it is just as reasonable (contra Kelly; see ESS [2 Pt], 79) for it to be grouped with what follows (cf Green in ESS [2 Pt], 79), since in the NT the heart is understood not only as the seat of the emotions, but of the thoughts and will as well (see translation and notes at Mk 3:5). Cf, eg, Mt 9:4; Mk 2:8; Lk 2:19, 5:22, 21:14, 24:38; Rm 10:6-9. Shreiner’s assertion that in this instance the “the objective event and the subjective experience seem to be confused” ( NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 322) is unwarranted.+1:20The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of place. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:20ἰδίας ἐπιλύσεως ( idias epiluseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:20Or it isn’t by private interpretation.+1:20IT (see following note; L-N, 33.141).+1:20Or No prophecy in Scripture comes about by the prophet’s own interpretation/explanation. Lit Every prophecy of Scripture does not become of one’s own/his own unraveling. ME (see BSL, 2 Pt 1:20, sv ἐπίλυσις; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 322; UBSHS [2 Pt], 99). For a summary of interpretive options here, see ESS (2 Pt), 83. If ἐπίλυσις ( epilusis) means interpretation/explanation (as is almost certainly the case; see, eg, L-N, 33.141; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 322), then in this context γίνομαι ( ginomai) means to “become explained,” or to “become interpreted (accurately),” ie, become understood/unraveled. Hence the translation here. Cf Lk 24:25-35; Eph 3:4-5.+1:21θελήματι ἀνθρώπου ( thelēmati anthrōpou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+1:21Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 447, sv θέλημα 2.a.).+1:21Lit For not by the will of man was a prophecy conveyed in the past (or at any time). ME (see BDAG, 1052, sv φέρω 7). προφητεία ( prophēteia) here means essentially the same thing as τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον ( ton prophētikon) in v 19 (cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV there; NLT here). ποτέ ( pote) here has a meaning similar to what it has at 1 Pt 3:5 (cf CJB, HCSB, KJV, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, NKJV, NLT, TEV there). The true prophets, rather than the false, are obviously meant here. Cf Jr 23; Ezk 13.+1:21ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου φερόμενοι ( hupo pneumatos hagiou pheromenoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:21ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἁγίου ( hupo pneumatos hagiou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:21Lit spoke from God men. ME. Cf REB in ESS (2 Pt), 89. ἄνθρωποι ( anthrōpoi) is receiving thematic prominence here (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a rendering similar to that of the REB has been used in translation here, to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra stress.+2:1Lit heresies of destruction. ME (see BDAG, 127, sv ἀπώλεια 2; UBSHS [2 Pt], 104).+2:1καὶ τὸν ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς δεσπότην ( kai ton agorasanta autous despotēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:1Or purchased them, or redeemed them. ἀγοράσαντα αὐτοὺς ( agorasanta autous) is in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow part of this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress. An adverb has also been used to the same end.+2:1The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of result. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NET, TEV.+2:1It seems that Peter is making a small play on words here. Hence I have inverted the words here to create a bit of a word-play in English.+2:2πολλοὶ ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore repetition and subordination (with the help of a dummy subject) have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:2Lit of them. Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity. Cf NET.+2:2Cf NIV; NJB, REB in ESS (2 Pt), 100.+2:3πλαστοῖς λόγοις ( plastois logois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:3Lit they will carry on business with you. ME (see BSL, 2 Pt 2:3, sv ἐμπορεύομαι; UBSHS [2 Pt], 107). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:3Lit fabricated words. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 107).+2:3Or verdict, or condemnation, or judgment.+2:3Lit whose punishment a long time/of old is not idle. ME (I/F) (see ANLEX, 73, sv ἀργέω; BDAG, 128, sv ἀργέω; UBSHS [2 Pt], 107).+2:3Lit is not growing drowsy, or is not dozing. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 683, sv νυστάζω; UBSHS [2 Pt], 107).+2:4Cf Gn 6:1-4; Jb 2:6; Jud 6.+2:4ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων ( angelōn harmtēsantōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+2:4Lit casting into Tartarus. ME/IT (see BDAG, 991, sv ταρταρόω; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 336).+2:4σειραῖς ζόφου ( seirais zophou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+2:4Lit delivered them to chains of gloomy/deepest darkness. ME (see BDAG, 429, sv ζόφος 2; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 2:4; UBSHS [2 Pt], 110). The genitive is interpreted as a genitive of place. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NET and TEV.+2:4εἰς κρίσιν ( eis krisin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:5Lit he.+2:5ἀρχαίου κόσμου ( archaiou kosmou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+2:5ὄγδοον Νῶε δικαιοσύνης κήρυκα ( ogdoon Nōe dikaiosunēs kēruka) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:5Lit Noah as the eighth. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 112).+2:5Cf Ezk 14:14, 20. δικαιοσύνης ( dikaiosunēs) is in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:5Lit a world of ungodly ones. ME. Cf NET.+2:5κατακλυσμὸν ( kataklusmon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:6Or condemned.+2:6πόλεις Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρας ( poleis Sodomōn kai Gomorras) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+2:6The participle is interpreted, with Hiebert and Johnson, as signaling “the result achieved by means of the destruction of the cities” (see ESS [2 Pt], 123). An adverbial of cause is also possible (cf LEB, NET; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 2:6). The meaning is essentially the same either way.+2:6ὑπόδειγμα μελλόντων ἀσεβέ[ς]ιν ( hupdeigma mellontōn asebe[s]in) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:6Cf Gn 18:17-20; Nu 26:10; 1 Co 10; 2 Pt 3.+2:7δίκαιον Λὼτ καταπονούμενον ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν ἀθέσμων ἐν ἀσελγείᾳ ἀναστροφῆς ( dikaion Lōt kataponoumenon hupo tēs tōn athesmōn en aselgeia anastrophēs) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and a dash have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:7τῶν ἀθέσμων ( tōn athesmōn) is in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:7Cf NJB.+2:7Lit the conduct of the wicked/shameful/disgraceful/vile men/people in licentiousness. Cf Gn 19:4.+2:8Lit among them.+2:8Lit by what was seen and heard, that righteous man, dwelling among them day after day, tormented his righteous soul with their lawless deeds. ME (see L-N, 24.8, 25.280; UBSHS [2 Pt], 116). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+2:9IT (see ESS [2 Pt], 131). Vv 4-8 make up one long conditional clause. What follows is a general, inductive conclusion drawn from the specific examples given above.+2:9εὐσεβεῖς ( eusebeis) and ἐκ πειρασμοῦ ( ek peirasmous) are in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that εὐσεβεῖς is marked for focal ambiguity in the BART Display), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the contrast implied contextually) has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+2:9While the word used here (πειρασμός [ peirasmos]) usually means trial (see, eg, L-N, 27.46) or temptation (see, eg, L-N, 88.308), the context indicates that here it is being used in the sense of a “calamity” (see GHCLOT, 489, sv māsāh), “catastrophe” (see BSL, Dt 4:34, sv massōt), “judgment” (see NET at Dt 4:34, 7:19), or “terror” (see NLT at Dt 7:19) sent by God as a test to expose the true nature of something (see LALS, sv πειρασμός; LEH LXX Lex, sv πειρασμός). Cf, eg, Dt 4:32 (see TEV there), 7:19 (see NET, NLT, NCV, TEV there), and 29:3 (see NET, NCV, TEV there). That is in fact the meaning intended here is confirmed by 2 Pt 3:10-11.+2:9ἀδίκους ( adikous) and εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως κολαζομένους ( eis hēmeran kriseōs kolazomenous) are in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that ἀδίκους is marked for focal ambiguity in the BART Display), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the contrast implied contextually) has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+2:9Or keep under punishment until. The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial of purpose, and as functioning futuristically. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB, ISV, JB, NET, NIV (2011).+2:9εἰς ἡμέραν κρίσεως ( eis hēmeran kriseōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element. Peter seems to be using a prominence-increasing device to accentuate the greatness of the Day; cf Jud 5, where this is conveyed explicitly by lexeme and reinforced by the discourse feature. I have translated “mighty” in translation here, though, to let readers know that the two texts aren’t exactly the same.+2:10ME/IT (see ESS [2 Pt], 137; UBSHS [2 Pt], 118). An ellipsis is used in the Greek text, and therefore the remaining information must be derived from the context.+2:10If you are reading this right now, and you are involved in immorality or are in rebellion against God, I beg you to repent and seek the Lord while He may still be found.+2:10Lit those going after the flesh in/because of lust of defilement. ME(I/F/OTB) (see ANLEX, 346, sv σάρξ 4; BDAG, 915, sv σάρξ 2.d.; Ibid, 716, sv ὀπίσω 2.a.; DBL Hebrew, #1414.6; Ibid, #1414.10; UBSHS [Dt], 143; UBSHS [2 Pt], 118).+2:10κυριότητος ( kuriotētos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:10Lit they. Cf NCV, TEV.+2:10δόξας ( doxas) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:10Or to slander glorious ones, or to slander dignitaries. Most translations and commentators interpret δόξας ( doxas) here as referring to some sort of angelic or celestial beings (see, eg, Vincent, Word Studies, 1:694; ESS [2 Pt], 142; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 349; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 2:10). The NET Bible Notes go so far as to say that “Δόξας ( doxas) almost certainly refers to angelic beings rather than mere human authorities.” I am not convinced, though, for three main reasons: (1) as Schreiner points out (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 346), “glories” can refer to human beings, in the sense of “honored ones” or those “deserving of honor” (cf, eg, the LXX at Ps 149:8 and Is 3:5); (2) the reference to Korah’s rebellion in Jude (see Jud 7); and (3) the call in the NT for leaders who teach and model the true faith to be treated with honor (see, eg, 1 Co 16:18; 1 Th 5:12; Php 2:29; 1 Ti 5:17), and for genuine messengers of God to be received with “fear and trembling” (see 2 Co 7:15; cf also Mt 10:40). Failing to honor a messenger truly sent and appointed by God could have disastrous consequences (see, eg, 2 Ki 2:23-24; Mt 10:14). Here is what Peter seems to be saying: In the governmental hierarchy of creation as a whole, angels (at present) hold a place of authority higher than that of human beings, and are obviously stronger than human beings, who are mortal. Despite their greater power and authority, however, the righteous angels, like Michael (see Jud 9), nevertheless honor and recognize the human leaders that God appoints, even though such leaders, like Moses (see Jud 9), who murdered an Egyptian, share in the death that all human beings must taste because of sin (cf, eg, Heb 9:27; 1 Pt 4:6). The angels know that God’s verdict of mercy trumps the devil’s accusations (see Zc 3:3-5; cf Jud 9), and that in the end the redeemed will be exalted (cf, eg, 1 Co 6:3). This was unlike Korah, who rose up against Moses, God’s divinely appointed leader and messenger (see Jud 9; cf Nu 16). If this interpretation is correct, it means that Peter is rebuking the false teachers for slandering him and other leaders who teach and model the true faith. Like Korah, they will reap the consequences of their rebellion.+2:11IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV. The argument here is a from-greater-to-lesser argument.+2:11The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ASV, CJB, ESV, ISV, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+2:11ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζονες ( ischui kai dunamei meizones) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), with ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:11βλάσφημον κρίσιν ( blasphēmon krisin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:11Cf Jb 1-2; Zc 3:1-5; Jud 9; Re 12:10. Unlike Satan, Michael and the righteous angels refrain from accusing, pleading instead for mercy (cf Mt 18:10). Cf also the functions of the four angels closest to God’s throne in Jewish tradition (1 Enoch 40:9).+2:12Or unreasoning. Cf CEV.+2:12Lit born by nature for capture and destruction. ME (see BDAG, 1069, sv φυσικός b.). Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+2:12ἐν οἷς ἀγνοοῦσιν ( en hois agnousin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:12Lit in the destruction of them [ie, the beasts]. ME (see interpretation 1 in ESS [2 Pt], 153; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 350; UBSHS [2 Pt], 124). Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+2:12καὶ φθαρήσονται ( kai phtharēsontai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:13Lit being harmed as wages of unrighteousness/for harm. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 125). Cf CJB, NIV, TEV.+2:13ἡδονὴν ( ēdonēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:13ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ( hēmera) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:13Lit they are spots and defects. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 267, sv μῶμος 2; UBSHS [2 Pt], 126).+2:14ὀφθαλμοὺς μεστοὺς μοιχαλίδος ( ophthalmous mestous moichalidos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition (“each and every”) and italics have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+2:14Lit having eyes full of an adulteress. ME(I/F) (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 352; UBSHS [2 Pt], 127).+2:14καρδίαν γεγυμνασμένην πλεονεξίας ( kardia gegumnasmenēn pleonexias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adverbs and italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+2:14Lit accursed children. ME(I/F) (see ESS [2 Pt], 168; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 353; UBSHS [2 Pt], 128).+2:15μισθὸν ἀδικίας ( misthon adikias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective and emphatic adverb/spacer have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+2:15Lit who loved the wages of unrighteousness. ME (see note at “caused” in v 13 above). Peter may be making another play on words here (“wages of unrighteousness/harm” is also used above in v 13). If so, it has a bit of a double meaning, ie, Balaam loved the money he was paid for his wicked conduct, which also brought payment from God (see Nu 31:8). I have thus translated the phrase here in a way similar to v 13. Cf Nu 22-24, 31:8, 31:16; Jud 11; Re 2:14.+2:16Lit he. Cf NCV. Because I’ve tried to convey a little of the play on words present in this verse (see note at the end of this verse), “Beor’s son Balaam” has been used in translation here.+2:16ἔλεγξιν ἰδίας παρανομίας ( elenxin idias paranomias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). An adverb has been used here to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+2:16φωνῇ φθεγξάμενον ( phōnē phthenxamenon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:16There is another play on words here between παρανομίας ( paranomias— “wrongdoing”) and παραφρονίαν ( paraphronian—“madness”). I have therefore used English poetic devices in translation here in order to create a poetic effect for English readers.+2:17IT (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 132). Cf Jb 6:14-20.+2:17Cf Jb 6:14-20.+2:17Lit and mists being driven. ME/IT (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 356; UBSHS [2 Pt], 132).+2:17ὑπὸ λαίλαπος ( upo lailapos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adjectives have been used to give extra focus to this element (warranted also on lexical grounds; see BSL, 2 Pt 2:17, sv λαῖλαψ).+2:17ὁ ζόφος τοῦ σκότους ( ho zophos tou skotous) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:17Lit the gloom/thick darkness of darkness. ME (see ANLEX, 186, sv ζόφος; BDAG, 429, sv ζόφος 2; UBSHS [2 Pt], 133; translation and notes at 2 Pt 2:4).+2:18The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of means. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET.+2:18ὑπέρογκα ματαιότητος ( huperonka mataiotētos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note). γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:18Lit Speaking pompous/boastful words of futility. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 133; translation and notes at Rm 1:21 and Eph 4:17).+2:18τοὺς ὀλίγως ἀποφεύγοντας τοὺς ἐν πλάνῃ ἀναστρεφομένους ( tous oligōs apopheugontas tous in planē anstrephomenous) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:18Lit those just escaping those conducting themselves in error/deceit/deception/perversion. ME (see ESS [2 Pt], 184; UBSHS [2 Pt], 134). Cf NLT. ἐν πλάνῃ ( en planē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore the phrase has been rendered so as to give extra focus and stress to this element within the ME.+2:18Lit they.+2:18Lit of the flesh. Translating “flesh” here according to Flesh G, O (see FBT Chart).+2:18Lit by evil desires of the flesh in licentious acts. ME (see ESS [2 Pt], 186; UBSHS [2 Pt], 134). Cf Jud 4.+2:19ἐλευθερίαν ( eleutherian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reverse wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:19Lit them.+2:19δοῦλοι τῆς φθορᾶς ( douloi tēs phthoras) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reverse wh-cleft and commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:19τούτῳ ( toutō) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to the referent of this constituent. γάρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:19ἥττηται ( hēttētai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:20Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:20πάλιν ἐμπλακέντες ἡττῶνται ( palin emplakentes hētōntai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:20Lit having become entangled. The context indicates that a re-entangling is meant here. That in which they are re-entangled is also clear from the context (cf NET).+2:20Lit the latter (condition) has become for them worse than the former (condition). ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 137). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:21κρεῖττον ( kreitton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:21Lit turn their backs on the holy command. ME (see BDAG, 340, ἐντολή 2.b.ζ.; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 361; UBSHS [2 Pt], 138).+2:22Lit The [saying] of the true proverb has happened to them.+2:22Pr 26:11+3:1δευτέραν ( deuteran) and ἐπιστολήν ( epistolēn) are in split focal positions (see BART Display). The DFE (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:1Lit in which.+3:1Lit by way of reminder, or by way of calling your attention. Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Pt 1:13.+3:2Lit and the of the apostles of you command of our Lord and Savior. ME/IT (see translation and notes at 2 Pt 2:21; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 371; UBSHS [2 Pt], 142).+3:3[ἐν] ἐμπαιγμονῇ ἐμπαῖκται ( [en] empaigmonē empaiktai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+3:3Lit scoffers in scoffing/mocking. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 3:3; UBSHS [2 Pt], 145).+3:3Lit going according to. ME (see BDAG, 853, sv πορεύω 3).+3:3κατὰ τὰς ἰδίας ἐπιθυμίας ( kata tas idias epithumias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverbial/downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:4Lit and saying.+3:4Lit Where is...? ME/EFE. Cf ISV, NLT.+3:4The genitive here is interpreted as an attributed genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NET.+3:4Cf CJB, NIV.+3:4Or our forefathers, or our ancestors. Lit the fathers.+3:4οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+3:4Lit For from the time the fathers fell asleep, all things in this way continue since the creation of the world. ME (see L-N, 23.104; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 372; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 3:4; UBSHS [2 Pt], 146).+3:5οὐρανοὶ καὶ γῆ ( ouranoi kai gē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:5There is no definite article used with “heavens and earth” here. This element is focally prominent (see BART Display), and the absence of the article is common with focally prominent elements. However, the absence of the article can also function to stress the qualities or characteristics of a noun (see Black, Grammar, 30). The context suggests that this is in fact the case here, since the scoffers are claiming that things have remained unchanged since the creation of the world. This helps to explain why Peter uses a stative verb here. Peter answers the scoffers by telling his readers that the post-Flood arrangement of creation we are presently experiencing is different from the original order. In other words, the scoffers willfully forget the Flood event!+3:5Or skies.+3:5Or land.+3:5Drawing from DBL Greek in the translation of συνίστημι ( sunistēmi) here (see DBL Greek, #5319.5).+3:5λόγῳ ( logō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed at the end of the phrase for primary stress. Also, ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ δι’ ὕδατος ( ex hudatos kai di’ hudatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore τῷ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγῳ ( tō tou theou logō) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:5Or through, or between, or surrounded by.+3:5Cf Gn 1:6-10; Jb 38; Ps 33, 136, 104, 148; Pr 8; Jr 5:22.+3:6Lit the then world. This is talking about the world in the form it had before the flood (cf, eg, 1 Co 7:31). The point here is that the scoffers are wrong in their claim that the world is the same as it was when it was first created. God did eventually judge the ancient world after many years of patient delay.+3:6Cf HCSB, NET.+3:6ὕδατι ( hudati) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:7While most English translations apparently interpret the dative here as signaling purpose or destination, an instrumental dative, as the UBSHS points out (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 150), is also possible here, and is to be preferred for the following reasons: (1) the dative in the preceding verse, with which the dative under consideration is being compared, is instrumental (“with water”); (2) in the OT, the heavens and the deeper regions of the earth are frequently portrayed as the “storehouses” or “armory” where God stores his “weapons” of water, fire, snow, hail, etc (see, eg, Gn 7:11-17, 8:1-3, 19:23-24; Jsh 10:9-11; Jb 38:22-24; Ps 11:4-7, 33:6–7; Is 24:17-21; Jr 50:25; Ezk 38:21-23; cf also Lk 17:27-28; Re 9:1-4; 16:8-9, 21).+3:7πυρὶ ( puri) is in a split focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:7Lit being reserved. ME (OTB)/IT (see Gn 7:11-17, 8:1-3, 19:23-24; Jsh 10:9-11; Jb 38:22-24; Ps 11:4-7, 33:6–7; Is 24:17-21; Jr 50:25; Ezk 38:21-23. Cf also Lk 17:27-28; Re 9:1-4; 16:8). θησαυρίζω ( thēsaurizō) and τηρέω ( tēreō) are being used here to activate the concept of God’s “armory” (cf, eg, Jb 38:22-24 [θησαυροὺς ( thēsaurous) is used in the LXX]; Jr 50:25 [τὸν θησαυρὸν αὐτοῦ ( ton thēsauron autou) is used in the LXX (Jr 27:25)]).+3:7Translating the genitive objectively here, with the implied subject made explicit.+3:7ἀσεβῶν ( asebōn) is in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:7Cf Ge 7:11; 8:2; 19:24; Ps 11:6; Eze 38:22+3:8The same verb is used here as at v 5. Peter is contrasting the attitude and perspective of his readers with those mentioned there (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 151). “Deliberately” has thus been used in translation here to signal this for English readers.+3:9IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+3:9τινες ( tines) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. Peter seems to be making another jab at the false teachers here.+3:9In the LXX, the cognate group of which μακροθυμέω ( makrothumeō) is a part is often used to translate the Hebrew idiom “long of nose,” which means “slow to anger” (see LALS, sv μακρόθυμος, μακροθυμία, μακροθυμέω).+3:9ἀπολέσθαι ( apolesthai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:9εἰς μετάνοιαν ( eis metanoian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:10Lit in which, or at which.+3:10Or skies.+3:10Or pass by (cf Gn 19:24; Is 26:20-21; Ps 57:1). This does not mean that they pass out of existence altogether, but that they pass away in their present form as tainted by evil and decay. Cf Gn 6:13, 9:11; Ps 72:5, 17, 89:36-37, 102:25-28, 148:6; Is 34:4-5, 65:17-25, 66:22; Jr 31:35-36, 33:20-21; 1 Co 7:31; Heb 1:10-12; Jm 1:10; 1 Pt 1:24; 4:7; 1 Jn 2:17; Re 12:7-10, 21:1-4.+3:10ῥοιζηδὸν ( hroizēdon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inverted adjectives (drawn from the lexeme; see ANLEX, 342, sv ῥοιζηδόν; BSL, 2 Pt 3:10, sv ῥοιζηδόν; L-N, 14.85; M-M, 564, sv ῥοιζηδόν; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 3:10) have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+3:10The point here is not that the elements will be “dissolved” (cf, eg, ESV, HCSB) or “destroyed” (cf, eg, ISV, NIV), but that the “weapons” that have been stored up are now “loosed” or “let out,” ie, “unleashed,” against the wicked, in acts of judgment for which the punishment of Sodom and Gomorrah was a warning and example (as Peter explicitly stated in v 2:7 above). Cf, eg, Ps 11:6; Ezk 38:22; Re 9:1-4; 16:8-9, 21.+3:10Or land.+3:10Or the things people have created on it. Lit the works/deeds in it. “Works” can refer to deeds/actions (ie, conduct; see, eg, L-N, 42.42; ISV, NET), to the product of effort and activity (see, eg, L-N, 42.12; UBSHS [2 Pt], 155; NIV, NRSV), or to both (see, eg, interpretation 1 in ESS [2 Pt], 266). In some contexts, it can also refer to idols (see, eg, Re 10:20). Is 2, which is one of the most powerful pictures of the Day of the Lord in the Scriptures, includes all three in its portrayal of the humbling of the earth (cf also Is 24).+3:10Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NRSV. As Bauckham and Steiner point out (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 387), in this context εὑρίσκω ( euriskō) is roughly approximate in meaning to φανερόω ( phaneroō) and φανερός ( phaneros) + γίνομαι ( ginomai) (cf, eg, 1 Co 3:13). The parallel with Is 26:20-21 is striking. In that passage, God’s people, as in the Passover, “hide themselves” until God’s fury “passes by,” in context to which the earth “discloses the blood shed on it” (ESV).+3:11The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+3:11πάντων ( pantōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:11λυομένων ( luomenōn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:11Or in.+3:12For this gloss, see BDAG, 939, σπουδαίως 1. σπουδαίως ( spoudaiōs) is a cognate of the verb used here (σπεύδω [ speudō]).+3:12Or and tremble at, or and hasten. The transitive interpretation of σπεύδω ( speudō) is reflected in most English translations (“hasten”; see, eg, ESV, NASB, NET). If the verb is functioning transitively here, this would be the only instance of such in the NT (σπεύδω is used six times in the NT: Lk 2:16, 19:5-6 [2x]; Ac 20:16, 22:18; and 2 Pt 3:12). Transitive examples are also rather few and far between in the LXX (see LALS, sv; LEH LXX Lex, sv). Sir 33:10 provides a potential parallel, but there God, not human beings, is the subject. On these grounds, the HCSB (cf also NIV and NRSV footnotes) provides a better model of translation. Also possible, based on LXX-MT alignment (see LALS, sv), is the translation “tremble in fear at,” or “be alarmed at” (cf, eg, the LXX at Ex 15:15 and Jg 20:41). This kind of language is certainly not too strong in this context (cf, eg, Jl 2:1, 2:11). While some extra-biblical sources may lend some favor to the transitive interpretation (evidenced adduced, eg, in the NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 389; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 3:12; UBSHS [2 Pt], 158), the Scriptures themselves state quite plainly that these events are sovereignly determined by God (see, eg, 1 Ti 6:15). All in all, the HCSB is the better model here.+3:12Lit because of which. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 159).+3:13IT. Some level of concession seems to be implied by the new development here (see ESS [2 Pt], 279), which shifts our attention to the new creation (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 160). Note that προσδοκάω ( prosdokaō—“expect/await”) is used here as well. It seems that Peter is saying something like this: “Yes, the coming events will be very intense, yet in the end, despite these dramatic events, the new heavens and the new earth that God promised will be the result. We await and urgently desire the Day of God because of what is on the other side of these intense events.”+3:13καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινὴν ( kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:13Is 65:17, 66:22+3:13δικαιοσύνη ( dikaiosunē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:13Lit dwells. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 160). Cf Gdspd.+3:14Or since. The participle here could be interpreted temporally (cf, eg, CJB, HCSB, NLT, NRSV, TEV), or as an adverbial of cause (cf, eg, ESV, ISV, LEB, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV).+3:14Lit to be found before him, or to be found in his sight. The same verb is used here as at verse 10. I have used “when laid bare” in translation to signal the connection.+3:14ἄσπιλοι καὶ ἀμώμητοι ( aspiloi kai amōmētoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “when laid bare” (see preceding note) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:15τὴν τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν μακροθυμίαν ( tēn tou kuriou hēmōn makrothumian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with μακροθυμίαν ( makrothumian) in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore an adjective and repetition (“ongoing constraint” being drawn from ANLEX [see ANLEX, 252, sv μακροθυμία 3] and the context [see vv 7-9 above]) have been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:15σωτηρίαν ( sōtērian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15ὁ ἀγαπητὸς ἡμῶν ἀδελφὸς Παῦλος ( ho agapētos hēmōn adelphos Paulos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:16Cf, eg, Rm 2:1-4.+3:16Lit in which there are (with “letters” as the antecedent). Cf CJB, NIV.+3:17The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NET, NCV, NIV, NKJV, NRSV.+3:17Lit knowing in advance. Cf NET.+3:17τῇ τῶν ἀθέσμων πλάνῃ ( tē tōn athesmōn planē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ἀθέσμων ( athesmōn) in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn). An adverb (note that the article is present here) has thus been used to give extra focus to the embedded element, which has been translated in the same way as it is translated at 2 Pt 2:7.+3:17Cf NLT.