19
“What God Has Himself Yoked Together, Man Must not Separate”
When Jesus finished saying these things, he left Galilee and went to the region of Judea on the other side of the Jordan. Large crowds followed him, and he healed them there. Some Pharisees came up to him in order to test+ him. “Does the Torah permit+ a man to divorce his wife for any reason?” they asked.
Jesus+ answered, “Surely ᵖyou have read, haven’t you, that the one who created them in the beginning ‘made them male and female,++ and that he said, ‘For this reason a man will leave his father and his mother and be united with his wife, and the two will become one flesh’+? Thus they are no longer two, but one flesh. What God, therefore, has himself+ yoked+ together, man must not separate.”
“Why then,” they asked him, “did Moses command us to give ‘a written notice of divorce’+ and send her away?”
“As for Moses, it was+ because of the hardness of ᵖyour hearts that he allowed ᵖyou to divorce your wives,” he said to them. “In the beginning, however, it was not this way. Furthermore, I tell ᵖyou this: If+ a man divorces his wife on any grounds other than marital unfaithfulness+ and marries another woman, he is guilty+ of committing adultery.”+
10 The disciples said to him, “If this+ is the only reason a husband can divorce his wife,+ it would be better not to marry!”
11 “Not+ everyone can accept this statement,” he said to them, “but only those to whom it has been assigned.+ 12 For some are eunuchs because+ they were born that way from their mother’s womb+; some are eunuchs because they have been made that way by others;+ and some choose not to marry+ because of the Kingdom of Heaven.+ He who is able to accept this, let him accept it.”
“Let the Children Come to Me”
13 Then some children were brought to Jesus+ in hopes that+ he would place on their heads+ his hands.+ The disciples, though, scolded those who brought them.+ 14 Jesus, however, said, “Let the children come to me and don’t try to stop them! It is+ to lowly people+ such as these, you see, that the Kingdom of Heaven belongs.” 15 And after placing his hands on them, he set off from that place.
“For a Rich Person It Will Be Very Difficult to Enter the Kingdom of Heaven”
16 Just then there came up to Jesus+ a certain man.+ “Teacher,” he said, “what good thing must I do to receive life in the coming age+?”
17 “Exactly why is it+ that ˢyou are asking me about what is good?” Jesus+ asked him. “There is only+ one who is good. Now, if you desire to enter life,++ obey the commandments.”+
18 “Which ones?” the man+ asked.
Jesus replied, “‘ˢYou must+ not murder,’+ ‘ˢYou must not commit adultery,’+ ‘ˢYou must not steal,’+ ‘ˢYou must not bear false testimony,’+19 ‘Honor ˢyour father and mother,’+ and, ‘ˢYou are to love your neighbor as yourself.’+
20 “All these things I have carefully observed,+” the young man said to him. “What am I still lacking?”
21 “If you want to be blameless,+” Jesus answered, “go and sell your possessions and give the money+ to the poor, and you will have treasure stored away+ in the heavens.+ Then come along with me as a disciple.++
22 When the young man heard this, he went away feeling sad, because he had many possessions.
23 Then Jesus said to his disciples, “Amen, I solemnly+ tell ᵖyou this: For a rich person it will be very+ difficult to enter the Kingdom of Heaven.+ 24 Again, I tell ᵖyou this: It is truly+ easier for a camel to pass through the very+ eye of a needle, than for a rich person to enter the Kingdom of God.”
25 When the disciples heard this, they were completely taken aback. “Who then can be saved?” they asked.
26 Jesus, looking straight at them, said, “With mere+ men this is impossible.+ With God, however, indeed+ all things are possible.”
27 In response Peter said to him, “What about us?+ We have left behind everything to be+ your disciples.+ What then will there be for us?”
28 Jesus said to them, “Amen, I solemnly+ tell ᵖyou this: As for you disciples of mine,+ in the renewal of creation,+ when the Son of Man sits on his throne of glory,+ you, too, will each sit on a throne,+ judging and governing+ the twelve tribes of Israel.+ 29 In fact, everyone who has left behind houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or fields for the sake of my name will receive indeed+ a hundred times as much, and will inherit this:+ Life in the coming age.+ 30 Many, however, who are now first,+ will at that time+ be last, and many who are+ now last will at that time be first.
+1:1Though anarthrous (ie, no definite article is present), the noun here is definite. It most likely lacks the article because it is being introduced for the first time in the discourse. Cf also Apollonius’ Corollary (as described, eg, in Wallace, Grammar, 239-40, 250-51; cf also NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:1).+1:1Lit the record of the genealogy. ME (see NAC [Mt], 52; UBSHS [Mt], 8; Richards, BR Companion, 602). Here, Matthew has not only Jesus’ genealogy, but also the account of his birth, in view. Cf Gn 5:1.+1:2Cf LEB.+1:3Lit Judah fathered Perez and Zerah by Tamar. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Lit Salmon fathered Boaz by Rahab. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Lit Boaz fathered Obed by Ruth. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:6Lit David fathered Solomon by she/the woman of Uriah. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 14). Cf ASV, NASB, NIV, NKJV, NLT, YLT.+1:18οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element, which points forward to the story that follows. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:18IT. The whole narrative is in view (see UBSHS [Mt], 22).+1:18Lit was betrothed. ME(H) (see L-N, 34.74; NAC (Mt), 57; UBSHS (Mt), 20; ISV footnote at Mt 1:18).+1:18Lit before they came together. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 970, sv συνέρχομαι 3; L-N, 23.61; M-M, 606).+1:18IT. “Power” is implied here and is made explicit in the translation to avoid sexual connotations (see UBSHS [Mt], 21). Cf NCV, NLT. Cf also Lk 1:35.+1:18ἐν γαστρὶ ( en gastri) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:18Lit she was discovered to be having in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). Cf ESV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, YLT at Mt 1:23.+1:19δίκαιος ( dikaios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:19Throughout the Blessed Hope Translation, if a word or phrase is italicized, it means that it is being emphasized in the Greek text.+1:19Or although Joseph her husband was a righteous man. For further discussion of the interpretation represented in the text, see UBSHS [Mt], 22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 1:19. Cf NABRE.+1:19Lit her.+1:19δειγματίσαι ( deigmatisai) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore part of this element has been placed in clause-final for primary focus within the comment.+1:19λάθρᾳ ( lathra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:20ἐνθυμηθέντος ( enthumēthentos) is an DFE position, with ταῦτα ( tauta) functioning as a thematically prominent topic (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used in translation to keep the POD at the beginning of the sentence, and to give extra focus to both the topic and the verb.+1:20κατʼ ὄναρ ( katʼ onar) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:20ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give this constituent extra focus (by allowing it to fall in clause-final, out of its default order in English).+1:20Angel here is receiving focal prominence, which would explain the lack of the article.+1:20Or the angel. For a discussion about “an angel” versus “the angel,” see NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:20.+1:20πνεύματός ἁγίου ( pneumatos hagiou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf TEV.+1:20IT. See note at Mt 1:18 above.+1:20Lit that which has been in her conceived is by the Holy Spirit. ME. Cf TEV.+1:21Throughout the Blessed Hope Translation, if a second person pronoun is marked with a superscripted “s” (ˢyou), it means that the pronoun is singular. If a second person pronoun is marked with a superscripted “p” (ᵖyou), it means that the pronoun is plural. In cases where the singularity or plurality of a second person pronoun has been deemed to be sufficiently clear from the context, the second person pronoun may not be marked.+1:21This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+1:21ME(OTB)/IT. In Hebrew, Jesus’ name is Yeshua, which means “Yahweh saves” (see, eg, the HCSB footnote; NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:20). Information flow is built on the IT here, and therefore the IT has been made explicit in translation.+1:22The context (citation of prophet, with God’s prophetic plan in view) indicates that the subordinate ἵνα ( hina) clause here should be understood as communicating both purpose and result (for more on purpose/result ἵνα clauses, see BDAG, 477, sv ἵνα 3; Wallace, Grammar, 473-4). The phrase “according to plan” (cf BDAG, 477) is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα clause ( BDAG uses ἵνα πληρωθῇ [ hina plērothē] in Mt as a specific example of a purpose/result ἵνα clause).+1:23Lit the woman will have in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). Cf ESV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, YLT. ἐν γαστρὶ ( en gastri) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:25Lit was not knowing her, or did not begin to know her. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.61). Cf most English translations.+2:1Lit days. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:1μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ( magoi apo anatolōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). Commas have also been used to the same end. For more on the effects created by this type of structuring in English, see LGSWE, 399-400.+2:1Lit Magi. ME(H) (see BDAG, 608, sv μάγος 1; ESL, #3097; L-N, 62.40). Cf TEV.+2:2IT (see UBSHS [Mt], 33). Cf NCV, TEV.+2:3IT. Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+2:4Traditionally “scribes.” ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 2:4; UBSHS [Mt], 35). Cf NET.+2:4The genitive here has been interpreted as a genitive of subordination. This is reflected in the translation.+2:4Or questioned them one after another. VPR. See VCC (Mt 2:4).+2:5οὕτως ( houtōs) is forward-pointing and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element (for more on the function of demonstrative wh-clefts in English, see LSGSWE, 421). Cf HCSB, ISV, NASB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:6Here there are two vocatives in apposition. Cf ASV, LEB, NASB, YLT.+2:6Lit rulers/leaders/governors. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 37.59). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:6οὐδαμῶς ἐλαχίστη ( oudamōs elachistē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+2:6Mic 5:2+2:7Lit Magi. So throughout this section. See note at Mt 2:1.+2:7λάθρᾳ ( lathra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed at the end of the clause for primary focus and stress.+2:7Lit the time of the shining/appearing star.+2:8κἀγὼ is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to extra focus to this constituent.+2:9Lit they.+2:9Lit behold. EFE. In Greek, ἰδοὺ ( idou) is a forward-pointing device that lets the reader know that something significant, surprising, or important is about to take place (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 122; LDGNT Intro, 1.4).+2:9Lit the star they had observed when it rose.+2:10Lit they.+2:10Lit they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:12The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:12διʼ ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ( diʼ allēs ‘odou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to extra focus and stress to this element.+2:13Lit they.+2:13ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give this constituent extra focus (by allowing it to fall in clause-final, out of its default order in English).+2:13Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:13Lit he.+2:13The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+2:13The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+2:14Lit he.+2:15The genitive here is a subjective genitive. Cf NET, NCV, TEV.+2:15“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause. See note at Mt 1:22.+2:15ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ( ex Aiguptou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:15Ho 11:1+2:16IT. The direct object is implied here contextually (see UBSHS [Mt], 49). In Greek, direct objects are often omitted when clear from the context (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Re 3:7). Cf NET.+2:16The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411. Cf ISV.+2:18φωνὴ ἐν Ῥαμὰ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὀδυρμὸς πολύς ( phōnē en Rama klauthmos kai odurmos polus) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject and comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:18IT (see L-N, 93.558).+2:18Ῥαχὴλ ( Rachēl) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the clause has been rendered so as to give extra focus to this element.+2:18Lit because they are not. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:18Jr 31:15+2:19ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy-subject has been used to give extra focus to this element. ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ( en Aiguptō) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:19Lit in Egypt. Cf NCV.+2:19Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:20Lit it/he.+2:20IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:21Lit he.+2:22Ἀρχέλαος ( Archelaos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured to give this element extra focus.+2:22Here the present indicative is being used to express relative time from point of view of the original speaker (see BDF, §324).+2:22This is a genitive of subordination. Cf most English translations.+2:22Lit in place of. ME. Cf CJB, TEV.+2:22ἐκεῖ ( ekei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:22Lit he.+2:23“Right in line with God’s plan” is drawn from the purpose/result ἵνα ( hina) clause, to go with “and so,” which signals result. See note at Mt 1:22.+2:23Ναζωραῖος ( Nazōraios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a colon and demonstrative pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:23Lit a Nazarene. ME(OTB)/IT. Netzer is one of the Hebrew words for sprout, shoot, or branch (eg Is 11:1; see HCBC, 404-5; Vincent, Word Studies, 22.). Here Matthew is using a play on words to summarize the collective testimony of several prophets, namely, that the Messiah would be called the “Branch of the Lord” (cf Is 4:2, 11:1; Jr 23:5, 33:15; Zc 3:8, 6:12).+3:1Following Barclay in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 56). Cf BDAG, 761, sv παραγίνομαι 2.+3:1IT. An “important message,” one that is official and backed by an authority, is implied in the lexeme here (see ANLEX, 230, sv κηρύσσω; see BDAG, 543, sv κηρύσ; ESL, #2784; L-N, 33.206).+3:2VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:2).+3:2Cf Is 13:6-9; Dn 2:34-35, 44-45; Jl 1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:31, 3:14; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-9, 14-18; Ml 4:5; Mt 5:20-24; Lk 10:11-12, 21:31; Rm 13:12; 1 Pt 4:7.+3:3Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+3:3Lit the paths, or your paths. ME(I/F). In this context, “make the paths straight” is being used metaphorically for repentance (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 3:3). For other examples of “paths” (τρίβος [ tribos] here and in the LXX) used metaphorically for conduct, see Ps 142:3; Pr 1:15, 3:17, 8:20; Is 59:8; Jr 18:15.+3:3εὐθείας ( eutheias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:3Is 40:3+3:4VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:4). Cf UBSHS (Mt), 61.+3:4Like Elijah the prophet. Cf 2 Ki 1:8, Lk 1:17.+3:5IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:5VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:5).+3:6ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ( hup’ autou) is in a DFE position here (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:6Or confessing. For the meaning of the word used here, see BDAG, 351, sv ἐξομολογέω 3; DBL Greek, #2018; M-M, 224.+3:6Cf Ps 32:3.+3:7Lit he.+3:7Lit to his baptism. ME.+3:7μελλούσης ( mellousēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed after “wrath” for extra stress.+3:8Or in keeping with repentance. Lit worthy of repentance. For the meaning of ἄξιος ( axios) in this context, see BDAG, 93, sv 1.b. Cf ESV, NET, NIV, TEV.+3:9πατέρα ( patera) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis+3:9 LDGNT marks τὸν Ἀβραάμ ( ton Abraam) as a right-dislocated/appositional element (see LDGNT; cf YLT). Most English translations interpret (and render) the accusatives here as object-complement (“we have Abraham as our father”), with the complement ( patera) in the definite-qualitative range (“our father”) because it is fronted (for discussion of the double accusative of object-complement, see Wallace, Grammar, 182-9). Here, patera is interpreted appositionally (with LDGNT), emphatically (with BART Display and LDGNT; the element is anarthrous, which is a common feature of focal constituents), and as being in the definite-qualitative range (with most English translations). In other words, the fronting of patera does indeed function to emphasize it (not just because it is fronted, but because it is fronted as the information that was already the most important in the clause; see Runge, Disc Grammar, 269-85) and to definitize it; however, by doing so, it makes an appositional interpretation more likely here. In an object-complement construction, the emphasis would have this effect: “We have Abraham as our father/ancestor.” This doesn’t make much sense. What else would Abraham be to John’s hearers? Compare this with the appositional rendering: We have our father, Abraham. Here, the emphasis on father falls perfectly in line with the real issue John is addressing in this context: A misplaced confidence.+3:9ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ( ek tōn lithōn toutōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf NLT.+3:10πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων ( pros tēn rizan tōn dendrōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+3:10VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:10).+3:10εἰς πῦρ ( eis pur) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:11EFE. In Greek, μὲν ( men) is a forward-pointing device that functions to build anticipation (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 74-83). In English, a concessive clause can achieve a similar effect when some sort of contrast is in view contextually (since they are subordinate and dependent, they naturally build anticipation toward the main point about to be discovered in the independent clause).+3:11VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:11).+3:11Or in.+3:11Or at repentance, or with a view to repentance. For various ways to interpret the preposition here, cf ANLEX, 132, sv εἰς; BDAG, 291, sv εἰς 10.a; and LSGNT Notes, Mt 3:11.+3:11ὀπίσω μου ( opisō mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:11ἰσχυρότερός μού ( ischuroteros mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:11τὰ ὑποδήματα ( ta hupodēmata) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:11Or in.+3:11Cf Is 4:4; 32:15, 44:3; Jl 2:11; Ezk 39:28-29; Ml 3:2, 4:1-6.+3:12Cf Ml 4; Ps 1:4-5.+3:12Or with. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48.+3:12Or in/with unquenchable fire. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14. This is a reference to Gehenna (cf Mk 9:43, 48). It is therefore definite, even though anarthrous (for a discussion of nouns and definiteness despite the absence of the definite article, see Wallace, Grammar, 243-54). Note that the information has already been activated in verse 10. Therefore, it is also possible that anarthrous status of this element is functioning to give it some extra focus.+3:12Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14.+3:13πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην ( pros ton Yōannēn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:14ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ( hupʼ autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore λέγων [ legōn] has been used as a spacer to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15This is a dative of reference (see LSGNT Notes, Mt 3:15).+3:15Cf Ml 3:1-5.+3:15Though several of the various shades of meaning associated with δικαιοσύνη ( dikaosune)—obeying God’s will, covenant faithfulness, God’s deliverance/salvation, etc—are possibly working together here on some level; and though Matthew does often employ δικαιοσύνη ethically in the sense of conduct in conformity with God’s will (for discussion, see UBSHS [Mt], 7), the primary focus of the context here is the beginning of the Messianic mission (a crucial turning point in redemptive history). Thus, “righteousness” in this context should be understood primarily in terms of its well-attested OT sense of Yahweh’s saving acts/acts of salvation/deliverance (see BDB, 841.2 [6], 842.1 [6]; translation and notes at Rm 1:17). Cf Ps 40:9-10 (esp ESV, RSV, NRSV, TEV); Is 41:10 (esp LEB, NCV, NET), 45:8 (esp NET), 46:12 (esp RSV, NRSV), 51:5 (esp RSV, NET, NRSV, TEV), 58:8 (esp LEB, NRSV, TEV), 62:1; Jr 23:6; Mic 6:5 (esp RSV, NRSV, TEV). There is no reason to think that Matthew’s understanding and use of “righteousness” is any less robust than that of the prophets! That is, if the prophets themselves employ “righteousness” with different contextually-defined nuances in the same body of material, why not Matthew?+3:15Lit he.+3:15Lit allowed him. Cf NET.+3:16Or when Jesus was baptized, he came up immediately from the water.+3:16Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+3:16Or the skies. So throughout this section.+3:16Or upon. When used with verbs of motion, ἐπί (with its object in the accusative case, as here) functions as a marker of direction (see BDAG, 364, sv 4.b.). Though it is safe to assume that the dove did actually land on Jesus, “upon” with the imperfective verb of motion here actually creates a bit of a humorous picture. Cf Mk 1:10, where εἰς ( eis) is used.+3:17φωνὴ ( phōnē) follows ἰδοὺ ( idou) and may be in P2, depending on where the implied copula is read (cf LDGNT, which marks it as in P2). A dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:17Cf Gn 22:2, 16; Is 42:1.+4:3υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( huios tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+4:3ἄρτοι ( artoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:3Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6-9; 2 Sm 7; 1 Ch 17; Ps 2, 89, 132; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10; Mt 2:15; Lk 3:38; Jn 1:49; 1 Co 15:45.+4:4Lit he.+4:4This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV.+4:4ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ( ep artō monō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ ( epi panti rēmati ekporeuomenō dia stomatos theou) in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT). The negative particle has thus been placed immediately before the P2 element to give extra focus to these constituents.+4:4Dt 8:3+4:5Lit him.+4:5Or edge, or summit.+4:6υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( huios tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:6τοῖς ἀγγέλοις ( tois angelois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:6ἐπὶ χειρῶν ( epi cheirōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective/amplifier has been used to give extra focus to this element. The point of the extra prominence here, especially in light of the DFE in the subordinate clause (ie, it seems that “hands” and “foot” are being contrasted), is not to convey that the angels might choose to pick someone up with their feet (or nose, or knees, etc) rather than their hands! The prominence is underscoring the thoroughness/greatness of the angel’s power and activity (represented by the hands; cf L-N, 76.3; NET Bible Notes, Ac 7:35), so that not even the person’s foot is harmed. In other words, the use of their mighty hands (their great power, activity, etc) results in complete protection. Cf TEV; UBSHS (Mt), 84.+4:6τὸν πόδα σου ( ton poda sou) is in a DFE position here (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and the negative particle have been used to give extra focus this element (to draw out the contrast with “powerful hands” in the preceding clause). Cf TEV.+4:6Ps 91:11, 12+4:7Or also, or again. Cf LEB, NASB.+4:7The use of the second person singular in this quotation doesn’t indicate that God is addressing an individual, but that He is addressing the nation as a single entity (see NAC [Dt], 162).+4:7This is an imperatival future. Cf ISV, LEB, NET, NLT.+4:7Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+4:7Dt 6:16+4:9ταῦτά πάντα ( tauta panta) is in P2, with πάντα in a split DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:10See note at Mt 4:7 above.+4:10κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ( kurion ton theon sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf the ESV’s use of the cleft-construction at Dt 6:13.+4:10This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV.+4:10See note at Mt 4:7 above. The same applies here.+4:10This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV.+4:10αὐτῷ μόνῳ ( autō monō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+4:10Dt 6:13+4:11ἄγγελοι ( angeloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:11VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:11). Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NET.+4:11Cf Gn 21:15-19; 1 Ki 19:5-8; Ps 78:23-25, 91:11; Lk 22:43; Heb 1:14.+4:12Lit he.+4:13IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+4:14“According to plan” has been drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause (see note at Mt 1:22).+4:15The notion of spatial extension seems to be implied by the accusative here (see Robertson, Grammar, 469). Cf HCSB.+4:15The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, LEB, NIV, RSV, TEV.+4:16VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:16).+4:16φῶς μέγα ( phos mega) is in a split position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have thus been used to give extra focus to the pre-posed element, while an adverb has been used to give extra focus to the split element.+4:16Lit in a land and shadow of death. This is an example of hendiadys. Hendiadys is “the expression of an idea by the use of usually two independent words connected by and (as nice and warm) instead of the usual combination of independent word and its modifier (as nicely warm)” ( Miriam-Webster’s, sv). Cf HCSB, NIV, TEV. Cf also TWOT, 767, sv ṣalmāwet; UBSHS (Lk), 100; UBSHS (Ps), 233.+4:16φῶς ( phōs) is in P2 ( BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:16VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:16).+4:16Is 9:1, 2. Cf Is 42:6-7, 42:19; Lk 2:32.+4:17Lit began proclaiming and saying. Cf NET.+4:17VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:2). The same applies here.+4:18Lit he.+4:19Lit come after/with me. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 36-7, sv ἀκολουθέω 2, 3; DBL Greek, #199, 2-3; L-N, 36.31, 15.156). Cf TEV; HCSB and TEV at Mt 16:24.+4:20VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+4:22VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+4:23Lit he.+4:23VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:23).+4:23This is an objective genitive (see BDF, §163; LSGNT Notes, Mt 4:23). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:24κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:24βασάνοις ( basanois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis. ποικίλαις νόσοις ( poikilais nosois) may be modifying κακῶς εχοντας ( kakōs echontas) (see LSGNT Notes, Mt 4:24; cf LEB, NIV), or it may go with καὶ βασάνοις ( basanois) (cf, eg, ESV, ISV). The meaning is the same either way.+4:25Lit Decapolis (“Ten Cities”). ME(H)/IT (see FSB, Mt 4:25; HNTC, 46; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 4:25; TCBC, 399).+5:1Lit he.+5:2VPR (inceptive aorist). See VCC (Mt 5:2). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:2Lit he opened his mouth and began to teach them. ME(I/F/OTB). The idiom “opened his mouth” was a rhetorical device used to add weight and solemnity to an occasion of speaking (see FSB, Mt 5:2; JFB, Mt 5:2; Lange, Commentary, 101). Cf Jb 3:1; Dn 10:16.+5:3Or lowly, or humble, or needy, or afflicted, or poor. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [Mt], 107-8; BDG, 776, sv עָנִי; TWOT, 682-4). For examples, cf LXX and MT (note also the parallelisms) at Ps 22:24, 34:6, 37:14, 40:17, 69:29, 72:2, 88:15, 102:1 (intro), 109:22, 140:12; Jb 34:28, 36:6. Cf also the MT and LXX at Ps 34:18 (33:18 in the LXX). See also note at Lk 4:18.+5:3VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:3).+5:3Cf Dn 7:22.+5:4Cf Is 61:3, 66:10; Ezk 9:4.+5:4Cf Is 40:1; 49:13; 51:3; 57:18; 61:2.+5:5Or the meek.+5:5Or ‘will inherit the earth.’ A quotation from Ps 37:9, 11. Cf Is 49:8, 58:13-14, 61:7, 65:9-10; Ezk 45:1, 47:21-23. Cf also CJB.+5:6Since the other promises in the “beatitudes” are eschatological in focus, most likely in view here is Yahweh’s righteousness in the sense of “deliverance” or “saving acts” (see notes at Mt 3:15 and Mt 5:10). For the motif of “hungering” or “thirsting” set in context to hope in Yahweh’s righteousness/salvation/deliverance, see Ps 42, 63, 143; Is 55; Re 21:6-7 (note the eschatological context and reference to the ‘inheritance’ in Re 21:7; cf Mt 5:5, directly above). Cf also Ps 84:2 (flesh “crying out”).+5:7Cf Dt 30:3; Ps 32:6; Is 14:1, 49:15-16, 54:8, 55:6-8; Ezk 39:25; Ho 1:6-7; Lk 1:78.+5:8Cf Ps 24:3-5, 73:1.+5:8τὸν θεὸν ( ton theon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:8Cf Ps 11:5, 17:5; Jb 19:26; Re 22:4.+5:9υἱοὶ θεοῦ ( huoi theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive adjective has been to give extra focus to this element.+5:9Lit sons.+5:9Cf Is 43:6; Jr 31:9; Ho 1:10; Lk 20:36; Rm 8:19-23; Re 21:7.+5:10Lit righteousness. ME(OTB). Cf Ps 31:18, 37:12-13; L-N, 88.13 In the Old Testament, the term “righteousness,” when used as a description of God’s servants (contrast this to Mt 3:15, 5:6, and 6:33, where God’s righteousness is in view; see note at Mt 3:15), usually denotes righteous ways, acts, and deeds that conform to God’s will. Cf, eg, Gn 18:19, 30:33; 1 Ki 3:6; Ps 106:3; Pr 8:18, 8:20, 10:2, 11:5, 11:18, 11:19, 12:28,13:6, 14:34; 15:9, 16:8, 16:12, 21:21; Is 5:7, 46:12, 48:1, 56:1, 58:2; Jr 4:2, 22:3, 22:15; Ezk 3, 18, 33; Ho 10:12; Am 5:6-7, 5:24, 6:12.+5:10VPR. See note at Mt 5:3. Cf Dn 7:21-22.+5:12Cf Ac 5:41.+5:12Lit for the reward of [for] you is great in the heavens. Cf TEV. The idea here is not “receiving a reward in heaven when the soul floats there upon death” (Platonism), but rather, that the reward is stored away with God in the present age, to be released in context to the Second Coming and the age to come (cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9). The genitive here is most likely functioning as a genitive of destination, with the verbal idea implied from context and the shared worldview (cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:8; cf BDAG, 456, sv θησαυρός, 2.b.α.). For a discussion of the need to render this verse such that the idea of “with God” rather than “going to heaven” is understood, see UBSHS (Mt), 116. (For many resources that discuss the negative impact Platonism has had on Christian theology, visit www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.) Moreover, though πολὺς ( polus) is technically a predicate adjective, here it has been joined with μισθὸς ( misthos) as an attributive adjective in order to keep ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ( en tois ouranois) in the clause-final position within the boundaries of normal English syntax.+5:12Cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9.+5:12Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf NCV+5:13Cf Gn 18:26-32; Ex 32:7-14; Nu 25:7; Is 59:16, 65:8; Jr 5:1; Ezk 14:14, 14:20, 22:20; Rm 11:4-5.+5:13Or of the earth. Cf Mt 5:13-14. Gn 18:26-32; Ex 32:7-14; Nu 25:7; Is 59:16, 65:8; Jr 5:1; Ezk 14:14, 14:20, 22:20; Rm 11:4-5. Cf also CJB; Stern, JNTC, Mt 5:13-14.+5:13“In the ancient world...what was often sold as salt was highly adulterated and the sodium chloride could leach out in humid weather, in which case the residue (normally a form of lime) would be useless” ( L-N, 5.25).+5:13Cf Ezk 3:20, 5:7, 18:24, 18:26-29, 22:36, 33:12-18; Ml 2:1-9; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 9:62, 12:47, 14:25-33; Jn 6:66; 2 Ti 2:19-20; Heb 6:4–6, 10:26-27; 2 Pt 2:17-22; Re 2:5, 2:14-16, 2:20-23, 3:1-3, 3:15-19.+5:13καταπατεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ( katapteisthai) is in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT), and thus the particple has been rendered as a participle to allow it function as a spacer to give a little extra focus to the main point. For a discussion of the effect created by exception-restriction, see Runge, Disc Grammar, 83-91.+5:13Cf Lv 26:27-35; Dt 4:27, 28:64-68; 2 Ki 24:1-4; Is 5:5; Jr 9:16; Dn 9:24-27; Hab 1:5-6; Zc 13:7-9, 14:1-3; Mt 22:7, 23:37-24:2; Mk 13:1-2; Lk 21:5-6, 20-24.+5:14Cf Gn 12:3, 22:18, 26:4; Dt 4:5-8, 32-34; Ps 147:20; 2 Sm 7:23; Is 2:5, 42:6, 49:6, 60:3 Jr 4:2; Ezk 5:5; Lk 2:32; Ac 13:47.+5:14ἐπάνω ὄρους ( epanō orous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:14Cf Ps 48, 50:2; Is 2:1-4, 4:5, 25:6-8; Ezk 5:5.+5:15Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. For a discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf ISV, NET, NIV.+5:15ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον ( hupo ton modion) and ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν ( all epi tēn luchnian) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT). The negative particle has thus been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+5:16An imperative is used here.+5:16Or men, or people. Cf Gn 12:3, 22:18, 26:4; Dt 4:5-8, 32-34; Ps 147:20; 2 Sm 7:23; Is 2:5, 42:6, 49:6, 60:3 Jr 4:2; Ezk 5:5; Lk 2:32; Ac 13:47.+5:16Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10.+5:17Lit came to, or have come to. This rendering has been chosen to more clearly communicate the purpose present in the infinitive. The perfect tense with “come,” plus an infinitive, transfers into English a bit awkwardly. I have used “have come” in the following clause, though, since the negative particle is used there, making the statement sound more natural with the purpose statement. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+5:17For this gloss of καταλύω ( kataluō), see BDAG, 521, sv 3.+5:17καταλῦσαι ( katalusai) and πληρῶσαι ( plērōsai) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set ( LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+5:17Or to carry them out, or to fulfill them. The verb used here (πληρόω [ plēroō], lit “to make full,”) can mean to carry out/accomplish (see, eg, Lk 9:31); to bring to completion/fulfillment/goal (see, eg, Mt 1:22); and in a teaching context, to make fully known/fully clarify (see, eg, ESV, HCSB, NIV, NRSV, RSV at Col 1:25; cf also Rm 16:25, where the prophetic writings are cited as Paul’s source material for his exposition of “the mystery”). There is no reason to suppose that Jesus is not using the word in the fullest sense (pun-intended) possible here, with multiple nuances simultaneously at work. I offer the following reasons in support of this: (1) Lexically, πληρόω naturally lends itself to functioning on more broadly encompassing level when warranted by the context. (2) The Torah and the Prophets themselves form a complex corpus that includes a broad range of content, including stories, teachings, statutes, prophetic oracles, etc. Thus, the conceptual complexity of its direct object virtually forces πληρόω to multitask in this context, in order for “every yodh” and “all things” to “take place/happen” (v 18). (3) The Sermon on the Mount is obviously a teaching context that includes clarification, interpretation, correction, or expansion of prevailing ideas; at the same time, the use of γίνομαι (“take place/happen/occur/come to pass”) in v 18 indicates that prophesied events are also in view contextually. In sum, Jesus is the “arm of the Lord” (Is 53:1; cf Jn 12:38) and the “servant” (Is 52:13) who carries out and executes the Father’s redemptive plan as prophesied in the Torah and the Prophets; he is also the great Teacher (Is 30:21) who makes the purpose, meaning, goal, and authoritative interpretation of the Torah and Prophets fully known. Hence the rendering here: “to make them fully known and carry them out.” For the gross misuse of this word in replacement theology, see Stern, JNTC, Mt 5:17. For more on πληρόω in the sense of “clarify,” see HNTC (Mt), 63; TCBC, 401. For more on the various renderings that have been proposed, see UBSHS (Mt), 123-4; ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 38.+5:18ME/IT. ἀμήν ( amēn) introduces a solemn statement (see ANLEX, 46, sv ἀμήν 1b; BDAG, 53, sv ἀμήν 1b; DBL Greek, #297; L-N, 72.6).+5:18Or the sky.+5:18Or land.+5:18Not out of existence altogether, but in their present form as tainted by evil and decay. Cf Gn 6:13, 9:11; Ps 72:5, 17, 89:36-37, 102:25-28, 148:6; Is 34:4-5, 65:17-25, 66:22; Jr 31:35-36, 33:20-21; 1 Co 7:31; Heb 1:10-12; Jm 1:10; 1 Pt 1:24; 4:7; 2 Pt 2:6, 3:13;1 Jn 2:17; Re 12:7-10, 21:1-4.+5:18ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία ( yōta hen ē mia keraia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the negative particle and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf CJB.+5:18Lit iota. ME(H/OTB). Iōta is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, and is here used in correspondence with yodh, the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet (see DBL Greek, #2740; L-N, 33.36; UBSHS [Mt], 125). Cf CJB.+5:18Lit one serif. ME (see DBL Greek, #3037).+5:18πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+5:19Lit looses. ME(H/OTB) (see note on “binding and loosing” at Mt 16:19). Cf ESV.+5:19ἐλάχιστος ( elachistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:19μέγας ( megas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. The focal prominence is contrastive in nature.+5:20See note at Mt 5:10. Note that the context (ie, the upcoming contrast between what God sees as righteous ways and the hypocritical ways and deeds of the religious leadership of the day [6:1-34]) gives further support that righteous ways and deeds and conduct are in view here.+5:20Cf Re 21:8.+5:21Lit the ancients. Cf HCSB, NLT+5:21This is an imperatival future. Cf most English translations.+5:21Ex 20:13; Dt 5:17+5:21Or judgment, or condemnation.+5:22The context indicates that in these teachings the Messiah is engaging in the process of “binding and loosing” (v 19: “if someone relaxes,” literally, “if someone looses” [λύω], ie, contrary to Jesus’ own “binding and loosing” in the following discourse; for more on “binding and loosing” in its historical context, see note at Mt 16:19). Some of Jesus’ restrictive interpretations/requirements (His “bindings”) are stricter than those of His contemporaries, and some of his absolving interpretations/requirements (His “loosings”) are more forgiving and less severe than those of his contemporaries.+5:22VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:22). Cf CJB.+5:22πᾶς ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ ( pas ho orgizomenos tō adelphō autou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a demonstrative pronoun and relative clause have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:22ME. Lit “Raca,” an Aramaic word of contempt directed at the understanding or intelligence (see BDAG, 903, sv ῥακά; L-N, 32.61). See also Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58.+5:22Lit before the Sanhedrin. ME(H)/IT. See Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58.+5:22ME. Lit “you fool,” with connotations of deficiency in both intelligence and character (see Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 5:22).+5:22Lit liable to the Gehenna of the fire. Traditionally rendered “hell.” ME(H/OTB)/IT. See Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58; BSL, Matt 5:22, sv γέεννα; BDAG, 190, sv γέεννα; L-N, 1.21; DBL Greek, #1147. Cf.,Cf., Josh 15:8; 18:16; 2 Kgs 23:10; 2 Chr 28:3; 33:6; Isa 30:33; 66:24; Jer 7:31–32; 19:2, 6; 32:35.+5:23In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). The continuity here relates not just to v 23, but to all the points made in this section.+5:24τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for emphasis and extra focus.+5:25IT. “To court” is implied contextually (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 5:25). Cf most English translations.+5:25εἰς φυλακὴν ( eis phulakēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:26See note at Mt 5:18.+5:26Lit the last quadrans (the smallest and least valuable Roman coin). ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 5:26).+5:26IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+5:27This is an imperatival future. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+5:27Ex 20:14; Dt 5:18+5:28Intent and purpose are clearly signaled in the text here (πρὸς [ pros] with the infinitive of purpose). Cf ESV.+5:29A new development is signaled here (δὲ). The context indicates that the statements that make up the new development are “applications of the statement regarding adultery” ( UBSHS [Mt], 138). This is signaled in translation by “so.” Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+5:29ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου ( holon to sōma sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this element (“whole” is the newly activated information here).+5:30The focal prominence given to “your right hand” (see BART Display) is underscoring the contrast here between different parts of the body that might cause the stumbling.+5:30ἡ δεξιά σου χεὶρ ( hē dexia sou cheir) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:30ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου ( holon to sōma sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:31Dt 24:1+5:32For this gloss of ποιέω ( poieō), see ANLEX, 319, sv 5.+5:32In order to survive, she would likely have had to resort to prostitution, an adulterous relationship (cf Jn 4:18), or a remarriage that (in principle, according to God’s ideal) was not legitimate (cf TEV). At the time only men could initiate divorce. For further discussion and more on the cultural context, see ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 74; L-N, 88.276; NAC (Mt), 111; UBSHS (Mt), 141. Cf Lk 16:18, Jn 4:16-18.+5:32IT. A status of guilt in committing the act is implied here (see UBSHS [Mk], 314). Cf NCV.+5:32ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ ( hos han apolelumenēn gamēsē) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. An adverb has also been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:32γαμήσῃ ( gamēsē) is in an embedded DFE position, and is part of a clause that is in P2 (see BART Display). Thus, the entire clause has been modified with an adverb, and the main verb italicized, to convey the various points of emphasis and extra focus here. The extra prominence given to the verb here suggests that if a man decides to marry a divorced woman (perhaps instead of just using her as a prostitute) despite the stigma she now bears, marriage is so binding and holy in God’s sight that even in this scenario such a man is, in principle, guilty of committing adultery.+5:33Lit the ancients. Cf HCSB, NLT.+5:33This is an imperatival future.+5:33Or swear falsely, or commit perjury. Lv 19:12.+5:33Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+5:33Nu 30:2; Dt 23:21+5:34Lit not to swear oaths at all. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 187). Cf NCV and TEV at Jm 5:12.+5:34θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ ( thronos tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An intensive adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+5:35ὑποπόδιόν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ ( hupopodion tōn podōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An intensive adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+5:35πόλις τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως ( polis tou megalou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective/amplifier has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:35Allusions to Is 66:1-2 and Ps 48:2.+5:36ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ σου ( en tē kephalē sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus adverbs (one of which is also functioning as down-toner) have been used here to give extra focus to this element.+5:36λευκὴν ἢ μέλαιναν (\it leukēn ē melainan) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:36Cf Dt 32:39, 1 Sm 2:6; Jb 33:19-28; Ps 30:3, 102:23; Is 26:19; Jn 11:25.+5:37ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ ( ek tou ponērou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:38Ex 21:24; Lv 24:20; Dt 19:21+5:39In this section, Jesus is setting forth a correction in interpretive priority (cf Mt 23:23). The question in view is whether to extend mercy/pity/patience, or to withhold it (cf Dt 19:21). Jesus is not contradicting the Torah here by undermining the validity of retributive punishment altogether. Rather, he is placing interpretive weight and temporally-defined priority on the Torah’s requirements in the area of mercy/patience/steadfast love (eg Mic 6:8, Zc 7:9), in view of the retributive punishment that God himself will administer in the Day of the Lord. In the Day of the wrath, God himself will throw resurrected eyeballs and teeth into the Lake of Fire (cf Mt 5:29-30, 23:33, 10:28; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 12:5; Ac 24:15; Jn 5:28-29; Re 20:15). Until that time, He is relating to the wicked of the earth (all of us!) in mercy, restraint, and longsuffering (cf Ps 32:6; Is 55:6-7; Mt 5:48; Lk 6:36; Rm 2:1-5; 2 Pt 3:9, 15). He does this in accordance with his own revealed nature: He is “merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness... forgiving iniquity,” (Ex 34:6 [ESV]), and yet, He “by no means leaves the guilty unpunished” (Ex 34:7 [NET]). Israel’s exile is prolonged for the sake of mercy toward the Gentiles (Rm 11:11, 30), and yet eventually the Gentiles who oppress Israel will be punished by God (eg, Jl 3, Zc 14)—and that with help of his vindicated people (Ps 148; Is 11:14; Zc 12:6). The Messiah, therefore, is not “doing away with” the Torah and Prophets here; rather, he is distributing interpretive weight, temporally-defined, over its contents so as to synchronize their interpretation and application with God’s revealed character. Many of the Pharisees and Torah teachers of the day were not doing this (cf Mt 23:4; Jn 8:1-11), and thus God’s character was being misrepresented before the people (cf Lk 15:1-16:15) by means of the very texts he had inspired (cf Mt 15:9).+5:39Lit not to stand against. ME(H). In this context, “standing against” somebody most likely means pressing charges in a court setting (see NAC, 113; UBSHS [Mt], 148). Cf Is 50:8 (LXX). Cf also 1 Co 6:1-11.+5:39A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+5:40κριθῆναι ( krithēnai) is an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element some extra stress.+5:40Lit and take. Koine Greek often uses paratactic structure when hypotactic is implied (see, eg, Wallace, Grammar, 19; cf NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28).+5:40τὸν χιτῶνά σου ( ton chitōna sou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:40Lit your tunic.+5:40A person’s cloak provided cover from the cold at night, and was thus protected by the Torah (Ex 22:26-27; Dt 24:12-13). To voluntarily give up one’s cloak, therefore, was a significant act of self-sacrifice.+5:41Lit whoever forces you to go one mile. ME(H). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV. In New Testament times, Roman soldiers had authority to compel civilians to carry loads for them for up to a mile (see DBL Greek, #30; HNTC, 69; L-N, 37.34).+5:41Lit go with him. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+5:42A condition or a temporal idea (ie, “when someone asks”) is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+5:42Or asking you for something, or begging you for something.+5:42Cf Dt 15:7-11.+5:42δανίσασθαι ( danisasthai) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:42Drawing from DBL Greek (#695.8) and L-N (35.18) in the translation of ἀποστρέφω ( apostrephō) here.+5:43This is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:43Lv 18:19+5:44VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:44).+5:45Or become, or prove to be. For γίνομαι ( ginomai) with this sense, see BDAG, 199, sv γίνομαι 7. Cf HCSB footnote.+5:45Lit sons.+5:45VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:45).+5:45τὸν ἥλιον αὐτοῦ ( ton hēlion autou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:45Translating the genitive here as subjective genitive.+5:45VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:45).+5:46IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:46καὶ οἱ τελῶναι ( kai hoi telōnai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been translated ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+5:47καὶ οἱ ἐθνικοὶ ( kai hoi ethnikoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been translated ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+5:48ὑμεῖς ( humeis) here is an over-encoded element (see BART Display). It is being highlighted presumably to accentuate the connection with “your heavenly Father,” which is receiving focal prominence (see BART Display). οὖν ( oun), therefore, has been used as a spacer to highlight ὑμεῖς ( humeis).+5:48This is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NASB, NCV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+5:48Lit blameless, or complete, or mature, or upright, or whole, or perfect. ME(OTB). See BDAG, 996, sv τέλειος b. The context here (God’s patience and mercy repeatedly extended to the earth over a long period of time despite its rebellion [v 5:45]), the parallel passage in Luke (Lk 6:36), and the reference to God’s own character (v 48), make it clear that Yahweh acting in accordance with the truth of his name (cf Ex 34:6-7) is what Jesus has in mind here (cf UBSHS [1 Jn], 31). The Greek word τέλειος ( teleios) may be (the NAC says, “probably is”) “reflecting an underlying Aramaic tamim” ( NAC, 115) (for examples of τέλειος ( teleios) used for the Hebrew tāmîm [“blameless” or “upright” or “whole”] in the LXX, see Gn 6:9, Dt 18:13). In OT theology, God being “upright,” or “blameless,” or “whole,” or “without defect,” or “intact,” or having “integrity,” or acting “in accord with truth and fact” (see BDB, 1071.1l; GHCLOT, 867, sv tāmîm) means that he always acts according to his own righteous character and nature, in context to his covenants (see, eg, Dt 32:4; Ps 18:30, 100:5; Pr 30:5). In other words, there is no discrepancy between who God is and what he does. He acts in a manner that is consistent and true to his character. God is merciful, longsuffering, forgiving, slow to anger, and steadfast in love, yet he also hates sin and burns with wrath toward it (see Ex 34:6-7); therefore, this is how he acts in relation to the inhabitants of the earth (again, in context to his covenants [see, eg, Gn 9:8-17; Jr 33:20-26]). Because he is slow to anger and steadfast in love/mercy, he restrains from pouring out his wrath and extends kindness to the earth over an extended period of time; eventually, however, the time of mercy comes to an end, and God pours out the wrath that had been storing up over time (cf Rm 2:1-11; 2 Pt 3). We, too, are to be steadfast in mercy, love, and patience even with respect to our persecutors and enemies now, in the knowledge that every injustice will be rectified in the age to come.+5:48ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος ( ho patēr humōn ho ouranios) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:48Cf Ex 34:6-7.+6:1τὴν δικαιοσύνην ὑμῶν ( tēn dikaosunēn humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and emphasis.+6:1Or in the sight of. Cf NET.+6:1μισθὸν ( misthon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and emphasis.+6:1Cf Rm 2:16, 14:10-12; 1 Co 4:5.+6:2Lit sound a trumpet before you.+6:2In Greek, the article (“the”) often functions anaphorically, that is, it sometimes functions to point back to something mentioned previously (for more on this function of the article, see Wallace, Grammar, 217-20). Here, Jesus is referring back to the “Pharisees and experts in the Torah” mentioned in Mt 5:20.+6:2οἱ ὑποκριταὶ ( hoi hupokritai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:2Or honored, or glorified.+6:2IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+6:2IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:4Here the copula sheds its stativity because an event is in view (see BDAG, 285, sv εἰμί 6). Cf ISV, NCV, NRSV.+6:4Cf 2 Ch 16:9; Jb 31:4, 34:21; Ps 33:13-15; Pr 5:21, 15:3; Jr 16:17, 32:19; Heb 4:12-13.+6:4Or repay.+6:4Cf Pr 19:17; Lk 14:14; 1 Co 4:5.+6:5This is an imperatival future. Cf most English translations.+6:5VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:5).+6:5ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς καὶ ἐν ταῖς γωνίαις τῶν πλατειῶν ( en tais sunagōgais kai en tais gōniais tōn plateiōn) are in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to the embedded element.+6:5Lit so that they may appear to men. ME.+6:5IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+6:5IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:6Lit your inner room. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 988, sv ταμεῖον 2; L-N, 7.28; NBC, 913).+6:6Or secret.+6:6Or repay.+6:7ἐν τῇ πολυλογίᾳ αὐτῶν ( en tē polulogia autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:9In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). The continuity here relates not just to the idea in v 8, but to all the points just made in this section.+6:9Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10.+6:9Or may your Name be treated as holy, or may your Name be set apart. Lit may your Name be sanctified. ME(OTB). For the OT background behind this rendering of ἁγιάζω ( hagiazō) (typically used for the Hebrew qadash in the LXX), see Ezk 36:23. Cf the rendering here with the ESV, NASB, RSV at Ezk 36:23 (Piel in the MT); cf also the ESV and RSV at Ezk 38:16 (Niphal in the MT), and the ESV and RSV at Ezk 39:27 (Niphal in the MT). For the OT background behind the footnote rendering, see Is 29:23 (cf the footnote rendering here with the LEB). It is worth noting that irrespective of whether Ezk 36:23 or Is 29:23 provides the primary backdrop here, both of those passages are eschatological and relate to Israel’s final deliverance in context to the establishment of the Messianic Kingdom (cf the petition in the next line: “Your Kingdom come”). Cf Ps 102:15; Is 11:1-12:3 (note esp 12:3), 29:22-24; Jl 2:26-27; Ezk 36:23, 38:16, 39:7-8; Zc 13:2, 14:9; Ml 1:11-14. The cry for Yahweh to vindicate his name and his faithfulness by ending the exile of the people identified with that name, and who are the object of his faithfulness by virtue of his covenant relationship with the patriarchs, is a prominent theme in Scripture.+6:10“Kingdom” here is to be interpreted covenantally (see, eg, 2 Sm 7:13-16; Ps 89), eschatologically/apocalyptically (see, eg, Is 11; Dn 2:44-45, 7:22; Zc 12-14), Messianically (see, eg Ps 22:28; Is 9, 11; Dn 2), Israelocentrically (see, eg, Ps 102; Is 40; Ob 19-21; Zc 12-14), and concretely and geographically (see, eg, Is 9, 11, 40-66; Zc 14). It does not mean a metaphysical in-breaking of God’s will or rule (abstractly defined) from the “ethereal realm” into the “material realm” through the church in this age (Christo-Platonism). For many resources on the influence Platonism has had on Christian theology, see www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.+6:10Cf Ne 9:6; Ps 103:20, 148:1-2.+6:10καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ( kai epi gēs) is the DFE here (see BART Display), and has thus been left in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:11IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+6:11Lit bread.+6:11Or our daily bread/food; or our bread/food for the coming day. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. This word is a hapax legomenon (ie, it occurs only once in the NT and not in other ancient literature [technically it occurs twice, but the other use is in the parallel of the Lord’s prayer in Lk 11:2]). Cf Ex 16; Ps 78:25, 105:40; Pr 30:8-9; 2 Co 8:15; 1 Ti 6:6-9.+6:11τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον ( ton arton hēmōn ton epiousion) is in P2 (see BART Display), and and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:12Lit our debts. ME (cf Lk 4:4). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+6:12Or have forgiven. The aorist here can be interpreted either as a summary statement (reflecting habitual forgiving) or cumulatively (reflecting forgiveness that has taken place before the time of prayer). Both make sense contextually. Cf UBSHS (Mt), 171.+6:12Lit our debtors. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Lk], 429). Cf NLT.+6:13This is most likely a permissive imperative, possibly built on an underlying Aramaic verb (see NAC, 120; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 6:13; UBSHS [Mt], 172). Cf Mk 14:38; 1 Co 10:13; Jm 1:13. For more on permissive imperatives, see Wallace, Grammar, 488-9. In support of the rendering used here, see ECB, Mt 6:13; NAC, 120; TCBC, 402. Cf NLT.+6:13Cf Mk 14:38; 1 Co 10:13; Jm 1:13.+6:13Some manuscripts add: “For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory, forever. Amen” (ESV).+6:15ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ( ho patēr humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+6:16Lit don’t become sullen-faced. ME (see ANLEX, 352, sv σκυθρωπός; L-N, 25.287). Cf NCV, NET, TEV. σκυθρωποί ( skuthrōpoi) is an a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:16Lit they disfigure their faces (or appearances). ME(H). “The Pharisees put ashes on their heads, wore their worst clothing, and neither trimmed their beard, washed, nor anointed themselves when they fasted” (Mills, Life of Christ, Mt 6:16-18). See also ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 123; JFB, Mt 6:16; Lange, Commentary, 126; UBSHS (Mt), 175; Vincent, Word Studies, 1:45. Cf Jr 6:26; Ezk 27:30.+6:16Lit so that they may appear to men while fasting. ME. Cf HCSB.+6:16IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+6:16IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:17νίψαι ( nipsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:18τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ( tois anthrōpois) and τῷ πατρί σου ( tō patri sou) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been place directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+6:18Lit so that you may appear not to men while fasting, but to your Father. ME.+6:18Or secret.+6:18Or repay.+6:19Though traditionally rendered “rust” in English translations, in this context the Greek word used here most likely refers to a devouring insect or pest (see L-N, 2.62; LEB footnote; cf Ml 3:11 [LXX]). Also, in English a plural noun is often used to refer to insects as a class. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:22Lit healthy, or good. ME(I/F). A “good eye” is a Hebrew idiom for generosity (see NET Bible Notes, Pr 22:9, 23:6; UBSHS [Mt], 181). Cf Pr 22:9.+6:22φωτεινὸν ( phōteinon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:22Cf Ps 112.+6:23πονηρὸς ( ponēros) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore δὲ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+6:23Lit evil. ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Pr 22:9, 23:6; UBSHS [Mt], 181). An “evil eye” is a Hebrew idiom for selfishness, greed, and stinginess. Cf Dt 15:9, Pr 23:6-7, 28:22; Mt 20:15; Zc 5:6.+6:23σκοτεινὸν ( skoteinon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:23Cf 1 Ti 6:9-10.+6:23IT. A contrast between a supposed and an actual state is implied here. Cf NLT.+6:23σκότος ( skotos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:23Cf Is 5:20; Jr 17:9-10.+6:23τὸ σκότος ( to skotos) here is a point of departure/topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT).+6:23Or great. Cf HCSB.+6:24δυσὶ κυρίοις ( dusi kuriois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:24Lit he.+6:24VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:24). Cf Wallace, Grammar, 571.+6:24μισήσει ( misēsei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:24ἀγαπήσει ( agapēsei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:24ἀνθέξεται ( anthexetai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus inversion and a comma have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+6:24καταφρονήσει ( kataphronēsei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus inversion and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:24θεῷ καὶ μαμωνᾷ ( theō kai mamōna) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Through personal correspondence, Dr. Levinsohn told me that he believes that καὶ is the DFE here. It has thus been italicized.+6:25πλεῖόν ( pleion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:26Lit the birds of the sky. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32). Cf NET at Mt 13:32.+6:26ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος ( ho patēr humōn ho ouranios) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:26VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:26).+6:26Cf Ps 145:15-16.+6:26ὑμεῖς ( humeis) here is point of departure (see BART Display). EFE. In English, switches in topic are often introduced with a question. Cf, eg, the NIV and TEV at Mt 16:15, Mk 8:29, and at Lk 9:20.+6:26“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+6:26μᾶλλον αὐτῶν ( mallon autōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:26Lit than they are. Cf NCV, TEV.+6:26In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+6:27The participle has been interpreted and translated as adverbial participle of means. Cf most English translations.+6:27πῆχυν ἕνα ( pēxhun hena) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb/downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary stress.+6:27Or add to his height a single cubit. A cubit was about 18 inches (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Mt 6:27).+6:28Though deliberative questions are typically asked with the subjunctive or the future indicative (Wallace, Grammar, 465-7, 570), on rare occasions the present is substituted for the future indicative (see BDF, §366[4]; Robertson, Grammar, 880). This seems to be the case here, where the deliberative question is being used rhetorically and not to express an element of doubt or potentiality. The rhetorical question here is volitive, and has thus been translated with “should.” For more on deliberative questions, see Wallace, Grammar, 465-7. Cf NLT, TEV. The meaning is essentially the same either way.+6:28περὶ ἐνδύματος ( peri endumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:29οὐδὲ Σολομὼν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ ( Solomōn en pasē tē doxē autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an ascensive adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf most English translations.+6:30οὕτως ( houtōs) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:30The oven of this time was “a dome-like structure made of clay, in which wood and dried grass were burned, and then after being heated, was used for baking bread” ( L-N, 7.74). εἰς κλίβανον ( eis klibanon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:30For the function of μᾶλλον ( mallon) here, see BDAG, 613, sv 2.b.+6:30IT. The verb here is implied from the protasis.+6:30In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+6:32“All these things” is a POD/topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT).+6:32τὰ ἔθνη ( ta ethnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:32Or seek after. See note at 6:33 below.+6:32ἁπάντων ( hapantōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus has been rendered so as to receive extra focus and emphasis.+6:32Lit of these things.+6:33VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:33).+6:33Or seek. Following the lead of the NJB and REB in translation here. Cf also the CJB at Mt 6:32; the NIV and REB at Lk 12:29, and the CJB at Lk 12:30; UBSHS (Lk), 479.+6:33Drawing from BSL in the translation of πρῶτος ( prōtos) here. Cf DBL Greek, #4755.5; L-N, 67.18, 65.52.+6:33Cf Dt 32:35-39; Is 31:6-9, 48:11, 51:5, 54:17, 56:1; Dn 2:34, 2: 44-45, 8:25; 1 Co 1:30; 2 Co 5:1.+6:33Cf Dt 32:35-39; Is 31:6-9, 48:11, 51:5, 54:17, 56:1; Dn 2:34, 2: 44-45, 8:25; 1 Co 1:30; 2 Co 5:1.+6:33πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been segmented with commas for extra focus.+6:33For the meaning of προστίθημι ( prostithēmi) in this context, see BDAG, 885, sv 2; L-N, 57.78. Cf HCSB, ISV.+6:33Cf Ps 37:25.+7:1Or judge. Cf Ex 12:15-19, 22:20, 31:14; Lv 7:21-27, 17:4-14, 18:29, 19:8, 20:2, 20:27, 24:14-16, 24:23, 27:27; Nu 15:35-36; Dt 7:26, 13:9-10, 17:7, 20:2, 20:27, 21:21, 22:2, 27:9-28:68; Jn 7:15, 25. In modern Western Christianity, this verse is sometimes interpreted outside of a Day of the Lord framework, and is thus often used to minimize the seriousness of sin before God (“Don’t judge me!” many say as they consciously indulge in sin). Jesus, however, is not minimizing the seriousness of sin, nor is he doing away with the need for others in the believing community to address it (cf Mt 18; 1 Co 5; Ga 6). Rather, his point is that in view of God’s own longsuffering, patience, and restraint toward us in this age despite our own sin, we, too, must have a merciful disposition toward the wicked (praying for their repentance, cf 2 Pt 3), and a willingness to extend mercy to the repentant within the believing community (cf 2 Co 2:5-11). God himself will execute judgment impartially in the Day of the Lord according to his just standard (see, eg, Rm 2).+7:1IT. The direct object is implied from the context. In English, this lexeme usually requires a direct object (see UBSHS [Mt], 195). Cf Brc, GeCL, FrCL, NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:2ἐν ᾧ κρίματι κρίνετε ( en hō krimati krinete) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:2Lit by which judgment you judge you will be judged. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 195). Cf NLT.+7:2Cf Rm 2:1-5.+7:2ἐν ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε ( en hō metrō metreite) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf Mt 6:14; Lk 6:36-38; Rm 2:1-5.+7:2Lit by which measure you measure it will be measured to you. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 195). For the meaning of μετρέω ( metreō) in this context, see BDAG, 642, sv 2. “Mercy or condemnation” is implied here (“don’t condemn, so that you won’t be condemned,” implying the possibility of the opposite verdict, ie, “extend mercy to others, so that mercy will be extended to you”).+7:3Lit see. Connotations of self-righteousness and offense are present in this context. Cf Mt 9:11-12; Lk 7:36-40.+7:3Or pay no attention to.+7:3τὴν ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν ( tēn en tō sō ophthalmō dokon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a far demonstrative pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. The element has also been placed in clause-final for primary stress. In Greek the article is a weak demonstrative, and in this context there are clearly negative connotations here.+7:4EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+7:5τὴν δοκόν ( tēn dokon) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:5τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:5Cf Ga 6:1.+7:6IT. Asyndeton is used here in the Greek text, but a contrast (ie, another point to be taken into consideration in the matter of approaching a brother about his sin) is implied contextually (by the content itself, as well as by the shift back to the second person plural). The contrast is between brothers willing to receive the word of correction from those who have come to see clearly (cf Ga 6:1), and those who are unwilling to receive it (ie, dogs/pigs). Cf Interpretation 2 in ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 159. Cf Ps 141:5; Pr 9:7-8, 11:22, 13:8, 15:31-32, 19:25, 23:9, 25:12, 27:6; Ec 7:5; Mt 18:15-20.+7:6Cf CJB, NIV.+7:6Cf Ps 141:5; Pr 9:7-8, 11:22, 13:8, 15:31-32, 19:25, 23:9, 25:12, 27:6; Ec 7:5; Mt 18:15-20.+7:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:7Lit it. IT. Cf NLT.+7:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:7Lit it. IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:7Cf Lk 11:1-13; Re 3:7-8.+7:8πᾶς ὁ αἰτῶν ( pas ho aitōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Though Levinsohn has marked this element for focal ambiguity, through personal correspondence he told me that the first element is most likely an example of re-focusing (since all the information in the sentence has already been established).+7:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:8ὁ ζητῶν ( ho zētōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. See the note at “it is” earlier in this verse. The same applies here.+7:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:8Cf Pr 2:1-8, 25:2; Dn 9:20-23, 10:11-12.+7:8τῷ κρούοντι ( tō krouonti) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. See the note at “it is” earlier in this verse. The same applies here.+7:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:9λίθον ( lithon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:10Lit he.+7:10ἰχθὺν ( ixhthun) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:10Lit him.+7:10ὄφιν ( ophin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:10In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+7:11The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+7:11πονηροὶ ( ponēroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+7:11δόματα ἀγαθὰ ( domata agatha) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary stress.+7:11For the meaning and function of μᾶλλον ( mallon) in this context, see BDAG, 613, sv 2.b.+7:11ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ( ho patēr humōn ho en tois ouranois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:11VPR. See note at Mt 7:7.+7:11Cf Lk 11:8-9; Jm 1:17.+7:12In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a high boundary of the discourse, relating back not just to the idea in v 11, nor only to the points made in vv 7-12, but to all the preceding points in the Sermon on the Mount (cf v 12 here with Mt 5:17-18). This is reflected in the translation.+7:12οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a demonstrative cleft and adverb have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:12Cf NLT.+7:13στενῆς ( stenēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:13πλατεῖα ( plateia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, LEB, NIV, NKJV.+7:13εὐρύχωρος ( euruchōros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, LEB, NIV, NKJV.+7:13πολλοί ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:14A contrast is implied here contextually. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:14τί στενὴ ( ti stenē) is P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NIV, NKJV, YLT.+7:14τεθλιμμένη ( tethlimmenē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NIV, NKJV, YLT.+7:14ὀλίγοι ( oligoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized extra focus and emphasis.+7:14Cf Mt 24:21; Jn 16:33; Ac 14:22; Rm 5:3; 2 Co 1:8, 4:16-18, 6:4, 8:2; Eph 3:13; Col 1:24; 1 Th 1:6, 3:3; 2 Th 1:4; Heb 11:35-36; Re 2:9-11, 7:14.+7:15A contrast between an actual and a supposed situation is implied here contextually. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:15Cf 2 Co 2:17, 11:8-15; 1 Ti 6:5; Re 2:2.+7:16ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ( apo tōn karpōn autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:16σταφυλὰς ( staphulas) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:16This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals and their translation, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3.+7:16σῦκα ( suka) is the DFE here (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:16In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+7:17καρποὺς καλοὺς ( karpous kalous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:17σαπρὸν ( sapron) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore the phrase has been structured so as to give this element extra focus.+7:17καρποὺς πονηροὺς ( karpous ponērous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:18καρποὺς πονηροὺς ( karpous ponērous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:18καρποὺς καλοὺς ( karpous kalous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:19εἰς πῦρ ( eis pur) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:19Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mt 3:12, 5:29-30; Mk 9:43, 48; Jn 15:6.+7:20ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ( apo tōn karpōn autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:20Cf Re 2:2.+7:21πᾶς ὁ λέγων μοι ( pas ho legōn moi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used here to give extra focus to this constituent. The negative particle has also been grouped with this element to the same end. For the various effects created by the word “just” in English, see LGSWE, 368-9.+7:22Runge marks οὐ τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι ( en tō sō onomati) as being in P2 ( LDGNT), while Levinsohn marks the element for focal ambiguity (though he favors ἐπροφητεύσαμεν [ emprophēteusamen] as the DFE; see BART Display). Also, a possessive adjective is used here: σῷ (). Possessive adjectives are sometimes more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Levinsohn marks this as an embedded focal element (see BART Display). Italics have thus been used to give extra emphasis to the verb, while a cleft-construction has been used here to give extra focus to the embedded focal element. The same has been done in the next two clauses as well.+7:22A possessive adjective is used here: σῷ (). Possessive adjectives are sometimes more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Levinsohn marks this as an embedded focal element (see BART Display). A cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:22δαιμόνια ( daimonia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:22A possessive adjective is used here: σῷ (). Possessive adjectives are sometimes more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Levinsohn marks this as an embedded focal element (see BART Display). The clause has thus been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+7:22δυνάμεις πολλὰς ( dunameis pollas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:22Cf Mk 3:13-15, 19 (Judas Iscariot); Ac 19:13-16; 2 Co 11:13-15.+7:23For the meaning of ὁμολογέω ( homologeō) here, see BDAG, 708, sv 4.+7:23Lit workers/doers of lawlessness. Cf ISV, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:24In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a high boundary of the discourse. The continuity here relates not just to the idea in vs 23 or vv 21-23, but to all the points made in vv 12-23, which are themselves implications built on the preceding discourse (see note at Mt 7:12).+7:24A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+7:24Or words, or sayings.+7:24Or does, or practices, or observes, or acts on. So throughout this section. Cf NCV, TEV.+7:24Drawing from L-N in translation here (see L-N, 2.21).+7:25Cf 1 Co 3:10-14.+7:26A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+7:29Cf NLT.+8:1Lit he.+8:2λεπρὸς ( lepros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element (the dummy subject allows the element to land in clause-final in English).+8:2Lit a leper. Cf Lv 13.+8:2Lit him.+8:2Lit cleanse. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2). Cf NLT.+8:3Lit he.+8:3Lit his.+8:3Lit was cleansed.+8:4IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+8:4Lit show yourself to the priest. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 224). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+8:4Lit gift. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Cf CJB, TEV.+8:4Or as proof, or as a witness, or as a testimony.+8:4Or to them. The dative here has been interpreted as a dative of location. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Lv 14.+8:5Lit he.+8:5Lit centurion. ME(H). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. A centurion had charge over one hundred soldiers, and his responsibilities “were broadly similar to modern junior officers” ( NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:5).+8:6δεινῶς ( deinōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:7Lit he.+8:8Lit under my roof. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην ( hupo tēn stegēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:8Cf Jn 4:9, 18:28; Ac 10:28, 11:1-3; Ga 2:12.+8:8IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+8:8Lit say a word. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+8:9ἄνθρωπός ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν ( anthrōpos hupo exousian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:9Lit under myself. ME. Cf NCV.+8:10IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+8:10παρʼ οὐδενὶ ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ( par’ oudeni en tō Israēl) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ISV, RSV.+8:11ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ( apo anatolōn ka dusmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore λέγω ὑμῖν ( legō humin) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+8:12Lit the sons of the kingdom. ME(I/F). The expression “sons of the kingdom” is clearly idiomatic (see, eg, L-N, 9.4, 11.13; UBSHS [Mt], 230), with a lot of information compressed in the genitive. Great care must be taken to render the idiom in a way that is both firmly anchored in the immediate context and cognizant of the damage that has been caused by anti-Semitic interpretations and applications of this text (for further discussion, see Stern, JNTC, Mt 8:5-13). In choosing an appropriate ME, the following factors should be taken into consideration: (1) “Kingdom” is to be understood in the same sense as in v 11, where it clearly refers to the Messiah’s eschatological kingdom. Given this, “eat” (representing participation and inclusion more generally) is most likely the verbal information that is compressed and assumed in the genitive here. (2) The context suggests that there is an unmet expectation on the part of the “sons of the Kingdom.” In other words, they thought that they were going to eat/participate in the Messiah’s Kingdom, but, contrary to that expectation, are “thrown outside.” This information, too, seems to be compressed in the genitive. (3) Jews are clearly in view here, but obviously not all Jews (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are themselves Jews!). The NAC describes the “sons of the kingdom” as “many from within Judaism” (see NAC [Mt], 142); this is an accurate interpretation. All these factors have been taken into account in translation here.+8:12Jesus obviously isn’t referring to all Jews here. Cf Rm 9:1-4, 11:1-6.+8:13Or as. ὡς ( hōs) is most likely causative here (see UBSHS [Mt], 232). Cf NLT.+8:13Lit his.+8:13Lit hour. ME. Cf CJB, HSCB, TEV.+8:14Lit his.+8:16This was a Sabbath (cf Mk 1:21, 29). Healing was forbidden on the Sabbath (cf, eg, Mt 12:2, Jn 9:16), and therefore the people had to wait until evening to bring the sick to Jesus. Ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been rendered so as to allow this element to land in clause-final.+8:16This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf ISV, TEV.+8:16Lit to him.+8:16IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+8:16Or a word.+8:16κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:17“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result clause (see note at Mt 1:22). Though ὅπως ( hopōs) is used here instead of ἵνα ( hina), the two words are at times used interchangeably.+8:17τὰς ἀσθενείας ἡμῶν ( tas astheneias hemōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:17τὰς νόσους ( tas nosous) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:17Is 53:4+8:18IT. Cf NET.+8:20φωλεοὺς ( phōleous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:20Lit the birds of the sky. ME (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32). Cf NET at Mt 13:32.+8:20The verb in this clause is implied from the preceding clause. In verbless clauses, the BART Display typically doesn’t mark focal elements. However, through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn, I was told if the verb here had been repeated, then it is very likely that κατασκηνώσεις ( kataskēnōisis) would have been in P2. It has thus been italicized here for extra focus and emphasis.+8:20ποῦ ( pou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:20Lit has no place to lay his head. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.83). Cf TEV. Cf 1 Co 4:11; Heb 11:9-10.+8:21IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+8:21πρῶτον ( prōton) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:22Lit follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+8:22ἑαυτῶν ( heautōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a possessive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf most English translations.+8:24σεισμὸς μέγας ( seismos megas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:24IT. The following clause is an infinitive of result.+8:24Lit he.+8:25Lit they.+8:25VPR. See VCC (Mt 8:25).+8:26δειλοί ( deiloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra to this constituent.+8:26Lit he.+8:26Lit and the lake, or and the sea. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+8:26Cf Gn 1:9, 8:1-5; Jb 38:11; Ps 18:15, 89:9, 93:4, 102:5-7, 106:9, 107:29; Jr 5:22.+8:27καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα ( kai hoi anemoi kai hē thalassa) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), thus καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent (cf most English translations).+8:28Lit he.+8:28IT. Cf NET at Mt 9:18.+8:28Lit the region of the Gadarenes. ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28).+8:28The clause has been structured in the passive voice to aid information flow. Cf TEV.+8:28ἐκ τῶν μνημείων ( ek tōn mnēmeiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+8:28For the meaning of μνημεῖον ( mnēmeion) in this context, see UBSHS (Mt), 246. Cf NCV, TEV.+8:28Lit they.+8:29Or Leave us alone! Lit What to us and to you? ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV.+8:29Or torment, or torture. Cf TEV.+8:29πρὸ καιροῦ ( pro kairou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+8:30IT. Cf NCV. “A large herd of pigs feeding” is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy subject has been used in order to allow this element to land in clause-final. The IT has been made explicit in translation to do this in more natural English.+8:31Or began to plead with. VPR. See VCC (Mt 8:31). Cf Mk 5:10.+8:31Lit with him.+8:32Lit they.+8:34Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+8:34πᾶσα ἡ πόλις ( pasa hē polis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been grouped in translation with the EFE used to render ἰδοὺ ( idou).+9:1IT. A return trip is implied by the context. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:2Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+9:2Lit they.+9:2ἐπὶ κλίνης ( epi klinēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:3τινες τῶν γραμματέων ( tines tōn grammateōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:5Here Jesus is using a from-the-lesser-to-the-greater argument. This was a common form of logic and argumentation used by Jewish teachers (see NAC [Mt], 154).+9:6Or know, or realize.+9:6Or on the earth. Cf Ps 2, 8; Dn 7:13-14.+9:7Lit he.+9:9Μαθθαῖον ( Maththaion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:9Lit follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+9:9Lit he.+9:9Lit he.+9:9VPR. See note at Mt 4:20.+9:10IT. Cf NLT.+9:10Lit he.+9:10Lit his.+9:10ἰδοὺ ( idou) is used here (see note at Mt 2:9), and πολλοὶ τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( polloi telōnai kai hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:11μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ( meta tōn telōnōn kai hamartōlōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a question and an adjective (“such”; cf NLT, TEV) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent (and to convey the surprise and contempt present contextually).+9:12Lit he.+9:12οἱ ἰσχύοντες ( hoi ischuontes) and οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες ( hoi kakōs echontes) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements. Cf NASB, NCV, NIV.+9:12κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:13ἔλεος καὶ οὐ θυσίαν ( eleos kai thusian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). A wh-cleft has thus been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:13Ho 6:6+9:13Lit came to call/invite, or have come to call/invite. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24. Note also Luke’s use of the perfect tense in Lk 1:32.+9:13Or to invite.+9:13δικαίους ( dikaious) and ἁμαρτωλούς ( hamartōlous) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+9:13Cf CJB.+9:14Lit to him.+9:14VPR. See VCC (Mt 9:14).+9:14Lit Why do we and the Pharisees fast, but your disciples don’t fast? The question has been placed at the end of the verse in order to signal the switch in topic more smoothly in English.+9:15Lit the sons of the bridechamber. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 11.7). Cf most English translations.+9:15μετʼ ( met’) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:15In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+9:15Lit days. Here ἡμέραι ( hēmerai) is being used in the general sense of “time” (see, eg, BDAG, 438, sv 4). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV.+9:15τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:16χεῖρον σχίσμα ( cheiron schisma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NLT, TEV.+9:17Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf CJV, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+9:17Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, ESV, RSV.+9:17Lit they.+9:17ἀμφότεροι ( amphoteroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:18Lit he.+9:18ἄρχων εἷς ( archōn heis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element by allowing it to land in clause-final.+9:18Cf TEV. Cf also Mk 5:22; Lk 8:41.+9:18Lit My daughter has now come to the end. ME. Cf HCSB.+9:20γυνὴ αἱμορροοῦσα δώδεκα ἔτη ( gunē haimorroousa dōdeka etē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+9:20Lit him.+9:20Lit hemorrhaging. ME(OTB). This woman was most likely suffering from a vaginal hemorrhage, which meant that she was ritually unclean according to the standards of the Torah (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 9:18; UBSHS [Mt], 268). Cf Lv 15:25-30.+9:20Lit tassel. ME(OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 564, sv κράσπεδον 2; NET Bible Notes, Mt 9:20). Cf Nu 15:37-41; Dt 22:12.+9:21Or saved, or delivered.+9:22ἡ πίστις σου ( hē pistis sou) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a near demonstrative (the article is a weak demonstrative in Greek) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:24Or began telling them.+9:24Lit withdraw. ME. Cf CJB, TEV. The imperative is in the second person plural, and therefore “everybody” has been used in translation here.+9:24IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:25Lit he.+9:28ποιῆσαι ( poiēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:29κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν ( kata tēn pistin humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore λέγων ( legōn) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:32Lit they.+9:32This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf NCV, TEV.+9:32Lit to him.+9:32Lit a mute man who was demonized. ME. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, TEV.+9:33Lit appeared. ME (see BDAG, 1047, sv φαίνω 2.a.). Cf NLT.+9:34ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ( en tō archonti tōn daimoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:34IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:36Or he was moved with compassion for them. Lit he was moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+9:36Or weary.+9:36Or dejected. Lit thrown, or put down. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mt], 280).+10:1Lit he.+10:2IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+10:4IT. Cf ISV, NLT.+10:5Lit sent out, giving orders to them and saying. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+10:5εἰς ὁδὸν ἐθνῶν ( eis hodon ethnōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and a comma have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:5Lit on the road to the Gentiles. ME. Cf CJB, NET.+10:5Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf HCSB, NET, TEV. εἰς πόλιν Σαμαριτῶν ( eis polin Samaritōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:6Lit house. ME (see L-N, 11.58).+10:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 10:7).+10:7Lit keep proclaiming, saying. Cf NET.+10:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:1).+10:8ἀσθενοῦντας ( asthenountas), νεκροὺς ( nekrous), λεπροὺς ( leprous), and δαιμόνια ( daimonia) are in P2 (see BART Display), and have thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:9Lit for your belt/girdle. ME(H)/IT. “A ζώνη was normally quite wide and could be readily folded. As such, it was often used to carry money” ( L-N, 6.178).+10:10The verb is implied from the preceding line. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+10:10Lit two tunics, or two inner garments. ME (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 5:40). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+10:10ἄξιος τῆς τροφῆς αὐτοῦ ( axios tēs trophēs autou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Inversion and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to the preposed element.+10:10Lit worthy of his food/nourishment. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 290). Cf Brc, LEB, NET, NIV, NJB, Phps.+10:11Lit who is worthy in it, or who is suitable in it. ME(H/OTB). Cf TEV. The context here (the provision of food and other needs [vv 9-10]; a “worthy” man/household in contrast to those who “refuse to welcome/receive” [v 14]) indicates that this phrase is being used idiomatically for a hospitable and welcoming person/home/household. Cf UBSHS (Lk), 365. The language used in the translation here is drawn from Jb 31:32. Cf Gn 19:1-2; Jg 19:11-20; 1 Sm 25:5-38; 2 Ki 4:8-10; Jb 31:32; Mt 10:40; 2 Co 7:15. ἄξιός ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). The main quality that makes someone “worthy” has been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress.+10:11Lit and there/in that place. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, NIV here; NLT and TEV at Mk 6:10.+10:12Or house, or household.+10:13Lit worthy, or suitable. ME(H/OTB) (see note at Mt 10:11 above).+10:13Cf 1 Sm 16:4-5.+10:13Lit If it is not worthy. ME (H/OTB) (see note at Mt 10:11 above). Cf 1 Sm 25:1-39.+10:13ἐπιστραφήτω ( epistraphētō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:14Or words. Cf NET, NLT.+10:15IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+10:15ἀνεκτότερον γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρων ( anektoteron gē Sodomōn kai Gomorrōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:16Lit behold. EFE (see note at Mt 2:9). Cf the NRSV at Mt 24:25.+10:16Or wise, or prudent. Cf TEV.+10:17Lit they.+10:17ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν ( en tais sunagōgais autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+10:17Cf 2 Co 11:24.+10:18καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ( epi hēgemonas kai basileis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element. The constituent has also been placed in clause-final for extress stress.+10:18Since a tribunal scene is being described, the dative here is most likely functioning as a dative of location (cf ESV and RSV). Note, too, the use of ἐπὶ ( epi) with “governors and kings” earlier in the verse. Cf also Ac 9:15, 25:1-26:32; 2 Ti 4:16-17.+10:18Cf Ac 9:15, 25:1-26:32; 2 Ti 4:16-17.+10:19This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3.+10:19παραδίδωμι ( paradidōmi) in this context means to be handed over to a court for trial (see BDAG, 762, sv 1.b.). Cf ISV, NET, NLT, NIV.+10:19Lit how or what you might speak. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, LEB, NCV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+10:19Lit in/at that hour. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+10:19Lit it will be given to you in that hour what you should speak. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV. τί λαλήσητε ( ti lalēsēte) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:19Cf Ac 4:13, 29; Eph 6:19.+10:20ὑμεῖς ( humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT) and τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν ( to pneuma tou patros humōn) in E-O (see LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus these elements. Cf NLT.+10:20Cf Eph 6:19.+10:21Cf Mic 7:5-7; Mk 13:12.+10:22Or delivered.+10:23This is an indefinite plural.+10:23VPR. See VCC (Mt 10:23).+10:23IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+10:23Cf Is 40:9-10; 52:7-10.+10:25In this situation, the ἵνα ( hina) clause may be functioning substantivally as the subject of the clause (see, eg, Wallace, Grammar, 474-5, where Mt 10:25 is cited as a possible example).+10:25In view here is the “product” or goal of discipleship. For the ability of γίνομαι ( ginomai) to function in this way, see BDAG, 197, sv 2, 3, 4. Cf Mt 23:15; Lk 6:40.+10:25τὸν οἰκοδεσπότην ( ton oikodespotēn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. Here Jesus is making a from-the-greater-to-the-lesser argument.+10:25An ellipsis is used in the Greek text here, and therefore the verbal idea must be drawn from the context. Cf CJB, ESV, NET, NASB, NRSV, RSV; UBSHS (Mt), 304.+10:27Lit What I tell you in the dark. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 28.71).+10:27Lit speak it in the light. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 28.64).+10:27Lit into the ear. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 28.73). εἰς τὸ οὖς ( eis to ous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:27Cf Ac 2.+10:28IT. Cf NCV.+10:28τὴν ψυχὴν ( tēn psuchēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:28Cf Gn 31:42, 53; Jb 28:28; Ps 111:10; Pr 1:7, 9:10, 15:33; Ec 12:3; Is 2:22, 8:13, 11:3.+10:28The active infinitive here is most likely functioning causatively/ergatively; ie, God gives the order in context to the coming judgment. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+10:28Ie, the second death, or eternal torment in a resurrected body in the lake of fire. Cf Is 66:24; Mt 5:29-30, 23:33, 10:28; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 12:5; Ac 24:15; Jn 5:28-29; Re 2:11, 14:11, 20:6, 20:14-15, 21:8.+10:28καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμα ( kai psuchēn kai sōma) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:29ἀσσαρίου ( assariou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb/downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element (the adverb selected is based on the context, which is highlighting the relatively low cost, and thus the relatively lesser value, of sparrows). Cf NCV, TEV.+10:29Lit assarion. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 10:29). This was a small copper coin.+10:29The future indicative is interpreted here as a gnomic future. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, NET, TEV.+10:29ME/IT. Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 78, sv ἄνευ a.). Cf LEB.+10:30πᾶσαι ἠριθμημέναι ( ērithmēmenai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ( pasai) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:31πολλῶν στρουθίων ( pollōn strouthiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:32In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). The continuity here relates not just to the idea in vs 31, but to all the points just made in vv 16-31.+10:32A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:32Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 708, sv ὁμολογέω 4.b.).+10:33A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:33Cf 2 Ti 2:11-13.+10:34Lit came to, or have come to. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+10:34Or the earth.+10:34εἰρήνην ( eirēnēn) and μάχαιραν ( machairan) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+10:34Cf Lk 2:34.+10:36Mic 7:6+10:37A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:37Lit The one who cherishes/loves. ME (see translation and notes at 1 Co 16:22; cf BSL, Mt 10:37, sv φιλέω). Loyalty/allegiance is clearly the focus in this context.+10:37Ὁ φιλῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ ( ho philōn patera ē mētera huper eme) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to give this element extra focus.+10:37A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:38ὃς οὐ λαμβάνει τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ ὀπίσω μου ( hos ou lambanei ton stauron autou kai akolouthei opisō mou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:38Lit and follow after me. ME(H) (see translation and notes at Mt 4:19; VCC [Mt 10:38]). Cf Jn 6:66.+10:39For the meaning of εὑρίσκω ( heuriskō) in this context, see ANLEX, 180, sv 3; BDAG, 412, sv 3; L-N, 13.17. Cf TEV.+10:39Cf Ps 49.+10:39Cf Mt 16:25; Mk 8:35; Lk 9:24, 17:33; Jn 12:25.+10:40A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:40ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic personal pronoun and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:40IT. An actual situation beyond what is immediately apparent to the host is implied in this context.+10:40A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:40ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic personal pronoun and is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:41A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:41Cf 1 Kg 17:10–15; 18:4; 2 Kg 4:8.+10:41Or because he is a prophet. Lit in the name of a prophet. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 3; L-N, 58.22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 10:41). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, RSV, TEV.+10:41μισθὸν προφήτου ( misthon prophētou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:41Or wage. Cf Lk 14:14; 1 Co 3:8.+10:41A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:41Or because he is a righteous man. Lit in the name of a righteous man. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 3; L-N, 58.22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 10:41).+10:41μισθὸν δικαίου ( misthon dikaiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:42Lit these little ones, or these small ones. ME (see BDAG, 651, μικρός 2.a.; UBSHS [Mt], 316, 561-2). “Little ones” in this context does not refer to children, but to ordinary, common people who are thought to be of little importance (which, at this time, certainly could include children).+10:42For an example of μόνος ( monos) used with this sense in the Koine period, see M-M, 417, sv.+10:42Or as a disciple. Lit in the name of a disciple. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 3; L-N, 58.22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 10:41). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, RSV, TEV.+11:1Here the article with the infinitive may be functioning anaphorically, pointing readers back to Mt 9:35. This interpretation is reflected in the translation.+11:2Lit the deeds of the Messiah. This is a subjective genitive. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+11:2Lit he sent [word] through his disciples. A question is implied by the context (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 11:2). Cf NET, NLT.+11:3σὺ ( su) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:3This is most likely an allusion to Ml 3:1-4. In this case, the article would be functioning anaphorically, pointing back to Malachi’s prophecy. Cf Mt 11:10 below. Cf also Mk 1:2.+11:3ἕτερον ( heteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:3Cf Ml 3:1-4.+11:5IT. An acquired ability is implied in this context (see UBSHS [Mt], 321). Cf NCV.+11:5Lit cleansed. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2).+11:5Or the weak, or the poor, or the humble, or the afflicted. ME(OTB) (see notes at Mt 5:3 and Lk 4:18).+11:5These are allusions to Is 35:5-6 and 61:1 (LXX). Cf Lk 4:18; Jm 2:5.+11:6Lit and, or also. IT. What follows is a second part to the message. Cf NLT.+11:6Or fall away, or take offense. This may be an allusion to Is 8:14 (following a string of other allusions to Isaiah). Cf Ps 118:22, Is 28:16, Rm 9:33, 1 Pt 2:6-8.+11:7ὑπὸ ἀνέμου ( hupo anemou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+11:8ἐν μαλακοῖς ( en malakois) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+11:8ἐν τοῖς οἴκοις τῶν βασιλέων ( en tois oikois tōn basileōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:8τὰ μαλακὰ ( ta malaka) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+11:10Lit before your face. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 67.19).+11:10Ml 3:1+11:11IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+11:11Lit among those born of women. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mt], 326). Cf NLT, TEV.+11:11ὁ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν ( ho mikroteros en tē basileia tōn ouranōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf ISV.+11:11Or least.+11:11Cf Is 60:21-22.+11:12For examples of βιάζω ( biazo) used in the sense of “strongly urge,” see the LXX at Gn 33:11, Jg 19:7, and 2 Sm 13:25-27. Cf also the HCSB and NET renderings of βιάζω at Lk 16:16. Most translations choose the middle voice interpretation of the verb here. By doing this, however, they unfortunately end up creating the perception of a contradiction between the parallels (even the HCSB, which renders Lk 16:16 as “strongly urged,” doesn’t translate the parallel passage consistently here). The Lukan parallel makes it clear that the message of the kingdom is what Jesus has in mind here. “Strongly urged” allows for a consistent meaning and translation in both Matthew and Luke. The point here is simply that both John and Jesus have been passionately presenting and urging the Kingdom of Heaven as the alternative to the “unquenchable fire” of Gehenna (Mt 3:12). Like the prophets of old, both John and Jesus called the nation to “repent!” (cf Mt 3:2, 4:17). However, also like the OT prophets (see, eg, 2 Ch 36:15-16), John and Jesus experienced hostility from many in the nation when presenting their message (bear in mind that this section begins with John having doubts because he was in prison for his message).+11:12βιασταὶ ( biastai) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+11:12Drawing from ANLEX (see ANLEX, 91, sv βιαστής) and DBL Greek (see DBL Greek, #1043) in the translation of βιαστής ( biastēs) here, with some modifications. BDAG notes all three examples of this word outside the NT are pejorative (see BDAG, 176, sv). Jesus seems to be using the cognates to make a play on words here: The kingdom of heaven is being strongly urged (cf the HCSB at Lk 16:16), and yet men who urge and use violence are attacking it. Though it is difficult to bring the word-play fully into English, I have tried to signal the connection here by the use of “urge” in translation. Cf 2 Ch 36:15-16; Mt 12:14, 16:22-23, 26:52-55; Mk 3:6; Lk 3:19-20, 4:28-29; Jn 10:32; Ac 5:35-37, 21:38.+11:12Drawing from L-N in the translation of ἁρπάζω ( harpazō) here (see L-N, 39.49). Cf ISV, NLT.+11:12Cf 2 Ch 36:15-16; Mt 12:14, 16:22-23, 26:52-55; Mk 3:6; Lk 3:19-20, 4:28-29; Jn 10:32; Ac 5:35-37, 21:38.+11:13ἕως Ἰωάννου ( heōs Yōannou) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis. Cf Jn 9:28; Ac 3:22, 6:11-14, 21:27-28; Ga 3:23-26; Heb 7-10.+11:14Ml 4:5. Cf Lk 1:17; Jn 1:21.+11:14Cf Ml 4:5. John is “Elijah” in the sense that his ministry is carried out “in the spirit and power of Elijah” (Lk 1:15). The coming of Elijah himself awaits the end of the age (cf Ml 4; Re 11).+11:15Lit He who has ears, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 24.59; NET Bible Notes, Lk 8:8; UBSHS [Mt], 330).+11:17Lit played the flute. ME(H) (see Lange, Commentary [Mt], 208; NAC [Mt], 189). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+11:17Lit sang a dirge. ME(H) (see BDAG, 458, sv θρηνέω 1,2; L-N, 25.141, 33.115, 52.2; NET Bible Notes, Mt 11:17). Cf HCSB, LEB, NET, NLT, TEV.+11:18Drawing from BDAG in the translation of ἔρχομαι ( erchomai) here (see BDAG, 394, sv 1.b.).+11:18Lit John came neither eating nor drinking. ME(OTB/H) (see ESS [Lk], 311-12; UBSHS [Mt], 333). Cf Nm 6:1-21.+11:18IT. A result/response is implied here. Cf BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.ζ.; UBSHS [Mt], 333; CJB, NCV.+11:18Lit they.+11:18δαιμόνιον ( daimonion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:19Lit The Son of Man came eating and drinking. See note at v 18 above.+11:19See note at “response” in v 18 above. The same applies here.+11:19Lit they.+11:19τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ( telōnōn kai hamartōlōn) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:19Here “wisdom” is being personified. Cf, eg, Pr 1:20, 8:1. Cf also Mt 23:34 and Lk 11:49.+11:19Cf Pr 2:20, 5:7, 7:24, 8:1, 32; Mt 23:34; Lk 11:49.+11:20Lit he.+11:21ME/IT (see ANLEX, 287, sv οὐαί 2; DBL Greek, #4026; L-N, 22.9; UBSHS [Re], 141). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:21ἐν Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι ( en Turō kai Sidōni) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:21ἐν σάκκῳ καὶ σποδῷ ( en sakkō kai spodō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverbial phrase/amplifier has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:22ἀνεκτότερον ( anektoteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:22Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι ἢ ὑμῖν ( Turō kai Sidōni ē humin) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to Τύρῳ καὶ Σιδῶνι.+11:23In English, switches in topic are often introduced with a question. Cf, eg, the NIV and TEV at Mt 16:15.+11:23Or to heaven. ἕως οὐρανοῦ ( heōs ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:23In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296). Cf CJB, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+11:23ἕως ᾅδου ( heōs Hadou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+11:23Lit Hades. ME(OTB)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 11:22; DBL Greek, #87). In the LXX, ᾅδης ( Hadēs) is used for the Hebrew word Sheol (see, eg, Ps 6:5, 9:17).+11:23ἐν Σοδόμοις ( en Sodomois) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:24ἀνεκτότερον ( anektoteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:24γῇ Σοδόμων ἢ σοί ( gē Sodomōn ē soi) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to γῇ Σοδόμων.+11:25Lit answered and said. EFE. This is a redundant quotative frame. In Greek, redundant quotative frames signal the importance of the speech that follows (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 145-62).+11:25Or praise.+11:25Lit the wise and understanding. ME(H). In this context, “wise and understanding” means expertise based on education (see BDAG, 935, 2.a.; L-N, 32.35). Cf CJB, HCSB, NIV, TEV.+11:25Or revealed them, or disclosed them, or unveiled them.+11:25Lit small children. ME(I/F/OTB) (cf Ps 18:8 in the LXX [Ps 19:7 in the MT]). Cf CJB, REB.+11:25Cf Is 29:14; 1 Co 1:18-2:16.+11:26Or that such was your gracious will, or that such was pleasing to you. Lit that such was well-pleasing in your sight. ME (see BDAG, 325, sv ἔμπροσθεν 1.b.δ; Ibid, 404, sv εὐδοκέω 1; NET Bible Notes, Mt 11:26; TLNT, 2:99-106, sv εὐδοκέω; UBSHS [Mt], 342).+11:27Lit to me. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 3:3, 6:37-40, 10:27-29, 16:15, 17:6-11).+11:27Or all things. Πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. In order to allow for this within the boundaries of English syntax, the clause has been structured in the active voice (cf CJB, NLT, NCV, TEV).+11:27Cf Jn 3:25, 6:37-40.+11:27Or no one fully knows, or no one knows. Since “the wise and learned” did have access to substantial knowledge about God and the Messiah from the Torah and the Prophets, ἐπιγινώσκω ( epiginōskō) is most likely being used here in the sense of “full/true/accurate knowing” (see, eg, ANLEX, 163, sv 2; BDAG, 369, sv 1.b.; ESL, #1921.1). Cf CJB, ISV, NLT. Cf also Mt 5:17-18, 13:52; translation and notes at Jn 3:13.+11:27τις ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:27Or no one fully knows, or no one knows.+11:27Or desires, or wills.+11:27Cf Ps 87:4; Jr 4:22, 9:3-6, 9:24, 31:34; Is 54:13; Mk 3:14; Jn 14:6-7.+11:28Lit and who have been made to carry a burden/load. ME(H). In this context, “load” is referring to certain requirements imposed by the Pharisees and teachers of the Torah, which were based on faulty interpretations and applications of the Torah and Prophets (see Mt 9:35-36, 15:9, 16:19, 23:4; Mk 7:1-12; Lk 11:46; Ac 15:10; cf also UBSHS [Mt], 344).+11:29Cf Jn 14:15; Ac 15:10.+11:29πραΰς καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ ( praus kai tapeinos tē kardia) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:29Jr 6:16. Cf Ps 116:7-9.+11:30Lit the yoke of/from me. ME/IT. The genitive has been translated as a subjective genitive, with the implied verbal information and implied direct object (“yoke” means “discipleship requirements”; cf, eg, Ac 15:10) made explicit in translation.+11:30χρηστὸς ( chrēstos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:30Or gracious. For this gloss of χρηστός ( chrēstos), see L-N, 88.68. Given that Jesus’ statements here are built on the metaphor of oxen working hard and laboring in the field, the rendering “easy,” in my opinion, isn’t the best translation choice—especially in modern Western cultures where ease and comfort are valued so highly. The term here does not mean “a piece of cake,” but kind and gracious. In other words, although difficulty is involved, by God’s grace it isn’t unbearable (cf, eg, 2 Co 1:3-10, 12:9), and actually serves to sanctify us (cf, eg, Rm 5:2-4).+11:30Lit the load of/from me. See note at “disciples” in the preceding clause. Doing the same here, though without the direct object.+11:30ἐλαφρόν (\it elaphron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:30Lit light. See note at “kind” above. The same applies here. Cf 2 Co 4:17, 12:9. Again, “light” here does not mean “involving no difficulty” (cf 2 Co 4:17: “these light [Gk: ἐλαφρός ( elaphros)] and momentary afflictions”), but not too heavy to carry. The oxen still work and labor in the field (cf 1 Co 3:8, 9:9).+12:1Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 348). Cf NLT, TEV.+12:1Cf Dt 23:25.+12:2Lit to him.+12:3Lit he.+12:4τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ( tous artous tēs protheseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question and an emphatic adjective (“very”) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Also, the verb in the preceding clause has been subordinated to ensure that primary emphasis lands on the focal element, and to maintain good English style following this question, which expects a positive answer (in Greek, questions that begin with οὐ [ ou] expect an affirmative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]).+12:4See preceding note.+12:4Cf Ex 25:30; Lv 24:5-9; 1 Sm 21:6.+12:4Lit except the priests alone. Cf Lv 24:5-9.+12:5Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28).+12:5IT.+12:5βεβηλοῦσιν ( bebēlousin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:5Cf Nu 28:9-10; 1 Ch 9:32; Jn 7:22-23.+12:5ἀναίτιοί ( anaitioi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:6τοῦ ἱεροῦ μεῖζόν ( tou hierou meizon) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus (with the help of a dummy subject). An adverb has also been used to give this element extra focus and stress. CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:7ἔλεος καὶ οὐ θυσίαν ( eleos kai thusian) are is a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and constitutes a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:7Ho 6:6+12:7Lit the innocent. ME. Cf NCV.+12:8κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου ( kurios tou sabbatou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γάρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. Italics have also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+12:9Lit he.+12:10Lit dried up. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.173). χεῖρα ξηράν ( cheira xēran) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+12:10Lit they. Cf TEV.+12:10Lit to him.+12:10Lit Is it lawful…? ME(H) (see UBSHS [Mt], 353-8). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+12:10τοῖς σάββασιν ( tois sabbasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:10The context makes it clear that they are looking for grounds on which to accuse. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, ISV.+12:10Lit in order to accuse him. A participle has been used to convey the subordination and intent signaled in the Greek text here. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV.+12:11ἄνθρωπος ( anthrōpos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:11Lit he.+12:11In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+12:12πόσῳ διαφέρει ( posō diapherei) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:12Lit man.+12:12Lit it is lawful. ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+12:13Lit he.+12:13Lit it.+12:14Lit took counsel against him. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 361).+12:14Lit so that they might. The intent and subordination signaled in the Greek text are signaled in translation here with a participle. “Planning” is drawn from the lexemes at work in this context.+12:14The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+12:16φανερὸν ( phaneron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:17“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause here (see note at Mt 1:22).+12:18Lit my soul. In both the OT and NT, “soul” is often used in reference to the whole person (see UBSHS [Mt], 365). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+12:18Or on whom my favor rests.+12:18κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ( krisin tois ethnesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:18κρίσις ( krisis) here (used in the LXX to translate the Hebrew mišpāṭ) involves both judicial and governmental functions (see TWOT, 947-9).+12:18Or to.+12:18Or for the nations. Cf Gn 12:3, 28:14, 49:10; Ps 2:8-9, 72:8, 82:8, 89:27; Is 2:1-5, 9:6-7, 11:1-9, 42:6, 49:6-8; Zc 9:10; Re 2:26-29.+12:19Cf Mt 12:14-15 above.+12:19Or loud speeches from him. Lit the [loud] voice/call/sound of him. ME/IT (see DBL Greek, #5889; UBSHS [Mt], 367). Cf TEV.+12:19Cf Mt 6:5. τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ( tēn phōnēn autou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:20κάλαμον συντετριμμένον ( kalamon suntetrimmenon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:20λίνον τυφόμενον ( linon tuphomenon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:20Cf Is 11:3-4; Jn 5:30, 7:24, 8:15-16, 8:26, 9:39.+12:21Or the nations. ἔθνη ( ethnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:21Is 42:1-3. Cf Is 42:6, 49:6-8.+12:22Following the lead of the CJB, NCV, and TEV in translation here.+12:22Lit to him.+12:22Lit he.+12:23Cf Mt 11:2-6.+12:24ἐν τῷ Βεελζεβοὺλ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ( en tō Beelzeboul archonti tōn daimoniōn) is in E-O, and constitutes a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf CJB, ESV, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+12:24IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:24This is a genitive of subordination.+12:25Lit he.+12:25In this context, ἵστημι ( histēmi) means to “continue to exist” (see DBL Greek, #2705.11; L-N, 13.90), or to “survive” (see UBSHS [Mt], 373). Cf CJB, NCV.+12:26τὸν σατανᾶν ( ton satanan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:26ἐφʼ ἑαυτὸν ( eph heauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:27ἐγὼ ( egō) here is functioning as a topical frame/POD (see BART Display and LDGNT). “In my own case” is used to signal the switch here, and to set the stage for the switch to “your disciples.”+12:27ἐν Βεελζεβοὺλ ( en Beelzeboul) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:27IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:27IT. A supposed situation versus an actual situation is implied here.+12:27In English, switches in topic are often introduced with a question. Cf, eg, the NIV and TEV at Mt 16:15, Mk 8:29, and Lk 9:20.+12:27Lit sons. ME(I/F). In this context, “sons” means “followers” or “disciples” (see L-N, 36.39, 36.40; NET Bible Notes, Re 2:23). Cf ISV.+12:27IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+12:27κριταὶ ὑμῶν ( kritai humōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the DFE within the ME (see following note).+12:27Lit For that reason they will be the judges of you. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 375). In this context, “judge” means to “condemn” in the sense of refuting an argument or accusation. Cf NEB, TEV.+12:28ἐν πνεύματι θεοῦ ( en pneumati theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction (cf ESV, NRSV, RSV) and emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:28IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+12:28Or has as good as come against you, or is certain to come upon you, or has come upon you. VPR. See VCC (Matt 12:28). Cf. also Reginald H. Fuller, The Mission and Achievement of Jesus: An Examination of the Presuppositions of New Testament Theology , Studies in Biblical Theology (London: SCM Press Ltd, 1954), 25–28.+12:29Cf CJB, NEB, NIV, NJB.+12:29Or the strong man’s.+12:29Drawing from DBL Greek (see #773.4) and L-N (see 37.28) in translation here. Since human beings are the “possessions” in view contextually, this gloss seems quite appropriate here.+12:29τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ( ta skeuē autou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:29πρῶτον ( prōton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:29τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:29Lit house. ME(I/F). Here οἰκία ( oikia) is used figuratively for property (see DBL Greek, #3864.3; L-N, 57.21).+12:30A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+12:30κατʼ ( kat’) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:30A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+12:30IT (see the note at “flock” in the following clause).+12:30IT. σκορπίζω ( skorpizō) is functioning causatively and transitively, with “flock” most likely being the implied direct object (see BDAG, 931, sv 1). The point is that while Jesus is caring for and gathering the flock as a good shepherd, saving them from the wolves who have been devouring them (in this case demons), the Pharisees would rather abandon them to the wolves and let them by devoured. Because of this, they were false shepherds. Cf Jn 10.+12:30Cf Ezk 34:1-24; Jn 10:1-18.+12:31See note at Mk 3:28.+12:31τοῦ πνεύματος ( tou pneumatos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:32A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+12:33ἐκ τοῦ καρποῦ ( ek tou karpou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:34Cf Jn 8:42-47.+12:34EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this type of context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+12:34ἀγαθὰ ( agatha) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:34Or when, or since. The participle here has been translated as an adverbial participle of condition. A causal interpretation is also possible (cf, eg, NET).+12:34πονηροὶ ( ponēroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a wh-cleft and italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+12:34ἐκ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας ( ek tou perisseumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+12:35ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ( ek tou agathou thēsaurou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:35ἀγαθοῦ ( agathou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:35Lit out of his good storehouse. ME. Cf NIV.+12:35ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ( ek tou ponērou thēsaurou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:35πονηροῦ ( ponērou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:35Lit out of his wicked storehouse. ME. Cf NIV.+12:38σημεῖον ( sēmeion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:38ME(H)/IT. σημεῖον ( sēmeion) here doesn’t just mean “miracle,” but a definitive sign or proof (see UBSHS [Mt], 385). Cf Mt 16:1; Mk 8:11, Lk 11:16, 21:11.+12:39γενεὰ πονηρὰ καὶ μοιχαλὶς ( genea ponēra kai moichalis) is in P2 (see B ART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NLT; UBSHS [Mt], 386.+12:39Cf Dt 6:16; Is 7:12, 13:10, 34:4; Jl 2:10, 30-31; Am 5:18; Hab 3:11; Mal 3:15; Mt 24:29; Mk 8:11-12; Lk 21:11; Ac 5:9; Re 6:12-13, 8:12. In Scripture, signs from heaven are typically portents of impending doom, judgment, and punishment (see, eg, Is 13:10, 34:4; Jl 2:10, 30-31; Hab 3:11; Mt 24:29; Lk 21:11; Re 6:12-13, 8:12). By clamoring for the Messiah to punish Israel’s enemies before the appointed time (the Day of the Lord), instead of relating to them in longsuffering and restraint in this age as God does, the Pharisees posing the question reveal their blindness to the fact that they themselves also deserve the judgment that signs from heaven would signal (cf Am 5:18; Rm 2).+12:39τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ τοῦ προφήτου ( to sēmeion Yōna tou prophētou) is in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus a colon has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:40Jnh 1:17+12:41For the meaning of ἀνίστημι ( anistēmi) in this context, see BDAG, 83, sv 9 (Mt 12:41 is cited as an example).+12:41ἄνδρες Νινευῖται ( andres Nineuitai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:41Because a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to the P2 element (see preceding note), a second question has been used as a transition here.+12:41Lit at the proclamation of Jonah. ME. Cf NCV.+12:41IT. An ellipsis is used here in the Greek text. “This generation refuses to repent” is the idea implied contextually. Cf NLT.+12:41Lit and behold, something greater than Jonah is here. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see, eg, BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here the meaning is that the people don’t repent even though someone greater than Jonah is here.+12:41πλεῖον Ἰωνᾶ ( pleion Yōna) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). An adverb has also been used to give this element extra focus.+12:42ἐγείρω ( egeirō) here has the same meaning as ἀνίστημι ( anistēmi) (see note at Mt 12:41), and has thus been translated in the same way.+12:42βασίλισσα νότου ( basilissa notou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:42Because a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to the P2 element (see preceding note), a second question has been used as a transition here.+12:42IT. An ellipsis is used here in the Greek text. “This generation refuses to listen” is the idea implied contextually. Cf NLT.+12:42Lit and behold, something greater than Solomon is here. See note at “even though” in Mt 12:41. The same applies here.+12:42πλεῖον Σολομῶνος ( pleion Solomōnos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy-subject and italics have been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:43ἀκάθαρτον ( akatharton) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:43Cf Isa 13:21; 34:14.+12:43Or rest, or a place of rest.+12:44Lit my house from where I came out.*12:44I’ll return to.’ And when it arrives, it finds the house\f + IT. The direct object is implied from the context. Cf most English translations.+12:45As in v 44, the direct object is implied from the context here.+12:45οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2, and thus an adverb and a demonstrative wh-cleft have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:45Here an event is in view, and so εἰμί ( eimi) is destativized (see BDAG, 285, sv 6). Cf ISV, TEV.+12:46Lit he.+12:46λαλῆσαι ( lalēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:46ἡ μήτηρ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ( hē mētēr kai hoi adelphoi autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+12:47ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ σου ( hē mētēr sou kai hoi adelphoi sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+12:47λαλῆσαι ( lalēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:48Lit he.+12:50αὐτός ( autos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:2εἰς πλοῖον ( eis ploion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:2ἐπὶ τὸν αἰγιαλὸν ( epi ton aigialon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:3VPR. See VCC (Mt 13:3).+13:3Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+13:5Lit did not have much soil. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 403).+13:5Lit because they did not have depth of soil. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 403).+13:6ἡλίου ( hēliou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:6Lit because it did not have root. ME. Cf NET.+13:7IT (see BSL, Mt 13:7, sv πνίγω; ANLEX, 319, sv πνίγω).+13:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 13:8).+13:9Lit He who has ears, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 11:15).+13:10ἐν παραβολαῖς ( en parabolais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:11Lit To you it has been entrusted/granted/given to understand.+13:11Cf Dn 2:17-47, 4:9; Rm 11:25, 16:25; 1 Co 4:1-2, 15:51; Eph 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19; Col 1:26-27, 2:2, 4:3; 1 Ti 3:9, 16; Re 1:20, 10:7, 17:5.+13:12A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+13:12Lit If someone has, or He who has. ME(OTB)/IT (cf the discussion below with ESS [Lk], 349; Lange, Commentary [Lk], 128; NAC [Lk], 249; Robertson, Word Pictures, Lk 8:18; UBSHS [Mt], 408). Great care must be taken in translation here in order to avoid creating wrong impressions in the minds of readers. The following factors must be taken into consideration. (1) In view here contextually is “understanding/knowledge” (v 11), not material possessions. A financial metaphor is being applied to the administration of God’s revelation. Using “something” as the implied direct object (cf, eg, CJB, ISV, TEV) of “have” creates confusion here. The NCV and NLT provide the better models here, in my opinion. (2) Once “understanding” is made explicit, however, we now hit another problem. Most English readers will read “have understanding” as “to understand.” When applied to the entire verse, this, too, creates a wrong impression, because it puts too much stress on the intellectual faculties. In other words, it makes it sound like understanding is withheld from those who just can’t figure out what Jesus is saying. But that is not the primary issue contextually. The primary question is, “To whom does God entrust understanding/revelation of ‘the mysteries’?” not “Who is smart enough?” Assumed here is the ancient view of the heart as the seat of the will, mind, and emotions (see note at Mk 3:5). Within the worldview of Jesus and his listeners and the Biblical writers, these faculties were seen as dynamically interrelated. Note that in support of his statement here, in vv 14-15 Jesus quotes from Is 6:9-10, where God’s decision to withhold understanding is based on the condition of the people’s “heart” conceived in terms of all three faculties. In other words, their minds are dull, their wills are stubborn, and they are unfeeling/calloused (see the translation and note at Mk 3:5), and God is unwilling to give/entrust understanding to people who relate to him like this. If there remains any doubt that the faculties as an integrated whole, rather than the intellect alone, are being addressed by Jesus in this saying, other Scriptures quickly put it to rest: See, eg, Mt 19:8 (where “hardness of heart” prevents people from rightly understanding and interpreting the Torah); Mk 3:5 (where “hardness of heart” prevents people from rightly understanding the Sabbath); Mk 6:52 (where “hardness of heart” prevents the disciples themselves from understanding the lesson Jesus was teaching them through the miracle of the fish and the loaves); Mk 8:17 (where a lack of perception and understanding concerning Jesus’ statement in Mk 8:15 is attributed to “hardness of heart”); Mk 16:14 (where “unbelief” and “hardness of heart” are closely associated); Lk 24:25, 45 (in v 25, Jesus rebukes them for their “foolishness” and “slowness of heart to believe,” and then proceeds to expound the Scriptures; in v 45, he “opens their minds to understand the Scriptures,” and then proceeds to expound the Scriptures); Mt 11:25-30 (where understanding/revelation is given to the simple [“children”] in context to receiving instruction from the Messiah as a disciple, but “hidden” from the “wise and learned”); Mk 4:24-25 (where understanding is given in proportion to one’s “attentiveness/careful consideration,” which implies eagerness, humility, a willingness to listen, etc); Lk 8:18 (where further understanding is given based on “how” people hear, ie, if they “hear the word with a noble and good heart” [v 15] or not). (3) Implied in the financial language used here is the idea of lesser and greater amounts, as indicated in most English translations. This means that connotations of stewardship and faithfulness are also present contextually. The point here is not that God gives/entrusts “more” simply because someone has “little,” but because someone is faithful/trustworthy with little, as evidenced by the way they relate to it (ie, with humility, care, attentiveness, willingness, responsibility, integrity, etc [cf Mt 21:43, 24:45, 25:21-23; Lk 16:10-12, Lk 19:17]). This is particularly true when the thing being given is an understanding of God’s “mysteries.” Failure to make the connotations of stewardship explicit here leaves the text open to the impression that God is randomly giving the members of some elite group a privileged “gnosis” to be kept to themselves. This is clearly not the point. The point is that the Messianic instruction is so holy that it must be entrusted to humble and trustworthy leaders and servants who will pass it on faithfully (cf Mt 10:27, 16:17-19, 21:43; Mk 4:21-25, 34; Rm 11:25, 16:25; 1 Co 4:1-2, 9:17; Ga 2:7; Eph 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19; Col 1:26-27, 2:2, 4:3; 1 Th 2:3; 1 Ti 1:11, 3:9; Tit 1:3). All of these factors have been taken into consideration in translation here and at 12b. Note that the explanation of the parable of the sower that follows highlights the different responses to the message that is sown.+13:12Lit it. IT. The context makes it clear what is being given and entrusted. Cf NCV, NLT.+13:12Cf Mt 10:27, 16:17-19, 21:43; Mk 4:21-25, 34; Rm 11:25, 16:25; 1 Co 4:1-2, 9:17; Ga 2:7; Eph 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19; Col 1:26-27, 2:2, 4:3; 1 Th 2:3; 1 Ti 1:11, 3:9; Tit 1:3.+13:12Cf Dn 1:17, 2:20-23, 7:15-16, 8:15-16, 9:20-23; Mt 13:52, 25:29; Rm 15:14; 1 Co 1:5; Eph 1:7-9, 16-18.+13:12καὶ ὃ ἔχει ( kai ho echei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:12Lit Whoever does not have, even what he has. ME(OTB)/IT (see note at Mt 13:12 above).+13:12Cf Is 5:13; Ho 4:4-6, 6:7-10; Mic 3:9-12; Zp 3:4; Mal 2:7-9; Mt 21:33-46; Rm 11:7-15, 25.+13:13ἐν παραβολαῖς ( en parabolais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:13The participles here are functioning concessively. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+13:13Cf Dt 29:4; Is 42:19-20 Jr 5:21; Ezk 12:2; Rm 11:8; 2 Co 3:14, 4:4.+13:14This is a dative of reference/respect (see LSGNT Notes, Mt 13:14). Cf ESV, LEB, NASB, NET.+13:14This is a cognate dative (cf NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:13). Cognate datives function to intensify the verbal idea (see Wallace, Grammar, 168-9). Cf LEB, NET.+13:14This is an οὐ μὴ ( ou mē) + aorist subjunctive construction, which is the strongest and most emphatic form of negation in Koine Greek (see Black, Grammar, 180; Mounce, Grammar, 316; NET Bible Notes, Re 3:3). Many translations attempt to convey the strength of the negation of the οὐ μὴ + aorist subjunctive here with a temporal adverb (cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, LEB, ISV, NET, NIV, RSV). This is very unfortunate. Not only is there nothing contextually to support a temporal idea here, but a perpetual blindness of the nation is also flatly contradicted by other Scriptures (see, eg, Is 4:2-6, 6:11-13; 60:21-22; Zc 12:10-13:1; Rm 11:23-31). More accurate here are the ASV, NASB, NCV, and TEV. A non-temporal adverb has been used to convey the strength of the negation here.+13:14The redundant participle is functioning a way similar to how the cognate dative is functioning in the preceding line (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:14). Cf LEB, NET.+13:15Lit For the heart of this people has become fat. ME(I/F/H/OTB) (see note at Mk 3:5). Cf Dt 32:15.+13:15Cf Rm 10:21, 11:25.+13:15Lit with the ears they have heard with difficulty.+13:15ἀκούσωσιν ( akousōsin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:15Lit heart. ME(OTB/H) (see note at Mk 3:5). Cf TEV.+13:15συνῶσιν ( sunōsin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:15Lit and. In the NT, καί ( kai) is sometimes used to introduce an apodosis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.δ.). In this case, the condition is implied in the previous line (ie, “if they would see, hear, understand, and return, I would heal them”).+13:15Is 6:9-10 (LXX). Cf Dt 30:2; Ne 1:9; Lam 3:40; Is 55:7; Jl 2:12-13; Ml 4:5-6.+13:16Cf 1 Co 2:6-16.+13:17IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+13:17πολλοὶ προφῆται καὶ δίκαιοι ( polloi prophētai kai dikaioi) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:17Cf 1 Pt 1:10-12.+13:18IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+13:19Or when. The genitive absolute here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Though genitive absolutes are typically temporal, they are also capable of expressing other ideas (see Wallace, Grammar, 655).+13:19Or word, or teaching. So throughout this section.+13:19IT. See note at Mt 13:12 above. Cf also UBSHS (Mt), 415.+13:19Cf 2 Co 4:4.+13:19παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν ( para tēn hodon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:19In this context, εἰμί ( eimi) means to “mean” or “represent” (see BDAG, 283, sv 2.c.).+13:20ἐπὶ τὰ πετρώδη ( epi ta petrōdē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:20ἀκούων ( akouōn) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:20μετὰ χαρᾶς ( meta charas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:21Lit he has no root in himself. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+13:21πρόσκαιρός ( proskairos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf ISV, LEB, NIV, NRSV.+13:21Or falls away. Cf Jb 2:9; Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Mt 11:2; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+13:22εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας ( eis tas akanthas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:22ἀκούων ( akouōn) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:22IT (see note at Mt 13:7).+13:22ἡ μέριμνα τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου ( hē merimna tou aiōnos kai hē apatē tou ploutou) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT at Mk 4:18), and therefore delay and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:22Result is implied here (cf BDAG, 495, sv καί 1.b.ζ.).+13:22ἄκαρπος ( akarpos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:23ἐπὶ τὴν καλὴν γῆν ( epi tēn kalēn gēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:23καλὴν ( kalēn) is in an embedded focal element within the embedded focal element. I confirmed this through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn. He doesn’t usually mark two levels of embedded focus in his display, but has marked this as focally prominent in his notes. It has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis. Cf Lk 8:15.+13:23IT. Cf NLT.+13:23ἀκούων καὶ συνιείς ( akouōn kai sunieis) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore italics and an adverb (cf NLT) have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:24Ἄλλην παραβολὴν ( Allēn parabolēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:25Lit his.+13:25Lit darnel. ME(H)/IT (see ANLEX, 186, sv ζιζάνιον; BSL, Mt 13:25, sv ζιζάνιον; ESL, #2215; L-N, 3.30; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 13:25). Cf 2 Co 11:1-29; 1 Jn 4:1-3; Re 2:2.+13:26VPR. See VCC (Mt 13:26).+13:26καρπὸν ( karpon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:26Lit the darnel. ME(H)/IT (see note at Mt 13:25 above).+13:27καλὸν σπέρμα ( kalon sperma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:27The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+13:28ἐχθρὸς ἄνθρωπος ( echthros anthrōpos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:30VPR. See VCC (Mt 13:30).+13:30Lit and at the appointed time of harvest.+13:30Cf Re 14:14-20.+13:31Ἄλλην παραβολὴν ( Allēn parabolēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:32Here, πάντων ( pantōn) means different kinds of seeds (see UBSHS [Mt], 425). Cf BDAG, 784, sv πᾶς 5; L-N, 58.28.+13:32μικρότερον πάντων τῶν σπερμάτων ( mikroteron pantōn tōn spermatōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:32μεῖζον τῶν λαχάνων ( meizon tōn lachanōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:32Lit and becomes a tree. EFE. Here Jesus is using hyperbole here for rhetorical effect (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32).+13:32Lit the birds of the sky. ME (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32). Cf NET.+13:32Dn 4:12; Ezk 17:23+13:32Cf Ps 47:7; Is 2:2-4, 9:6-7, 60:1-16; Dn 2:34-35, 44-45; Zc 14:9, 16; Ml 1:14; Ac 10:9-48.+13:33Ἄλλην παραβολὴν ( Allēn parabolēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:33Lit like leaven, or like yeast. ME(H)/IT (see LBD, sv leaven).+13:33Or mixed into, or kneaded into.+13:33Or 39.4 liters. Lit three sata. ME(H) (see UBSHS [Mt], 426). Cf HCSB, TEV.+13:33ἀλεύρου ( aleurou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:33Following the lead of the NAB in the rendering of ἕως ( heōs) here (see UBSHS [Mt], 426; cf UBSHS [Lk], 511; BDAG, 422, sv ἕως 1).+13:33Or all of it was leavened, or all of it was fermented, or all of it was swollen up. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, TEV; L-N, 5.12.+13:33Cf Lv 23:17; Mk 4:26-28; Rm 11:11-16; 1 Co 15:20-23; Eph 1:13-14; Col 1:24-29, 3:1-3.+13:34πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been segmented with commas for extra focus and emphasis.+13:35“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause here (see note at Mt 1:22).+13:35Lit I will open my mouth. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 5:2).+13:35Ps 78:2. Cf Dn 2:22; Rm 16:25; 1 Co 2:6-10; Eph 1:9, 3:1-13; Col 1:24-29.+13:36Lit he.+13:36IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+13:36Lit darnel. ME(H)/IT (see note at Mt 13:25).+13:37In this context, εἰμί ( eimi) means to “mean” or “represent” (see BDAG, 283, sv 2.c.). Below I also use synonyms to give some variety.+13:38Or people. Lit sons.+13:38Lit the darnel. ME(H)/IT (see note at Mt 13:25).+13:38Or people. Lit sons.+13:38Cf 2 Co 11:13-15; Re 2:2.+13:39συντέλεια αἰῶνός ( sunteleia aiōnos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:39Or consummation, or conclusion, or completion.+13:39ἄγγελοί ( angeloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+13:40Or with fire. Cf Mt 3:12; Mk 9:43, 48. πυρὶ ( puri) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+13:40οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft and an adverb have been used to give this constituent extra focus.+13:41Cf Mt 18:7-9; Re 21:7.+13:42Dn 3:6+13:42Cf Is 30:29-33; Mt 25:41; Re 2:11, 14:9-12, 19:20, 20:10.+13:43An allusion to Dn 12:3.+13:43Cf Dn 2:44-45, 7:22; 1 Co 15:41-42.+13:43Lit He who has ears, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 11:15).+13:44A rehiding or reburying is implied in this context. Cf CJB, HCSB, NASB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+13:46πολύτιμον ( polutimon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed at the end of the clause for primary stress.+13:47ἐκ παντὸς γένου ( ek pantos genou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed at the end of the clause for primary stress (cf KJV, ESV, LEB, NASV, NKJV, NRSV, RSV).+13:47Cf Gn 12:3,18:18, 22:18, 26:4, 28:14; Is 42:5, 49:6; Lk 2:32; Mt 8:11, 28:16-20; Mk 16:14-20; Ac 3:25, 10:9-48, 11:18, 13:47-48, 14:27, 26:15-18; Eph 3:1-13; Col 1:21-29; Re 7:1-13.+13:48Lit it.+13:48Lit they.+13:48ἔξω ( exo) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:49οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element.+13:50An allusion to Dn 3:6.+13:51IT. Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+13:51πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been segmented for extra focus.+13:52Cf Jb 23:12; Ps 119:11; Pr 2:1-4, 7:1.+13:53IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+13:54Lit them.+13:54An infinitive of result is used here. Cf ISV.+13:55τοῦ τέκτονος ( tou tektonos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:56πρὸς ἡμᾶς is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. Cf NLT.+13:56πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+13:57Cf Ps 118:22; Is 8:14; 28:16; Mt 11:6; Lk 2:34; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+14:1Lit the tetrach. ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 14:1). Cf Lk 3:1. Cf also CJB, NLT, NCV, TEV.+14:3Many of the verbs in this section are functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+14:3ἐν φυλακῇ ( en phulakē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+14:4Lit It is not lawful. ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+14:4Cf Lv 18:16, 20:21.+14:5The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NKJV, NRSV.+14:5Lit he.+14:5Lit him.+14:5προφήτην ( prophētēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:6Γενεσίοις τοῦ Ἡρῴδου ( Genesiois tou hērōdou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus this element.+14:7μεθʼ ὅρκου ( meth’ horkou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give this element extra focus.+14:8Lit she.+14:9Lit the king. ME(H) (see note at Mt 14:1).+14:10IT. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV.+14:12Lit his.+14:13Lit according to that which is private. ME(I/F). In this context, “private” means “away from the crowd.” Cf note at Mk 4:10.+14:13Or on foot.+14:14IT. Cf ISV, TEV.+14:14Or was moved with compassion for them. Lit was moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+14:15Ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+14:15ἔρημός ( erēmos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+14:15Cf Ex 16:1-3; Dt 8:2-3; Jn 6:31-51.+14:15Lit the hour has already passed. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+14:15IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+14:17IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+14:18Lit he.+14:19ME(H)/IT. The “loaves” were not long like those in supermarkets today, but were small and round (one person might normally eat three during a meal). Five loaves might have been enough for two people (see L-N, 5.8; UBSHS [Mt], 460).+14:19Or pickled. ME(H)/IT. The fish were not raw, but were cooked or pickled (see UBSHS [Mt], 460; UBSHS [Mk], 205).+14:19Or heaven.+14:19Or and asked God’s blessing upon them, or and praised God. Lit blessed. ME (see BSL, Mt 14:19, sv εὐλογέω; UBSHS [Mt], 461; translation and notes at Mk 10:16).+14:20Lit Everyone ate and was satisfied. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 462).+14:20Lit they.+14:20Lit took up, or removed, or carried. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mk], 210). In this context, “took up/removed” doesn’t mean “picked up off the ground,” but that the people put the leftovers in the baskets as the disciples went around with them, or possibly as people brought the leftovers back to the disciples, or both.+14:21Lit five thousand men, apart from... ME. Cf NCV, TEV.+14:22Lit he.+14:22IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+14:23ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+14:23μόνος ( monos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:24σταδίους πολλοὺς ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ( stadious pollous apo tēs gēs) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and thus a rhetorical question and adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+14:24Lit many stadia. One stadion was about 600 feet or 185 meters (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 14:23).+14:25Lit in the fourth watch of the night. ME(H) (see UBSHS [Mt], 467; NET Bible Notes, Mt 14:25). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+14:25Lit he.+14:26ἐπὶ τῆς θαλάσσης ( epi tēs thalassēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:26φάντασμά ( phantasma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:26Lit And from fear.+14:27Or I AM. Cf Ex 3:14-15, 23:21; Jn 1:1-3, 17:6. For an argument in favor of the divine name interpretation, see NAC [Mt], 234. Peter’s response, though, seems to favor a statement of simple identification. ἐγώ ( egō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis (a more colloquial rendering has been used in translation; cf UBSHS [Mt], 469).+14:28σὺ ( su) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:29Lit he.+14:29Πέτρος ( Petros) is thematically prominent (through post-positioning, if interpreted in connection with the participle clause [see BART Display]; or through pre-positioning, if interpreted as connected to the main clause [see LDGNT]). An intensive pronoun have thus been used to give this constituent extra prominence. καταβὰς ἀπὸ τοῦ πλοίου ( katabas apo tou ploiou) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+14:29Lit He came, or He began to come.+14:31Lit of him.+14:31Lit he.+14:33θεοῦ υἱὸς ( theou huios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). Also, genitives that precede their head noun are often emphatic (see Black, Grammar, 201). Italics and an emphatic adjective have thus been used to give extra focus to this element.+14:34The direct object is implied here. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+14:34Lit at Gennesaret. ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 14:34).+14:35Lit they sent. ME. Cf NLT.+14:35κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+14:36A permissive idea is implied here. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+14:36Lit the tassel. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 564, sv κράσπεδον 2; NET Bible Notes, Mt 9:20). Cf Nu 15:37-41; Dt 22:12.+14:36Cf Nu 15:37-41, Dt 22:12.+15:1Φαρισαῖοι καὶ γραμματεῖς ( pharisaioi kai grammateis) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+15:2Lit the tradition of the elders. ME(H) (see NAC [Mt], 237; Stern, JNTC, Mk 7:1; UBSHS [Mt], 478). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+15:2Lit For they don’t wash their hands. ME(H) (see NAC [Mt], 237; Stern, JNTC, Mk 7:1; UBSHS [Mt], 478).+15:3καὶ ὑμεῖς ( kai humeis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:4Ex 20:12; Dt 5:16+15:4Ex 21:17; Lv 20:9+15:5A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+15:5ἐξ ἐμοῦ ( ex emou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+15:5δῶρον ( dōron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus dashes and a demonstrative pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:5Lit a gift. ME(H)/IT (see L-N, 53.22; NAC, 238; NET Bible Notes, Mk 7:11; cf Mk 7:11.). Cf HCSB.+15:5Cf Mk 7:11; 1 Ti 5:4.+15:6A result is implied here. Cf CJB, ESV, NIV, NKJV, NLT, NRSV, RSV; BDAG, 495, sv καὶ 1.b.ζ.+15:6IT (see ANLEX, 42, sv ἀκυρόω 2; DBL Greek, #218; L-N, 76.25; NAC, 238). Cf ISV.+15:6“Laws designed to build a fence around the Torah are actually undermining it” ( NAC [Mt], 238).+15:7Lit Isaiah prophesied well concerning you, saying. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NLT, NIV, TEV.+15:8τοῖς χείλεσίν ( tois cheilesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:8πόρρω ( porrō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:9μάτην ( matēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the sentence has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent (cf CJB, NLT, NCV). An adverb has also been used to the same end.+15:9The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+15:9The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of production. This is reflected in the translation. The genitive of production is closely related to the genitive of source (see Wallace, Grammar, 104-5).+15:9IT (see note at Mt 19:26).+15:9Is 29:13+15:11τὸ εἰσερχόμενον εἰς τὸ στόμα ( to eiserchomenon eis to stoma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:11τοῦτο ( touto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element’s referent. ἀλλὰ ( alla) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+15:12Lit stumbled. ME (see BSL, Mt 15:12, sv σκανδαλίζω). Cf Ps 118:22; Is 8:14; 28:16; Mt 11:6; Lk 2:34; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+15:12Or this word, or this statement.+15:13Lit he.+15:14τυφλοί ὁδηγοὶ ( tuphloi odēgoi) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+15:14VPR. See VCC (Mt 15:14).+15:14ὁδηγῇ ( hodēgē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+15:14εἰς βόθυνον ( eis bothunon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+15:15This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+15:16“Disciples” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+15:16καὶ ὑμεῖς ( kai humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+15:16Lit \it he.+15:17εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν ( eis tēn koilian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+15:17εἰς ἀφεδρῶνα ( eis aphedrōna) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+15:18ἐκ τῆς καρδίας ( ek tēs kardias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:18Cf Ps 15:1-2, 24:3-4; Pr 4:23.+15:18κἀκεῖνα ( kakeina) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+15:19Or thoughts, or ideas, or designs, or reasonings. Cf LEB.+15:19“Acts” is derived from the plural form of the nouns in this verse (see UBSHS [Mk], 233).+15:19Lit blasphemies, or slanders.+15:20ταῦτά ( tauta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element (this is, in fact, the literal rendering).+15:20A downtoning effect is implied in this context.+15:20ἀνίπτοις χερσὶν ( aniptois chersin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+15:22IT. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+15:22γυνὴ Χαναναία ( gunē Chananaia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+15:22κακῶς ( kakōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final within the ME (see following note) for extra focus and stress.+15:22Lit My daughter is demonized severely/badly. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+15:23Lit he.+15:23This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+15:24Lit house. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 11.58).+15:25Lit she.+15:26Lit \it he.+15:28ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 15:25). “Woman” was a polite form of address. Cf NLT.+15:28μεγάλη ( megalē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+15:28Lit hour. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, TEV.+15:32Or is moved with compassion for. Lit moved in the inner parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+15:32ἡμέραι τρεῖς ( hēmerai treis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+15:32ἀπολῦσαι αὐτοὺς νήστεις ( apolusai autous nēsteis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ (interpreted adversatively here, based on the context) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+15:32IT. A return trip home is implied here (see UBSHS [Mt], 503). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV. Cf also Mk 8:3.+15:36Lit he.+15:36IT. The “loaves” were not long like those in supermarkets today, but were small and round (one person might normally eat three during a meal). Five loaves might have been enough for two people (see L-N, 5.8; UBSHS [Mt], 460).+15:36Or pickled. IT. The fish were not raw, but were cooked or pickled (see UBSHS [Mt], 460; UBSHS [Mk], 205).+15:36The verb is implied here from the preceding clause. Cf most English translations.+15:37Lit Everyone ate and was satisfied. ME (see note at Mt 14:20)+15:37Lit they.+15:37Lit took up, or removed, or carried. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mk], 210). In this context, “took up/removed” doesn’t mean “picked up off the ground,” but that the people put the leftovers in the baskets as the disciples went around with them, or possibly as people brought the leftovers back to the disciples, or both.+15:38Lit four thousand men, apart from... ME. Cf TEV.+15:39Lit he.+16:1The direct object is implied from the context. Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+16:1The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of purpose. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, LEB, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+16:1σημεῖον ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ( sēmeion ek tou ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+16:1ME/IT (see note at Mt 12:38).+16:1Or from the sky. Cf Ex 4:1–9, 7:8–13, 10:21-23; 1 Ki 18:38; 2 Ki 1:9-16; Ps 19:1-5; Is 13:10, 34:4; Jl 2:10, 30-31; Hab 3:11; Mt 24:29; Mk 8:11-12; Lk 21:11; Re 6:12-13, 8:12.+16:2Lit he.+16:2ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+16:2Lit Fair weather for the sky is red. ME(H)/EFE. This is referring to weather the next day (see UBSHS [Mt], 510). It also seems that Jesus is alluding to some sort of proverbial expression (see NAC [Mt], 247). Following the lead of the ISV, I have attempted to convey a bit of the proverbial nature of the expression in translation here.+16:3Lit Today there will be stormy weather, because the sky is red and gloomy. ME(H)/EFE (see the note at “is red” in v 2).+16:3γινώσκετε διακρίνειν ( ginōskete diakrinein) is a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. An auxiliary verb has also been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+16:3οὐ δύνασθε ( ou dunasthe) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT) and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+16:4γενεὰ πονηρὰ καὶ μοιχαλὶς ( genea ponēra kai moichalis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NLT; UBSHS [Mt], 386.+16:4Cf Dt 6:16; Is 7:12, 13:10, 34:4; Jl 2:10, 30-31; Am 5:18; Hab 3:11; Mt 24:29; Mk 8:11-12; Lk 21:11; Re 6:12-13, 8:12.+16:4τὸ σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ ( to sēmeion Yōna) is in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a colon has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:4Cf Mt 12:32-42.+16:5“Of the lake” is implied here. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+16:5IT (see UBSHS [Mt], 513). Cf NLT.+16:5ἄρτους ( artous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:7Lit they.+16:7ἄρτους ( artous) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:8The direct object is implied from the context. Cf most English translations.+16:8ἄρτους ( artous) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:9“Disciples” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+16:9Cf Mk 8:19-21.+16:11EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this type of context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+16:11περὶ ἄρτων ( peri artōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+16:11IT (see v 6). Cf NLT.+16:12Lit that he did not say. ME.+16:12ἀπὸ τῆς ζύμης τῶν ἄρτων ( apo tēs zumēs tōn artōn) and ἀπὸ τῆς διδαχῆς τῶν Φαρισαίων καὶ Σαδδουκαίων ( apo tēs didachēs tōn Pharisaiōn kai Saddoukaiōn) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give these elements extra focus.+16:15“Disciples” is drawn from the plural “you” here, and the context.+16:15τίνα ( tina) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+16:17σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα ( sarx kai haima) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ( ho patēr mou ho en tois ouranois) in E-O (see LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+16:17ME(OTB/I/F)/IT (see BDAG, 26, sv αἷμα 1.a.).+16:17IT (see note at Mt 19:26).+16:18IT. In Greek, Πέτρος ( petros) means “rock.” Since information flow here is tied to the meaning of Peter’s name, the IT has been made explicit in translation.+16:18Cf Ac 20:32; Eph 2:20; 2 Co 10:8, 13:10.+16:18Lit the gates of Hades. ME(OTB). In the LXX, ᾅδης ( Hadēs) is used for the Hebrew word Sheol (cf, eg, Ps 6:6 in the LXX and 6:5 in the MT; Ps 9:18 in the LXX and 9:17 in the MT). It is to be noted that Sheol is the abode of the dead, and is to be distinguished from Gehenna, or the lake of lire (an eschatological place of punishment). For more on this topic, see www.danieltrainingnetwork.org. πύλαι ᾅδου ( pulai hadou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:18Cf Ps 6:4-6, 16:10, 18:4-6, 30:3, 49:15, 86:13, 88:3-7, 89:46-48, 116:3-8; Ho 13:14; Jn 5:28-29; Ac 20:32, 24:15; 1 Co 15:55; 1 Th 4:13-18; Heb 2:14-15; Re 2:7, 20:4.+16:19Here, δίδωμι ( didōmi) carries connotations of care, stewardship, and responsibility (see BDAG, 242, sv 5; Mt 16:19 is cited as a specific example).+16:19Cf Is 22:22; Re 3:7.+16:19The context indicates that the genitive here is functioning as a genitive of direction (“keys” open a door to/into something). Cf ISV. Cf also Mt 23:13: “You [Pharisees] shut the kingdom of heaven in people’s faces... you neither enter (εἰσέρχεσθε [ eiserchesthe]) nor allow those who would enter (τοὺς εἰσερχομένους [ tous eiserchomenous]) to go in (εἰσελθεῖν [eiselthein])” (ESV). The point here is that the gospel made known in the apostolic teaching would open the door for people to be included in the coming Kingdom of God, when death (cf “Sheol/Hades” in the preceding verse) will be overturned by means of the resurrection of the body.+16:19Cf Mt 13:11; 23:16; Ac 2:37-41, 10:1-48; 1 Co 4:1-2; 2 Co 10:8, 13:10; Eph 3:1-12.+16:19Cf Mt 18:18, where a plural “you” is used.+16:19Cf Mt 18:15-20; Jn 20:23; Ac 5:1-11, 8:18-23, 13:9-12; 1 Co 5:3-5, 9-13; Re 2:20-23.+16:19Lit Whatever you bind on the earth will have been bound in the heavens, and whatever you loose on the earth will have been loosed in the heavens. ME(H). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV. In first century Israel, “binding and loosing” was technical language used in context to the various judicial, legislative, disciplinary, and pedagogical activities of the synagogue. In a teaching and legislative context, “binding” meant a strict interpretation and requirement, while “loosing” meant a more relaxed interpretation and requirement (cf, eg, Mt 5-7, 11:25-30, 23:1-4; Ac 15:10). In a judicial and disciplinary context, “binding” meant the administration of some form of discipline (cf, eg, Mt 18:15-20; Ac 5:1-11, 8:18-23, 13:9-12; 1 Co 5:3-5, 9-13; Re 2:20-23 Mt 18:15-20), while “loosing” meant freeing someone from liability to punishment, ie, the pronouncement of forgiveness, mercy, and pardon (cf, eg, Jn 20:22-23; 2 Co 2:5-11). “Binding and loosing” in the human arena, moreover, was carried out on the assumption of a prior ruling in the heavenly courtroom (cf, eg, 1 Ki 22:19-23; Jr 23:18; Dn 4:13-17, 5:24-30; Ac 5:1-11, 8:18-23, 13:9-12; 1 Co 5:3-5, 9-13; 2 Co 13:1-4, 10). For more on “binding and loosing” in its historical context, see Edersheim, L&T, 2:85; FC, Manners, 443; Keener in Mounce, Grammar, 121; Stern, JNTC, Mt 16:19; TCBC, 412; Vincent, Word Studies, 1:96. The NAC rightly includes “making entrance into God’s kingdom available” through “witness, preaching, and ministry” (based on the imagery of Is 22:22) as part of “binding and loosing” (see NAC [Mt], 254), but makes an unwarranted claim when it (seemingly) severs preaching and teaching from discipleship requirements and discipline (cf, eg, Mt 18:15-20; 28:19-20; 1 Co 6:9; Eph 5:5). Its suggestion that we look to “more immediate parallels” (p 254), and its claim that binding and loosing in the sense of “prohibit and permit...reflects a fairly late, rabbinic usage” ( Ibid), are quite odd given that Jesus uses the very same phraseology only two chapters later—and that in a clearly disciplinary context. There is simply no good reason to pit the imagery of passages like Is 22:22 against the other evidence.+16:20Lit he.+16:21Here, God’s divine plan of redemption through the Messiah, as revealed in the Old Testament Scriptures, is in view, and thus δεῖ ( dei) is signaling events that are inevitable because they are happening according to God’s plan and decree. Cf DBL Greek, #1256.1; ESL, #1163.1E; LEH LXX Lex, sv; L-N, 71.34; translation and notes at Jn 4:4.+16:21Cf Dt 16:5-6; 1 Co 5:7. εἰς Ἱεροσόλυμα ( eis Yerosoluma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+16:21πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+16:21Cf Ps 22; Is 53.+16:21Cf Ex 12:1-28; Lv 23:4-8; Dt 16:1-8; Jn 19:36; 1 Co 5:7.+16:21Cf Lv 23:9-14; 1 Co 15:4, 20.+16:22This is an οὐ μὴ ( ou mē) + aorist subjunctive construction, which is the strongest and most emphatic form of negation in Koine Greek (see Black, Grammar, 180; Mounce, Grammar, 316; NET Bible Notes, Re 3:3). Italics have been used to convey the strength of the negation here.+16:23Cf CJB, ISV. The parallel in Mark (Mk 8:33) suggests that in this incident Jesus is turning from Peter, rather than turning toward him. The words “get behind me,” therefore, are accompanied by a powerful visual demonstration.+16:23σκάνδαλον ἐμοῦ ( skandalon emou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:23τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ( ta tou theou) and τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ( ta tōn anthrōpōn) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+16:23Lit things. Here the context makes it clear what the “things” are. Cf Php 2:1-4 (note the contextual proximity of τὰ [ ta] and φρονέω [ phroneō]). Cf HCSB, NASB, NET.+16:24ὀπίσω μου ( opisō mou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+16:24Lit come after me. ME(H) (see notes at Mt 4:19 and 10:38; UBSHS [Mt], 529). Cf NEB, NET, NJB, NLT.+16:24Cf Jn 6:66.+16:25Or wants, or intends, or purposes.+16:25σῶσαι ( sōsai) is an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+16:25A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+16:25Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 530). Note, too, the presence of θέλω ( thelō) in the first topical frame of v 25 (cf ANLEX, 196, sv θέλω 2, 3).+16:25Or for.+16:25Cf Ps 49; Mt 10:38-39; Mk 8:35; Lk 9:24, 17:33; Jn 12:25.+16:26Lit What will a person be profited/benefited...?. The lexeme here assumes and overlaps with ideas of value and worth (see, eg, BDAG, 1107, sv ὠφελέω; DBL Greek, #6067, #6068). Cf NCV. Cf also Mk 8:36. In contemporary English, this type of rhetorical question is expressed naturally with something like “Is it really worth it?”+16:26τὸν κόσμον ὅλον ( ton kosmon holon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:26ME/IT. Here, κόσμος ( kosmos) means “the sum total of earthly riches” (see BDAG, 541, sv κερδαίνω 1.a.; UBSHS [Mk], 267).+16:26Or suffers the loss of.+16:26τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ( tēn de psuchēn autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:26Cf 1 Ti 6:8-10, 17-19.+16:26Cf Ps 49:7-9.+16:27Cf Is 40:5; Ezk 1:26-28, 3:12-13, 3:23; Dn 7:13-14.+16:27Cf Mt 13:41.+16:27Lit according to his doing. Cf NLT, TEV.+16:27Ps 28:4, 62:12. Cf Jb 34:11; Pr 24:12; Jr 17:10, 32:19; Rm 2:6, 14:12; 2 Co 5:10; 1 Pt 1:17; Re 2:23, 20:12, 22:12.+16:28IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+16:28ὧδε ( hōde) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+16:28Or before, or until. The theme of mere mortals thinking they might die while in the presence of God’s glory is common in Scripture (see, eg, Ge 32:30; Ex 19:19-21, 24:9-11, 33:20; Dt 4:33, 5:24-26; Nu 4:20; Jg 6:22-23, 13:22; 1 Sa 6:19; Is 6:1-7; Re 1:17). The story that immediately follows this statement—Jesus’ transfiguration in glory on the mountain (cf Ex 33-34)—is a similar type of event (cf 2 Pt 1:16-18). The context, therefore, suggests that ἕως ( heōs) here is signaling contemporaneity; ie, those who see and experience Jesus’ glory on the mountain won’t die for the duration of the time they are in God’s glorious presence (for the ability of ἕως to function as a marker of contemporaneity, see ANLEX, 184, sv 1.c.; BDAG, 423, sv 2; DBL Greek, #2401.2; L-N, 67.139; for examples with the subjunctive mood, see Mt 14:22, 26:36; Mk 14:32; Lk 17:8). Given the serious potential of people dying in God’s presence, Jesus’ strong assurance that those privileged to see the upcoming event won’t die (note the use of the οὐ μὴ [ ou mē] + aorist subjunctive construction here) is especially appropriate! At the same time, ἕως ( heōs) in the sense of “until” or “before” also makes sense here, since Jesus has a visionary experience in mind (see the following note).+16:28The context makes it clear that Jesus is referring here to a visionary experience of limited duration: “When they lifted up their eyes, they saw (εἶδον [ eidon]) no one but Jesus only” (17:8); “Tell no one about the vision (ὅραμα [ horama])” (17:9, emphasis mine). This is confirmed by 2 Pt 1:16. In support of the interpretation that the transfiguration event is in view here, see NAC (Mt), 261.+16:28Dn 7:13 (LXX)+16:28Or in. Since the upcoming vision includes Moses and Elijah, it may be that “Kingdom” here is being used metonymically for the citizens who will inherit it at the Second Coming. Cf Dn 7:21-22; 1 Co 15:23; Php 3:21; Col 3:1; 1 Th 3:13; Heb 11:39-40.+16:28Cf Is 4:4:2-6, 60:1; Dn 2:34-35, 2:44-45, 7:21-22; Mk 9:1; 1 Co 4:20; 1 Th 3:13; 2 Pe 1:16-20.+17:1Lit Peter and James and John his brother. Cf NLT, TEV.+17:1Lit according to that which is private. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 272).+17:2Cf Dn 12:3; Mt 13:43; 1 Co 15:35-49; 2 Pe 1:16-21; Re 1:16.+17:3Lit with him.+17:4καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft and an adverb have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+17:4ὧδε ( hōde) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:4Cf Lv 23:42.+17:4σοὶ ( soi) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus this element.+17:4Μωϋσεῖ ( Mōusei) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+17:4Ἠλίᾳ ( ēlia) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:5νεφέλη φωτεινὴ ( nepelē phōteinē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+17:5Cf Ex 40:35 (LXX). Cf also Ps 91:1.+17:5Cf Ex 13:21-22, 14:19-24, 19:16-18, 20:18, 24:15-18, 33:9-10, 40:28-29; 2 Ch 7:1; Dt 4:33, 5:24-26; Is 4:2-6; Ezk 1:4-6, 25-28. This wasn’t a cute cumulus cloud! It was the Shekinah Glory (cf NAC [Mt], 264; Spence, PC [Mt], 173).+17:5φωνὴ ( phōnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+17:5Or on whom my favor rests. Cf Is 42:1; Mt 3:17; Jn 5:37.+17:5Lit Hear him. ME (see L-N, 36.14).+17:5Cf Jn 5:45-46; Ac 3:22-23.+17:6Lit and feared greatly. ME. Cf NIV.+17:9ἐκ νεκρῶν ( ek nekrōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+17:10Ἠλίαν ( ēlian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:10Cf Ml 4:5-6.+17:11Ml 4:6 (cf LXX).+17:11Ml 4:6 makes it clear that the “things” “turned back” or “brought back” are “hearts.” Cf Dt 30:2-3; 1 Ki 18:37-38; 2 Ki 1:1-16; Ml 4:6, Re 11:3-6. Cf also the NET’s rendering of Ml 4:6.+17:12IT. That John is not literally Elijah is obvious from the context. John is “Elijah” in the sense that his ministry is carried out “in the spirit and power of Elijah” (Lk 1:15). The coming of Elijah himself awaits the end of the age (cf Ml 4; Re 11). “In a sense” is used here to signal the figurative usage here (the UBSHS often encourages the inclusion of such markers in translation; see, eg, UBSHS [Mk], 138).+17:12Cf Lk 1:17.+17:12Lit did to him as many things as they wanted. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 543).+17:12καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ( kai ho huios tou anthrōpou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+17:13περὶ Ἰωάννου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ ( peri Yōannou tou Baptistou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent.+17:14Lit When they.+17:14Lit to him.+17:15κακῶς ( kakōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+17:15γὰρ ( gar) here is signaling that this clause is providing support for the preceding clause. I have signaled this supportive relationship in translation by rendering the verb as a participle and connecting it directly to the preceding clause.+17:15Lit into [with submergence implied]. The concern here and in the parallel in Mark (Mk 9:22) is not that the boy has been falling into shallow water, but that the demon has tried to drown the boy. I have signaled this in translation with “under” (following the lead of those who translated the NT into the Zoque language; see UBSHS [Mk], 286).+17:16θεραπεῦσαι ( therapeusai) is a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:17ἕως πότε ( heōs pote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+17:17Lit him.+17:18Lit him.+17:19Lit according to one’s own/what is private. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 290).+17:19ἡμεῖς ( hēmeis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus.+17:19Lit it.+17:20Lit Because of your littleness of faith. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+17:20IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+17:20Some manuscripts have verse 21 here: “But this kind does not go out except by prayer and fasting” (NIV).+17:24Lit the collectors of the double drachma. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 17:24). Cf Ex 30:11-16. τὰ δίδραχμα ( ta didrachma) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+17:24Cf Ex 30:13-16.+17:25Lit he.+17:25Lit sons. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mt], 555). Cf NLT, TEV.+17:25Lit or from the foreigners/strangers. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 47, sv ἀλλότριος 1.b.β.; UBSHS [Mt], 555). Cf NLT, TEV.+17:26Lit he.+17:26Lit sons. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 555). Cf NLT, TEV.+17:26ἐλεύθεροί ( eleutheroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+17:26Lit free. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, TEV.+17:27Cf Rm 14:13-23; 1 Co 8:7-13.+17:27τὸν ἀναβάντα πρῶτον ἰχθὺν ( ton anabanta prōton ichthun) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this element.+17:27Lit the first fish that comes up. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 556). Cf JB, TEV.+17:27Or a coin worth four days’ wages. Lit a stater. ME(H) (see BDAG, 940, sv στατήρ; DBL Greek, #5088; L-N, 6.80; NAC [Mt], 271; NET Bible Notes, Mt 17:27). Cf TEV.+17:27Lit for me and you. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Mt], 556). Cf NIV, NLT, TEV.+18:1VPR. See VCC (Mt 18:1, 3).+18:1μείζων ( meizōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+18:2Lit he.+18:2Drawing from the UBSHS in the translation of ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν ( en mesō autōn) here (see UBSHS [Mt], 558).+18:3IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+18:3This is an οὐ μὴ ( ou mē) + aorist subjunctive construction, which is the strongest and most emphatic form of negation in Koine Greek (see Black, Grammar, 180; Mounce, Grammar, 316; NET Bible Notes, Re 3:3). An adverb has been used to convey the strength of the negation here. The move from one extreme to the other—ie, from a question about who “the greatest” will be to a question about basic “entry” into the Kingdom—creates a shocking/surprising effect in this context. Cf CJB.+18:4οὗτός ( houtos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft (a near demonstrative is used in the Greek text) has been used to give extra focus to the referent of this element.+18:4VPR. See VCC (Mt 18:1,3).+18:4Cf Jm 4:10.+18:5Lit one such child, or one child like such, or one child of such a kind. ME (see translation and note at Mt 10:41).+18:5Lit in my name. ME (see translation and notes at Mt 10:41). Cf Mt 10:37-42; Mk 9:41.+18:5ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic personal pronoun and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+18:5IT. A situation beyond what is immediately apparent to the host is implied here.+18:6A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+18:6Lit little ones, or small ones. ME (see note at Mt 10:42).+18:6Cf 2 Co 11:1-6.+18:7ME/IT (see ANLEX, 287, sv οὐαί 2; DBL Greek, #4026; L-N, 22.9; UBSHS [Re], 141). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+18:7IT (see BDAG, 926, sv σκάνδαλον). Cf ISV, NLT.+18:7Lit must come. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 563). Cf NLT.+18:7Lit woe to. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 287, sv οὐαί 2; DBL Greek, #4026; L-N, 22.9; UBSHS [Re], 141). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+18:8ἡ χείρ σου ἢ ὁ πούς σου ( ‘ē xeir sou ē ho pous sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+18:8καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+18:8δύο χεῖρας ἢ δύο πόδας ἔχοντα ( duo cheiras ē duo podas echonta) is in P2 (see BART Display), with δύο χεῖρας ἢ δύο πόδας in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The element has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Italics have also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the newly activated information.+18:9The focal prominence given to “your eye” (see BART Display) is underscoring the contrast here between different parts of the body (metaphorically speaking) that might cause the stumbling.+18:9ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ( ho ophthalmos sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+18:9καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+18:9μονόφθαλμον ( monophtalmon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+18:9δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντα ( duo ophthalmous echonta) is in P2 (see BART Display), with δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The element has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Italics have also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the newly activated information.+18:10Lit these little ones, or small ones. ME (see note at Mt 10:42). Cf Rm 14:13-25; 1 Co 8:1-13, 11:22; 2 Co 2:5-11; Jm 2:1-13; Pt 5:1-5.+18:10Lit the angels of them, or their angels. The genitive here has been interpreted as an objective genitive (cf UBSHS [Mt], 565). The implied verbal information has been made explicit in translation. Cf Gn 19:1, 15; Ps 91:11; Dn 4:13, 12:1; Ac 12:15; Heb 1:14.+18:10Cf Jb 1:6; Ps 89:5-7, 103:20-21; Dn 7:10; Re 5:11, 8:2. διὰ παντὸς ( dia pantos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+18:10Some manuscripts have verse 11: “For the Son of Man came to save the lost” (ESV).+18:14Lit it is not the will in the presence of your Father in the heavens. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+18:14Lit little ones, or small ones. ME (see translation and note at Mt 10:42).+18:15Included within the meaning of the lexeme used here (ἐλέγχω [ elenchō]) is some degree of argumentation in an effort to convince, and also a measure of firmness in the correction (see BSL, Mt 18:15; BDAG, 315, sv ἐλέγχω 2, 3; DBL Greek, #1794; L-N, 33.417). The former is signaled in translation here through “clearly,” and the latter through “firmly.” Cf Ga 6:1; 2 Ti 3:25.+18:15Lit between you and him alone. ME. Cf ISV, NET. Cf Pr 27:5-6; Ps 141:5.+18:15ἀκούσῃ ( akousē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+18:15A gaining back is implied here (cf vv 12-13, 15). Cf ISV, NET.+18:15Cf Lk 17:3; 2 Co 2:5-11; Ga 6:1-4; Jm 5:19.+18:16ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων ἢ τριῶν ( epi stomatos duo marturōn ē triōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+18:16Lit mouth. ME(I/F). Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NET, NIV.+18:16Dt 19:15+18:17καὶ τῆς ἐκκλησίας ( kai tēs ekklēsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ been rendered ascensively to give this element extra focus. δὲ ( de) has also been used as a spacer to the same end. Cf ESV, HCSB, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+18:17Lit let him be to you. ME. Cf ISV.+18:17Cf 1 Cor 5:9-13; 2 Th 3:6; 2 Ti 3:5; Re 2:21-23.+18:18IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+18:18Cf Mt 16:19; Ac 5:1-11, 8:18-23, 13:9-12; 1 Co 5:3-5, 9-13; Re 2:20-23.+18:18Lit Whatever you bind on the earth will have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on the earth will have been loosed in heaven. ME(H) (see note at Mt 16:19). Cf Mt 16:19; Jn 20:22-23; Ac 2:37-40; Ac 10; 2 Co 2:5-11.+18:19δύο ἐξ ὑμῶν is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+18:19Drawing from L-N in translation here (see L-N, 31.15).+18:19Cf 1 Co 5:3-5.+18:20Cf Ac 5:1-11; 1 Co 5:3-5, 11:27-32; 2 Co 13:1-4; Re 2:20-23.+18:21VPR. See VCC (Mt 18:21). Cf TEV.+18:21Lit How many times will my brother sin against me and I will forgive him? Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here, the implied subordinate idea is either conditional (cf TEV) or temporal (cf NCV, NIV) in nature.+18:22ἕως ἑπτάκις ( heōs heptakis) and ἕως ἑβδομηκοντάκις ἑπτά ( heōs hebdomēkontakis hepta) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+18:22Cf 2 Co 2:5-11.+18:24Lit 10,000 talents. ME(H). 1 talent equaled 6,000 denarii, and at this time 1 denarius was a typical day’s wage for a worker (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 18:24).+18:25The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV.+18:25Lit he.+18:25IT. The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf TEV.+18:26Lit before him.+18:26This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8. The context here gives the request added urgency.+18:26πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an extra adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element (lit “all things”).+18:27The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB.+18:27Or because he had compassion. Lit because he was moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+18:27Cf Lv 25.+18:28Lit 100 denarii. ME(H) (see note at Mt 18:24).+18:29This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8. The context here gives the request added urgency.+18:30Lit him.+18:32Lit him.+18:32πᾶσαν τὴν ὀφειλὴν ἐκείνην ( pasan tēn opheilēn ekeinēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+18:33κἀγὼ ( kagō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+18:34Cf NET.+18:35οὕτως ( houōs) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+18:35Cf Pr 21:13; Mt 6:12; Mk 11:26; Jm 2:13.+19:3The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of purpose. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NET, NIV, NRSV.+19:3Lit Is it lawful. ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+19:4Lit he.+19:4ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ( arsen kai thēlu) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+19:4Gn 1:27+19:5Gn 2:24+19:6ὁ θεὸς ( ho theos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. οὖν ( oun) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+19:6Choosing a more literal rendering here. I love the imagery of oxen carrying a load together side-by-side as a picture of marriage!+19:7Dt 24:1+19:8πρὸς τὴν σκληροκαρδίαν ὑμῶν ( pros tēn sklērokardian humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this constituent extra focus. Cf ISV, NRSV.+19:9A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+19:9Or sexual immorality. See note at Mt 5:32.+19:9IT (see UBSHS [Mk], 314). Cf NCV.+19:9Cf Mt 5:31-32.+19:10οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+19:10Lit If such is the reason of the husband with the wife. ME. Cf NCV. This rendering was chosen to maintain the link with the original question in vs 3.+19:11πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and οἷς δέδοται ( ois dedotai) in E-O (see LDGNT; or a split focal position [see BART Display]), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). Thus, the negative particle has been placed directly before πάντες to give it extra focus, and “only” (a restrictive idea is clearly implied in this context) has been used to give extra focus to the split element. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+19:11Cf 1 Co 7:7. For this gloss of δίδωμι ( didōmi), see BDAG, 242, sv 7; DBL Greek, #1443.5; L-N, 37.98.+19:12A causal idea is implied here (see UBSHS [Mt], 595). Cf CJV, NIV, TEV.+19:12ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς ( ek koilias mētros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+19:12Lit by men, or by people. Cf NCV, NET, NLT.+19:12Lit and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs. ME(I/F) (see ANLEX, 179, sv εὐνουχίζω; DBL Greek, #2335.2; L-N, 9.27). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+19:12Cf 1 Co 7:7, 29-35.+19:13Lit to him.+19:13Lit in order that he might. Here, the purpose/intent of the ἵνα ( hina) clause and the potentiality of the subjunctive mood have been signaled by “in hopes that.” Cf NCV at Ac 5:15.+19:13Lit on them. IT (see Stern, JNTC, Mk 10:16; UBSHS [Mt], 598).+19:13Cf Mk 6:2. τὰς χεῖρας ( tas xeiras) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+19:13Lit scolded them. The referent has been specified here for the same reasons discussed in the NET Bible Notes (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 19:13). Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+19:14τῶν τοιούτων ( tōn toioutōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been to give this constituent extra focus (cf NRSV). γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+19:14ME/IT (see translation and notes at Mt 10:42, 18:5).+19:16Lit to him.+19:16εἷς ( heis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+19:16This is a more literal rendering of ζωὴν αἰώνιον ( zōēn aiōnion), which most English translations render as “eternal life.” See UBSHS (Jn), 88.+19:17τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+19:17Lit he.+19:17εἷς ( heis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent (a restrictive idea is implied here). Cf most English translations.+19:17εἰς τὴν ζωὴν ( his tēn zōēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+19:17Cf Ps 21:1-7, 91:16.+19:17Cf Dt 4:1, 4:40, 5:33, 6:24, 8:1, 16:20, 30:15, 30:19-20, 32:46-47; Lv 18:5; Ne 9:29; Ps 21:1-7, 34:14, 91:16; Pr 3:1-2, 10:27; Ezk 20:21; Jn 14:15. The promise of “life” in the covenants, whether expressly stated or implied (for an example of the latter, see Gn 15:7-8; cf Heb 6:13-19), is meaningless if not ultimately understood in terms of eternal life.+19:18Lit he.+19:18These are imperatival futures.+19:18Ex 20:13; Dt 5:17+19:18Ex 20:14; Dt 5:18+19:18Ex 20:15; Dt 5:19+19:18Ex 20:16; Dt 5:20+19:19Ex 20:12; Dt 5:16+19:19Lv 19:18+19:20ἐφύλαξα ( ephulaxa) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+19:21Drawing from the LALS in translation here (see LALS, sv τέλειος [ teleios]). LXX examples include Gn 6:9, Dt 18:13, and 2 Ki 22:26. τέλειος ( teleios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+19:21IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+19:21IT. “Stored away” is implied here (see BDAG, 456, sv θησαυρός, 2.b.α.). Cf note at Mt 5:12. The treasure/reward is received not at death (Platonism), but at the Second Coming.+19:21Cf Mt 6:16-18; Lk 14:14; 1 Ti 6:17-19.+19:21Lit come, follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+19:21Cf 1 Ki 19:19-21.+19:23IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+19:23δυσκόλως ( duskolōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+19:23Cf 1 Ti 6:9-10; Re 3:17-18.+19:24εὐκοπώτερόν ( eukpōteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+19:24διὰ τρυπήματος ῥαφίδος ( dia trupēmatos raphidos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective and comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+19:26ME(OTB)/IT. Cf NET. When God and human beings are being contrasted in Scripture, the comparison typically carries connotations of God’s greatness and superiority and exalted status in comparison to the weakness and futility of human strength and wisdom (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 19:26). See, eg, 2 Ch 32:8; Ps 39:11, 118:6, 144:3-4, 146:3; Is 2:22, 40:15; Jr 17:5.+19:26ἀδύνατόν ( adunaton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+19:26πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+19:27In English, switches in topic are often introduced with a question. Cf, eg, the NIV and TEV at Mt 16:15, Mk 8:29, and Lk 9:20.+19:27Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, and/or when some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf NET, NLT.+19:27Lit and followed you. ME(H) (see translation and note at Mt 5:12).+19:28IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+19:28Lit you who have followed me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 5:12).+19:28Or in the regeneration (NASB, NKJV), or at the renewal of all things (NIV, NRSV), or in the age when all things are renewed (NET), or in the renewed creation (ISV), or in the Messianic Age (HCSB). Cf Is 65:17, 66:22; Ac 3:21; 2Pt 3:13; Re 21:1.+19:28Or on his glorious throne, or on the throne of his glory. Cf Ex 24:17, 33:22; Ps 89:3-4, 89:29, 89:36; Is 4:2-6, 9:7, 11:10-11; Jr 3:17-18, 17:12; Ezk 1:26-28, 43:7; Lk 1:32-33.+19:28Lit will sit on twelve thrones. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 609). Cf TEV.+19:28κρίνω ( krinō) includes both judicial and governmental functions (see TWOT, 947-9; UBSHS [Mt], 609; cf, eg, 1 Ki 3:16-28). Cf ISV.+19:28Cf Is 1:26; Jr 3:15-18, 23:4.+19:29ἑκατονταπλασίονα ( hekatontaplasiona) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+19:29ζωὴν αἰώνιον ( zōēn aiōnion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+19:29Cf Ps 21:1-7. This is a more literal rendering of ζωὴν αἰώνιον ( zōēn aiōnion), which most English translations render as “eternal life.” See UBSHS (Jn), 88.+19:30πολλοὶ πρῶτοι ( polloi prōtoi) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). δὲ ( de) has therefore been used as a spacer to give extra focus to the preposed constituent, while italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the split element.+19:30IT. “Now” and “at that time” are implied from the context, where a contrast between the present age and the age to come is being presented. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+19:30IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.