10
“These Twelve Jesus Sent Out with the Following Orders”
And calling his twelve disciples to himself, Jesus+ granted them authority over unclean spirits, to drive them out, and to heal every kind of disease and sickness.
Now the names of the twelve apostles are these: First, Simon (also+ called Peter), and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas and Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, the man who later+ betrayed him. These twelve Jesus sent out with the following orders:+ “Don’t enter the Gentile+ regions,+ and don’t enter any Samaritan+ town. Go, rather, to the lost sheep of the nation+ of Israel. Now as ᵖyou go from place+ to place, keep proclaiming this message:+ ‘The kingdom of heaven is drawing near!+ Heal the sick,+ raise the dead, cleanse lepers, drive out demons. ᵖYou have received free of charge, and so free of charge you are to give. Don’t obtain for yourselves any gold coins, or silver coins, or copper coins for the fold in your belts;+ 10 don’t get+ a traveler’s bag for the road, or an extra inner garment,+ or sandals, or a staff, because a worker is of his keep certainly+ deserving.+ 11 Instead, whatever town or village ᵖyou enter, ask around to find out whose doors in that place are always open to travelers,+ and in that same house+ remain until you leave.
12 “Now as you are entering the home,+ greet it, 13 and if the home is welcoming and hospitable,+ let ᵖyour blessing of peace come upon it.+ If they shut the door in your faces,+ however, let your blessing of peace return+ to you. 14 And if anyone refuses to welcome ᵖyou or listen to your message,+ as you are leaving that home or town, shake its dust off your feet. 15 Amen, I solemnly+ tell ᵖyou this: It will be truly+ more bearable even for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment than for that town.
“I Am Sending You Out Like Sheep in the Midst of Wolves”
16 “Take note!+ I am sending ᵖyou out like sheep in the midst of wolves. Therefore, be as cautious+ as snakes and as innocent as doves.
17 “Watch out for men, because people+ will hand ᵖyou over to the local sanhedrins and have you flogged in their synagogues.++ 18 ᵖYou will be brought for my sake even+ before governors and kings, as a witness before+ them and before the Gentiles.+ 19 When ᵖyou are+ handed over to be put on trial,+ however, don’t worry about how to speak or what you should say,+ because you will be given at that time+ the words you need.++ 20 It is not+ ᵖyou who will be doing the speaking, you see, but the Spirit of your Father, who will be speaking through you.+ 21 Now, a brother will hand his brother over to be put to death, as will a father his child, and children will turn against their parents and have them put to death,+ 22 and ᵖyou will be hated by everyone because of my name. He who endures to the finish, however, will be saved.+
23 “Now when people+ begin+ persecuting ᵖyou in one town, flee to another. Amen, I solemnly+ tell ᵖyou this: You will certainly not finish going through all the towns of Israel until the Son of Man comes.+ 24 A disciple is not above his teacher, nor a slave above his master. 25 That+ he should turn out+ like his teacher is sufficient for a disciple, and a slave like his master. If they have called even+ the master of the household ‘Beelzebul,’ how much more surely will they speak evil of+ the members of his household?
26 “In light of these things, don’t fear them, for there is nothing hidden that will not be brought out into the open, or secret that will not be made known. 27 What I tell ᵖyou when we’re by ourselves,+ declare out in the open,+ and what ᵖyou listen to in private,+ proclaim publicly from the rooftops.+ 28 And don’t fear those who can+ kill the body but are powerless to kill the soul.+ Fear,+ rather, the one who has power to consign+ to utter ruin in Hinnom Valley+ both soul and body.+ 29 Two sparrows are sold for a mere+ penny,+ aren’t they? Yet not one of them falls+ to the ground without the knowledge and consent+ of your Father. 30 As for ᵖyou, even the hairs on your head have been counted, every last+ one of them. 31 So don’t be afraid. ᵖYou are worth more than many, many+ sparrows.
32 “All this in mind,+ if+ a person openly acknowledges his allegiance+ to me in the presence of men, I likewise will openly acknowledge him as my own in the presence of my Father in the heavens. 33 If+ someone disowns me in the presence of men, however, I also will disown him in the presence of my Father in the heavens.+ 34 Don’t think that I am here+ to bring peace to the land.+ It isn’t+ peace that I’m here to bring, but a sword.+ 35 I am here, you see, to turn
“ ‘a man against his father,
and a daughter against her mother,
and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law;
36 a man’s enemies will be the members of his own household.’+
37 If+ someone’s loyalty+ to father or mother is greater than his loyalty to me, he is not worthy of me. A person is not worthy of me, likewise,+ if+ his loyalty to son or daughter is greater than his loyalty to me. 38 Unworthy of me, too,+ is he who refuses to take up his cross and continue on with me as a disciple.+ 39 He who tries to gain+ his life will lose it,+ but he who loses his life because of me will gain it.+ 40 If+ someone welcomes ᵖyou, it is me+ whom he is actually+ welcoming. And if+ someone welcomes me,+ he is actually welcoming the one who sent me. 41 If+ someone welcomes a prophet+ as a prophet,+ it is+ a prophet’s reward+ that he will receive. And if+ someone welcomes a righteous man as a righteous man,+ it is+ a righteous man’s reward that he will receive. 42 And if anyone gives one of these humble folk+ a simple+ cup of cold water to drink because he is my disciple,+ amen, I solemnly tell ᵖyou this: He will certainly not lose his reward.”
+1:1Though anarthrous (ie, no definite article is present), the noun here is definite. It most likely lacks the article because it is being introduced for the first time in the discourse. Cf also Apollonius’ Corollary (as described, eg, in Wallace, Grammar, 239-40, 250-51; cf also NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:1).+1:1Lit the record of the genealogy. ME (see NAC [Mt], 52; UBSHS [Mt], 8; Richards, BR Companion, 602). Here, Matthew has not only Jesus’ genealogy, but also the account of his birth, in view. Cf Gn 5:1.+1:2Cf LEB.+1:3Lit Judah fathered Perez and Zerah by Tamar. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Lit Salmon fathered Boaz by Rahab. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Lit Boaz fathered Obed by Ruth. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:6Lit David fathered Solomon by she/the woman of Uriah. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 14). Cf ASV, NASB, NIV, NKJV, NLT, YLT.+1:18οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element, which points forward to the story that follows. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:18IT. The whole narrative is in view (see UBSHS [Mt], 22).+1:18Lit was betrothed. ME(H) (see L-N, 34.74; NAC (Mt), 57; UBSHS (Mt), 20; ISV footnote at Mt 1:18).+1:18Lit before they came together. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 970, sv συνέρχομαι 3; L-N, 23.61; M-M, 606).+1:18IT. “Power” is implied here and is made explicit in the translation to avoid sexual connotations (see UBSHS [Mt], 21). Cf NCV, NLT. Cf also Lk 1:35.+1:18ἐν γαστρὶ ( en gastri) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:18Lit she was discovered to be having in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). Cf ESV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, YLT at Mt 1:23.+1:19δίκαιος ( dikaios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:19Throughout the Blessed Hope Translation, if a word or phrase is italicized, it means that it is being emphasized in the Greek text.+1:19Or although Joseph her husband was a righteous man. For further discussion of the interpretation represented in the text, see UBSHS [Mt], 22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 1:19. Cf NABRE.+1:19Lit her.+1:19δειγματίσαι ( deigmatisai) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore part of this element has been placed in clause-final for primary focus within the comment.+1:19λάθρᾳ ( lathra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:20ἐνθυμηθέντος ( enthumēthentos) is an DFE position, with ταῦτα ( tauta) functioning as a thematically prominent topic (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used in translation to keep the POD at the beginning of the sentence, and to give extra focus to both the topic and the verb.+1:20κατʼ ὄναρ ( katʼ onar) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:20ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give this constituent extra focus (by allowing it to fall in clause-final, out of its default order in English).+1:20Angel here is receiving focal prominence, which would explain the lack of the article.+1:20Or the angel. For a discussion about “an angel” versus “the angel,” see NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:20.+1:20πνεύματός ἁγίου ( pneumatos hagiou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf TEV.+1:20IT. See note at Mt 1:18 above.+1:20Lit that which has been in her conceived is by the Holy Spirit. ME. Cf TEV.+1:21Throughout the Blessed Hope Translation, if a second person pronoun is marked with a superscripted “s” (ˢyou), it means that the pronoun is singular. If a second person pronoun is marked with a superscripted “p” (ᵖyou), it means that the pronoun is plural. In cases where the singularity or plurality of a second person pronoun has been deemed to be sufficiently clear from the context, the second person pronoun may not be marked.+1:21This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+1:21ME(OTB)/IT. In Hebrew, Jesus’ name is Yeshua, which means “Yahweh saves” (see, eg, the HCSB footnote; NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:20). Information flow is built on the IT here, and therefore the IT has been made explicit in translation.+1:22The context (citation of prophet, with God’s prophetic plan in view) indicates that the subordinate ἵνα ( hina) clause here should be understood as communicating both purpose and result (for more on purpose/result ἵνα clauses, see BDAG, 477, sv ἵνα 3; Wallace, Grammar, 473-4). The phrase “according to plan” (cf BDAG, 477) is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα clause ( BDAG uses ἵνα πληρωθῇ [ hina plērothē] in Mt as a specific example of a purpose/result ἵνα clause).+1:23Lit the woman will have in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). Cf ESV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, YLT. ἐν γαστρὶ ( en gastri) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:25Lit was not knowing her, or did not begin to know her. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.61). Cf most English translations.+2:1Lit days. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:1μάγοι ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν ( magoi apo anatolōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). Commas have also been used to the same end. For more on the effects created by this type of structuring in English, see LGSWE, 399-400.+2:1Lit Magi. ME(H) (see BDAG, 608, sv μάγος 1; ESL, #3097; L-N, 62.40). Cf TEV.+2:2IT (see UBSHS [Mt], 33). Cf NCV, TEV.+2:3IT. Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+2:4Traditionally “scribes.” ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 2:4; UBSHS [Mt], 35). Cf NET.+2:4The genitive here has been interpreted as a genitive of subordination. This is reflected in the translation.+2:4Or questioned them one after another. VPR. See VCC (Mt 2:4).+2:5οὕτως ( houtōs) is forward-pointing and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element (for more on the function of demonstrative wh-clefts in English, see LSGSWE, 421). Cf HCSB, ISV, NASB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:6Here there are two vocatives in apposition. Cf ASV, LEB, NASB, YLT.+2:6Lit rulers/leaders/governors. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 37.59). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:6οὐδαμῶς ἐλαχίστη ( oudamōs elachistē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+2:6Mic 5:2+2:7Lit Magi. So throughout this section. See note at Mt 2:1.+2:7λάθρᾳ ( lathra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed at the end of the clause for primary focus and stress.+2:7Lit the time of the shining/appearing star.+2:8κἀγὼ is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to extra focus to this constituent.+2:9Lit they.+2:9Lit behold. EFE. In Greek, ἰδοὺ ( idou) is a forward-pointing device that lets the reader know that something significant, surprising, or important is about to take place (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 122; LDGNT Intro, 1.4).+2:9Lit the star they had observed when it rose.+2:10Lit they.+2:10Lit they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:12The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:12διʼ ἄλλης ὁδοῦ ( diʼ allēs ‘odou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to extra focus and stress to this element.+2:13Lit they.+2:13ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give this constituent extra focus (by allowing it to fall in clause-final, out of its default order in English).+2:13Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:13Lit he.+2:13The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+2:13The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+2:14Lit he.+2:15The genitive here is a subjective genitive. Cf NET, NCV, TEV.+2:15“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause. See note at Mt 1:22.+2:15ἐξ Αἰγύπτου ( ex Aiguptou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:15Ho 11:1+2:16IT. The direct object is implied here contextually (see UBSHS [Mt], 49). In Greek, direct objects are often omitted when clear from the context (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Re 3:7). Cf NET.+2:16The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411. Cf ISV.+2:18φωνὴ ἐν Ῥαμὰ κλαυθμὸς καὶ ὀδυρμὸς πολύς ( phōnē en Rama klauthmos kai odurmos polus) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject and comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:18IT (see L-N, 93.558).+2:18Ῥαχὴλ ( Rachēl) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the clause has been rendered so as to give extra focus to this element.+2:18Lit because they are not. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:18Jr 31:15+2:19ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy-subject has been used to give extra focus to this element. ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ( en Aiguptō) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:19Lit in Egypt. Cf NCV.+2:19Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:20Lit it/he.+2:20IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:21Lit he.+2:22Ἀρχέλαος ( Archelaos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured to give this element extra focus.+2:22Here the present indicative is being used to express relative time from point of view of the original speaker (see BDF, §324).+2:22This is a genitive of subordination. Cf most English translations.+2:22Lit in place of. ME. Cf CJB, TEV.+2:22ἐκεῖ ( ekei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:22Lit he.+2:23“Right in line with God’s plan” is drawn from the purpose/result ἵνα ( hina) clause, to go with “and so,” which signals result. See note at Mt 1:22.+2:23Ναζωραῖος ( Nazōraios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a colon and demonstrative pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:23Lit a Nazarene. ME(OTB)/IT. Netzer is one of the Hebrew words for sprout, shoot, or branch (eg Is 11:1; see HCBC, 404-5; Vincent, Word Studies, 22.). Here Matthew is using a play on words to summarize the collective testimony of several prophets, namely, that the Messiah would be called the “Branch of the Lord” (cf Is 4:2, 11:1; Jr 23:5, 33:15; Zc 3:8, 6:12).+3:1Following Barclay in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 56). Cf BDAG, 761, sv παραγίνομαι 2.+3:1IT. An “important message,” one that is official and backed by an authority, is implied in the lexeme here (see ANLEX, 230, sv κηρύσσω; see BDAG, 543, sv κηρύσ; ESL, #2784; L-N, 33.206).+3:2VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:2).+3:2Cf Is 13:6-9; Dn 2:34-35, 44-45; Jl 1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:31, 3:14; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-9, 14-18; Ml 4:5; Mt 5:20-24; Lk 10:11-12, 21:31; Rm 13:12; 1 Pt 4:7.+3:3Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+3:3Lit the paths, or your paths. ME(I/F). In this context, “make the paths straight” is being used metaphorically for repentance (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 3:3). For other examples of “paths” (τρίβος [ tribos] here and in the LXX) used metaphorically for conduct, see Ps 142:3; Pr 1:15, 3:17, 8:20; Is 59:8; Jr 18:15.+3:3εὐθείας ( eutheias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:3Is 40:3+3:4VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:4). Cf UBSHS (Mt), 61.+3:4Like Elijah the prophet. Cf 2 Ki 1:8, Lk 1:17.+3:5IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:5VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:5).+3:6ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ( hup’ autou) is in a DFE position here (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:6Or confessing. For the meaning of the word used here, see BDAG, 351, sv ἐξομολογέω 3; DBL Greek, #2018; M-M, 224.+3:6Cf Ps 32:3.+3:7Lit he.+3:7Lit to his baptism. ME.+3:7μελλούσης ( mellousēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed after “wrath” for extra stress.+3:8Or in keeping with repentance. Lit worthy of repentance. For the meaning of ἄξιος ( axios) in this context, see BDAG, 93, sv 1.b. Cf ESV, NET, NIV, TEV.+3:9πατέρα ( patera) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis+3:9 LDGNT marks τὸν Ἀβραάμ ( ton Abraam) as a right-dislocated/appositional element (see LDGNT; cf YLT). Most English translations interpret (and render) the accusatives here as object-complement (“we have Abraham as our father”), with the complement ( patera) in the definite-qualitative range (“our father”) because it is fronted (for discussion of the double accusative of object-complement, see Wallace, Grammar, 182-9). Here, patera is interpreted appositionally (with LDGNT), emphatically (with BART Display and LDGNT; the element is anarthrous, which is a common feature of focal constituents), and as being in the definite-qualitative range (with most English translations). In other words, the fronting of patera does indeed function to emphasize it (not just because it is fronted, but because it is fronted as the information that was already the most important in the clause; see Runge, Disc Grammar, 269-85) and to definitize it; however, by doing so, it makes an appositional interpretation more likely here. In an object-complement construction, the emphasis would have this effect: “We have Abraham as our father/ancestor.” This doesn’t make much sense. What else would Abraham be to John’s hearers? Compare this with the appositional rendering: We have our father, Abraham. Here, the emphasis on father falls perfectly in line with the real issue John is addressing in this context: A misplaced confidence.+3:9ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ( ek tōn lithōn toutōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf NLT.+3:10πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων ( pros tēn rizan tōn dendrōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+3:10VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:10).+3:10εἰς πῦρ ( eis pur) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:11EFE. In Greek, μὲν ( men) is a forward-pointing device that functions to build anticipation (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 74-83). In English, a concessive clause can achieve a similar effect when some sort of contrast is in view contextually (since they are subordinate and dependent, they naturally build anticipation toward the main point about to be discovered in the independent clause).+3:11VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:11).+3:11Or in.+3:11Or at repentance, or with a view to repentance. For various ways to interpret the preposition here, cf ANLEX, 132, sv εἰς; BDAG, 291, sv εἰς 10.a; and LSGNT Notes, Mt 3:11.+3:11ὀπίσω μου ( opisō mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:11ἰσχυρότερός μού ( ischuroteros mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:11τὰ ὑποδήματα ( ta hupodēmata) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:11Or in.+3:11Cf Is 4:4; 32:15, 44:3; Jl 2:11; Ezk 39:28-29; Ml 3:2, 4:1-6.+3:12Cf Ml 4; Ps 1:4-5.+3:12Or with. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48.+3:12Or in/with unquenchable fire. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14. This is a reference to Gehenna (cf Mk 9:43, 48). It is therefore definite, even though anarthrous (for a discussion of nouns and definiteness despite the absence of the definite article, see Wallace, Grammar, 243-54). Note that the information has already been activated in verse 10. Therefore, it is also possible that anarthrous status of this element is functioning to give it some extra focus.+3:12Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14.+3:13πρὸς τὸν Ἰωάννην ( pros ton Yōannēn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:14ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ( hupʼ autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore λέγων [ legōn] has been used as a spacer to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15This is a dative of reference (see LSGNT Notes, Mt 3:15).+3:15Cf Ml 3:1-5.+3:15Though several of the various shades of meaning associated with δικαιοσύνη ( dikaosune)—obeying God’s will, covenant faithfulness, God’s deliverance/salvation, etc—are possibly working together here on some level; and though Matthew does often employ δικαιοσύνη ethically in the sense of conduct in conformity with God’s will (for discussion, see UBSHS [Mt], 7), the primary focus of the context here is the beginning of the Messianic mission (a crucial turning point in redemptive history). Thus, “righteousness” in this context should be understood primarily in terms of its well-attested OT sense of Yahweh’s saving acts/acts of salvation/deliverance (see BDB, 841.2 [6], 842.1 [6]; translation and notes at Rm 1:17). Cf Ps 40:9-10 (esp ESV, RSV, NRSV, TEV); Is 41:10 (esp LEB, NCV, NET), 45:8 (esp NET), 46:12 (esp RSV, NRSV), 51:5 (esp RSV, NET, NRSV, TEV), 58:8 (esp LEB, NRSV, TEV), 62:1; Jr 23:6; Mic 6:5 (esp RSV, NRSV, TEV). There is no reason to think that Matthew’s understanding and use of “righteousness” is any less robust than that of the prophets! That is, if the prophets themselves employ “righteousness” with different contextually-defined nuances in the same body of material, why not Matthew?+3:15Lit he.+3:15Lit allowed him. Cf NET.+3:16Or when Jesus was baptized, he came up immediately from the water.+3:16Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+3:16Or the skies. So throughout this section.+3:16Or upon. When used with verbs of motion, ἐπί (with its object in the accusative case, as here) functions as a marker of direction (see BDAG, 364, sv 4.b.). Though it is safe to assume that the dove did actually land on Jesus, “upon” with the imperfective verb of motion here actually creates a bit of a humorous picture. Cf Mk 1:10, where εἰς ( eis) is used.+3:17φωνὴ ( phōnē) follows ἰδοὺ ( idou) and may be in P2, depending on where the implied copula is read (cf LDGNT, which marks it as in P2). A dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:17Cf Gn 22:2, 16; Is 42:1.+4:3υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( huios tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+4:3ἄρτοι ( artoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:3Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6-9; 2 Sm 7; 1 Ch 17; Ps 2, 89, 132; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10; Mt 2:15; Lk 3:38; Jn 1:49; 1 Co 15:45.+4:4Lit he.+4:4This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV.+4:4ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ( ep artō monō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and ἐπὶ παντὶ ῥήματι ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος θεοῦ ( epi panti rēmati ekporeuomenō dia stomatos theou) in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT). The negative particle has thus been placed immediately before the P2 element to give extra focus to these constituents.+4:4Dt 8:3+4:5Lit him.+4:5Or edge, or summit.+4:6υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( huios tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:6τοῖς ἀγγέλοις ( tois angelois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:6ἐπὶ χειρῶν ( epi cheirōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective/amplifier has been used to give extra focus to this element. The point of the extra prominence here, especially in light of the DFE in the subordinate clause (ie, it seems that “hands” and “foot” are being contrasted), is not to convey that the angels might choose to pick someone up with their feet (or nose, or knees, etc) rather than their hands! The prominence is underscoring the thoroughness/greatness of the angel’s power and activity (represented by the hands; cf L-N, 76.3; NET Bible Notes, Ac 7:35), so that not even the person’s foot is harmed. In other words, the use of their mighty hands (their great power, activity, etc) results in complete protection. Cf TEV; UBSHS (Mt), 84.+4:6τὸν πόδα σου ( ton poda sou) is in a DFE position here (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and the negative particle have been used to give extra focus this element (to draw out the contrast with “powerful hands” in the preceding clause). Cf TEV.+4:6Ps 91:11, 12+4:7Or also, or again. Cf LEB, NASB.+4:7The use of the second person singular in this quotation doesn’t indicate that God is addressing an individual, but that He is addressing the nation as a single entity (see NAC [Dt], 162).+4:7This is an imperatival future. Cf ISV, LEB, NET, NLT.+4:7Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+4:7Dt 6:16+4:9ταῦτά πάντα ( tauta panta) is in P2, with πάντα in a split DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:10See note at Mt 4:7 above.+4:10κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ( kurion ton theon sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf the ESV’s use of the cleft-construction at Dt 6:13.+4:10This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV.+4:10See note at Mt 4:7 above. The same applies here.+4:10This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV.+4:10αὐτῷ μόνῳ ( autō monō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+4:10Dt 6:13+4:11ἄγγελοι ( angeloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:11VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:11). Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NET.+4:11Cf Gn 21:15-19; 1 Ki 19:5-8; Ps 78:23-25, 91:11; Lk 22:43; Heb 1:14.+4:12Lit he.+4:13IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+4:14“According to plan” has been drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause (see note at Mt 1:22).+4:15The notion of spatial extension seems to be implied by the accusative here (see Robertson, Grammar, 469). Cf HCSB.+4:15The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of destination. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, LEB, NIV, RSV, TEV.+4:16VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:16).+4:16φῶς μέγα ( phos mega) is in a split position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have thus been used to give extra focus to the pre-posed element, while an adverb has been used to give extra focus to the split element.+4:16Lit in a land and shadow of death. This is an example of hendiadys. Hendiadys is “the expression of an idea by the use of usually two independent words connected by and (as nice and warm) instead of the usual combination of independent word and its modifier (as nicely warm)” ( Miriam-Webster’s, sv). Cf HCSB, NIV, TEV. Cf also TWOT, 767, sv ṣalmāwet; UBSHS (Lk), 100; UBSHS (Ps), 233.+4:16φῶς ( phōs) is in P2 ( BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:16VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:16).+4:16Is 9:1, 2. Cf Is 42:6-7, 42:19; Lk 2:32.+4:17Lit began proclaiming and saying. Cf NET.+4:17VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:2). The same applies here.+4:18Lit he.+4:19Lit come after/with me. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 36-7, sv ἀκολουθέω 2, 3; DBL Greek, #199, 2-3; L-N, 36.31, 15.156). Cf TEV; HCSB and TEV at Mt 16:24.+4:20VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+4:22VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+4:23Lit he.+4:23VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:23).+4:23This is an objective genitive (see BDF, §163; LSGNT Notes, Mt 4:23). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:24κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:24βασάνοις ( basanois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis. ποικίλαις νόσοις ( poikilais nosois) may be modifying κακῶς εχοντας ( kakōs echontas) (see LSGNT Notes, Mt 4:24; cf LEB, NIV), or it may go with καὶ βασάνοις ( basanois) (cf, eg, ESV, ISV). The meaning is the same either way.+4:25Lit Decapolis (“Ten Cities”). ME(H)/IT (see FSB, Mt 4:25; HNTC, 46; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 4:25; TCBC, 399).+5:1Lit he.+5:2VPR (inceptive aorist). See VCC (Mt 5:2). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:2Lit he opened his mouth and began to teach them. ME(I/F/OTB). The idiom “opened his mouth” was a rhetorical device used to add weight and solemnity to an occasion of speaking (see FSB, Mt 5:2; JFB, Mt 5:2; Lange, Commentary, 101). Cf Jb 3:1; Dn 10:16.+5:3Or lowly, or humble, or needy, or afflicted, or poor. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [Mt], 107-8; BDG, 776, sv עָנִי; TWOT, 682-4). For examples, cf LXX and MT (note also the parallelisms) at Ps 22:24, 34:6, 37:14, 40:17, 69:29, 72:2, 88:15, 102:1 (intro), 109:22, 140:12; Jb 34:28, 36:6. Cf also the MT and LXX at Ps 34:18 (33:18 in the LXX). See also note at Lk 4:18.+5:3VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:3).+5:3Cf Dn 7:22.+5:4Cf Is 61:3, 66:10; Ezk 9:4.+5:4Cf Is 40:1; 49:13; 51:3; 57:18; 61:2.+5:5Or the meek.+5:5Or ‘will inherit the earth.’ A quotation from Ps 37:9, 11. Cf Is 49:8, 58:13-14, 61:7, 65:9-10; Ezk 45:1, 47:21-23. Cf also CJB.+5:6Since the other promises in the “beatitudes” are eschatological in focus, most likely in view here is Yahweh’s righteousness in the sense of “deliverance” or “saving acts” (see notes at Mt 3:15 and Mt 5:10). For the motif of “hungering” or “thirsting” set in context to hope in Yahweh’s righteousness/salvation/deliverance, see Ps 42, 63, 143; Is 55; Re 21:6-7 (note the eschatological context and reference to the ‘inheritance’ in Re 21:7; cf Mt 5:5, directly above). Cf also Ps 84:2 (flesh “crying out”).+5:7Cf Dt 30:3; Ps 32:6; Is 14:1, 49:15-16, 54:8, 55:6-8; Ezk 39:25; Ho 1:6-7; Lk 1:78.+5:8Cf Ps 24:3-5, 73:1.+5:8τὸν θεὸν ( ton theon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:8Cf Ps 11:5, 17:5; Jb 19:26; Re 22:4.+5:9υἱοὶ θεοῦ ( huoi theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive adjective has been to give extra focus to this element.+5:9Lit sons.+5:9Cf Is 43:6; Jr 31:9; Ho 1:10; Lk 20:36; Rm 8:19-23; Re 21:7.+5:10Lit righteousness. ME(OTB). Cf Ps 31:18, 37:12-13; L-N, 88.13 In the Old Testament, the term “righteousness,” when used as a description of God’s servants (contrast this to Mt 3:15, 5:6, and 6:33, where God’s righteousness is in view; see note at Mt 3:15), usually denotes righteous ways, acts, and deeds that conform to God’s will. Cf, eg, Gn 18:19, 30:33; 1 Ki 3:6; Ps 106:3; Pr 8:18, 8:20, 10:2, 11:5, 11:18, 11:19, 12:28,13:6, 14:34; 15:9, 16:8, 16:12, 21:21; Is 5:7, 46:12, 48:1, 56:1, 58:2; Jr 4:2, 22:3, 22:15; Ezk 3, 18, 33; Ho 10:12; Am 5:6-7, 5:24, 6:12.+5:10VPR. See note at Mt 5:3. Cf Dn 7:21-22.+5:12Cf Ac 5:41.+5:12Lit for the reward of [for] you is great in the heavens. Cf TEV. The idea here is not “receiving a reward in heaven when the soul floats there upon death” (Platonism), but rather, that the reward is stored away with God in the present age, to be released in context to the Second Coming and the age to come (cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9). The genitive here is most likely functioning as a genitive of destination, with the verbal idea implied from context and the shared worldview (cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:8; cf BDAG, 456, sv θησαυρός, 2.b.α.). For a discussion of the need to render this verse such that the idea of “with God” rather than “going to heaven” is understood, see UBSHS (Mt), 116. (For many resources that discuss the negative impact Platonism has had on Christian theology, visit www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.) Moreover, though πολὺς ( polus) is technically a predicate adjective, here it has been joined with μισθὸς ( misthos) as an attributive adjective in order to keep ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ( en tois ouranois) in the clause-final position within the boundaries of normal English syntax.+5:12Cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9.+5:12Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf NCV+5:13Cf Gn 18:26-32; Ex 32:7-14; Nu 25:7; Is 59:16, 65:8; Jr 5:1; Ezk 14:14, 14:20, 22:20; Rm 11:4-5.+5:13Or of the earth. Cf Mt 5:13-14. Gn 18:26-32; Ex 32:7-14; Nu 25:7; Is 59:16, 65:8; Jr 5:1; Ezk 14:14, 14:20, 22:20; Rm 11:4-5. Cf also CJB; Stern, JNTC, Mt 5:13-14.+5:13“In the ancient world...what was often sold as salt was highly adulterated and the sodium chloride could leach out in humid weather, in which case the residue (normally a form of lime) would be useless” ( L-N, 5.25).+5:13Cf Ezk 3:20, 5:7, 18:24, 18:26-29, 22:36, 33:12-18; Ml 2:1-9; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 9:62, 12:47, 14:25-33; Jn 6:66; 2 Ti 2:19-20; Heb 6:4–6, 10:26-27; 2 Pt 2:17-22; Re 2:5, 2:14-16, 2:20-23, 3:1-3, 3:15-19.+5:13καταπατεῖσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ( katapteisthai) is in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT), and thus the particple has been rendered as a participle to allow it function as a spacer to give a little extra focus to the main point. For a discussion of the effect created by exception-restriction, see Runge, Disc Grammar, 83-91.+5:13Cf Lv 26:27-35; Dt 4:27, 28:64-68; 2 Ki 24:1-4; Is 5:5; Jr 9:16; Dn 9:24-27; Hab 1:5-6; Zc 13:7-9, 14:1-3; Mt 22:7, 23:37-24:2; Mk 13:1-2; Lk 21:5-6, 20-24.+5:14Cf Gn 12:3, 22:18, 26:4; Dt 4:5-8, 32-34; Ps 147:20; 2 Sm 7:23; Is 2:5, 42:6, 49:6, 60:3 Jr 4:2; Ezk 5:5; Lk 2:32; Ac 13:47.+5:14ἐπάνω ὄρους ( epanō orous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:14Cf Ps 48, 50:2; Is 2:1-4, 4:5, 25:6-8; Ezk 5:5.+5:15Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. For a discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf ISV, NET, NIV.+5:15ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον ( hupo ton modion) and ἀλλʼ ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν ( all epi tēn luchnian) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT). The negative particle has thus been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+5:16An imperative is used here.+5:16Or men, or people. Cf Gn 12:3, 22:18, 26:4; Dt 4:5-8, 32-34; Ps 147:20; 2 Sm 7:23; Is 2:5, 42:6, 49:6, 60:3 Jr 4:2; Ezk 5:5; Lk 2:32; Ac 13:47.+5:16Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10.+5:17Lit came to, or have come to. This rendering has been chosen to more clearly communicate the purpose present in the infinitive. The perfect tense with “come,” plus an infinitive, transfers into English a bit awkwardly. I have used “have come” in the following clause, though, since the negative particle is used there, making the statement sound more natural with the purpose statement. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+5:17For this gloss of καταλύω ( kataluō), see BDAG, 521, sv 3.+5:17καταλῦσαι ( katalusai) and πληρῶσαι ( plērōsai) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set ( LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+5:17Or to carry them out, or to fulfill them. The verb used here (πληρόω [ plēroō], lit “to make full,”) can mean to carry out/accomplish (see, eg, Lk 9:31); to bring to completion/fulfillment/goal (see, eg, Mt 1:22); and in a teaching context, to make fully known/fully clarify (see, eg, ESV, HCSB, NIV, NRSV, RSV at Col 1:25; cf also Rm 16:25, where the prophetic writings are cited as Paul’s source material for his exposition of “the mystery”). There is no reason to suppose that Jesus is not using the word in the fullest sense (pun-intended) possible here, with multiple nuances simultaneously at work. I offer the following reasons in support of this: (1) Lexically, πληρόω naturally lends itself to functioning on more broadly encompassing level when warranted by the context. (2) The Torah and the Prophets themselves form a complex corpus that includes a broad range of content, including stories, teachings, statutes, prophetic oracles, etc. Thus, the conceptual complexity of its direct object virtually forces πληρόω to multitask in this context, in order for “every yodh” and “all things” to “take place/happen” (v 18). (3) The Sermon on the Mount is obviously a teaching context that includes clarification, interpretation, correction, or expansion of prevailing ideas; at the same time, the use of γίνομαι (“take place/happen/occur/come to pass”) in v 18 indicates that prophesied events are also in view contextually. In sum, Jesus is the “arm of the Lord” (Is 53:1; cf Jn 12:38) and the “servant” (Is 52:13) who carries out and executes the Father’s redemptive plan as prophesied in the Torah and the Prophets; he is also the great Teacher (Is 30:21) who makes the purpose, meaning, goal, and authoritative interpretation of the Torah and Prophets fully known. Hence the rendering here: “to make them fully known and carry them out.” For the gross misuse of this word in replacement theology, see Stern, JNTC, Mt 5:17. For more on πληρόω in the sense of “clarify,” see HNTC (Mt), 63; TCBC, 401. For more on the various renderings that have been proposed, see UBSHS (Mt), 123-4; ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 38.+5:18ME/IT. ἀμήν ( amēn) introduces a solemn statement (see ANLEX, 46, sv ἀμήν 1b; BDAG, 53, sv ἀμήν 1b; DBL Greek, #297; L-N, 72.6).+5:18Or the sky.+5:18Or land.+5:18Not out of existence altogether, but in their present form as tainted by evil and decay. Cf Gn 6:13, 9:11; Ps 72:5, 17, 89:36-37, 102:25-28, 148:6; Is 34:4-5, 65:17-25, 66:22; Jr 31:35-36, 33:20-21; 1 Co 7:31; Heb 1:10-12; Jm 1:10; 1 Pt 1:24; 4:7; 2 Pt 2:6, 3:13;1 Jn 2:17; Re 12:7-10, 21:1-4.+5:18ἰῶτα ἓν ἢ μία κεραία ( yōta hen ē mia keraia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the negative particle and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf CJB.+5:18Lit iota. ME(H/OTB). Iōta is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, and is here used in correspondence with yodh, the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet (see DBL Greek, #2740; L-N, 33.36; UBSHS [Mt], 125). Cf CJB.+5:18Lit one serif. ME (see DBL Greek, #3037).+5:18πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+5:19Lit looses. ME(H/OTB) (see note on “binding and loosing” at Mt 16:19). Cf ESV.+5:19ἐλάχιστος ( elachistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:19μέγας ( megas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. The focal prominence is contrastive in nature.+5:20See note at Mt 5:10. Note that the context (ie, the upcoming contrast between what God sees as righteous ways and the hypocritical ways and deeds of the religious leadership of the day [6:1-34]) gives further support that righteous ways and deeds and conduct are in view here.+5:20Cf Re 21:8.+5:21Lit the ancients. Cf HCSB, NLT+5:21This is an imperatival future. Cf most English translations.+5:21Ex 20:13; Dt 5:17+5:21Or judgment, or condemnation.+5:22The context indicates that in these teachings the Messiah is engaging in the process of “binding and loosing” (v 19: “if someone relaxes,” literally, “if someone looses” [λύω], ie, contrary to Jesus’ own “binding and loosing” in the following discourse; for more on “binding and loosing” in its historical context, see note at Mt 16:19). Some of Jesus’ restrictive interpretations/requirements (His “bindings”) are stricter than those of His contemporaries, and some of his absolving interpretations/requirements (His “loosings”) are more forgiving and less severe than those of his contemporaries.+5:22VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:22). Cf CJB.+5:22πᾶς ὁ ὀργιζόμενος τῷ ἀδελφῷ αὐτοῦ ( pas ho orgizomenos tō adelphō autou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a demonstrative pronoun and relative clause have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:22ME. Lit “Raca,” an Aramaic word of contempt directed at the understanding or intelligence (see BDAG, 903, sv ῥακά; L-N, 32.61). See also Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58.+5:22Lit before the Sanhedrin. ME(H)/IT. See Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58.+5:22ME. Lit “you fool,” with connotations of deficiency in both intelligence and character (see Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 5:22).+5:22Lit liable to the Gehenna of the fire. Traditionally rendered “hell.” ME(H/OTB)/IT. See Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58; BSL, Matt 5:22, sv γέεννα; BDAG, 190, sv γέεννα; L-N, 1.21; DBL Greek, #1147. Cf.,Cf., Josh 15:8; 18:16; 2 Kgs 23:10; 2 Chr 28:3; 33:6; Isa 30:33; 66:24; Jer 7:31–32; 19:2, 6; 32:35.+5:23In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). The continuity here relates not just to v 23, but to all the points made in this section.+5:24τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for emphasis and extra focus.+5:25IT. “To court” is implied contextually (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 5:25). Cf most English translations.+5:25εἰς φυλακὴν ( eis phulakēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:26See note at Mt 5:18.+5:26Lit the last quadrans (the smallest and least valuable Roman coin). ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 5:26).+5:26IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+5:27This is an imperatival future. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+5:27Ex 20:14; Dt 5:18+5:28Intent and purpose are clearly signaled in the text here (πρὸς [ pros] with the infinitive of purpose). Cf ESV.+5:29A new development is signaled here (δὲ). The context indicates that the statements that make up the new development are “applications of the statement regarding adultery” ( UBSHS [Mt], 138). This is signaled in translation by “so.” Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+5:29ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου ( holon to sōma sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this element (“whole” is the newly activated information here).+5:30The focal prominence given to “your right hand” (see BART Display) is underscoring the contrast here between different parts of the body that might cause the stumbling.+5:30ἡ δεξιά σου χεὶρ ( hē dexia sou cheir) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:30ὅλον τὸ σῶμά σου ( holon to sōma sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:31Dt 24:1+5:32For this gloss of ποιέω ( poieō), see ANLEX, 319, sv 5.+5:32In order to survive, she would likely have had to resort to prostitution, an adulterous relationship (cf Jn 4:18), or a remarriage that (in principle, according to God’s ideal) was not legitimate (cf TEV). At the time only men could initiate divorce. For further discussion and more on the cultural context, see ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 74; L-N, 88.276; NAC (Mt), 111; UBSHS (Mt), 141. Cf Lk 16:18, Jn 4:16-18.+5:32IT. A status of guilt in committing the act is implied here (see UBSHS [Mk], 314). Cf NCV.+5:32ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ ( hos han apolelumenēn gamēsē) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. An adverb has also been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:32γαμήσῃ ( gamēsē) is in an embedded DFE position, and is part of a clause that is in P2 (see BART Display). Thus, the entire clause has been modified with an adverb, and the main verb italicized, to convey the various points of emphasis and extra focus here. The extra prominence given to the verb here suggests that if a man decides to marry a divorced woman (perhaps instead of just using her as a prostitute) despite the stigma she now bears, marriage is so binding and holy in God’s sight that even in this scenario such a man is, in principle, guilty of committing adultery.+5:33Lit the ancients. Cf HCSB, NLT.+5:33This is an imperatival future.+5:33Or swear falsely, or commit perjury. Lv 19:12.+5:33Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+5:33Nu 30:2; Dt 23:21+5:34Lit not to swear oaths at all. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 187). Cf NCV and TEV at Jm 5:12.+5:34θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ ( thronos tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An intensive adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+5:35ὑποπόδιόν τῶν ποδῶν αὐτοῦ ( hupopodion tōn podōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An intensive adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+5:35πόλις τοῦ μεγάλου βασιλέως ( polis tou megalou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective/amplifier has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:35Allusions to Is 66:1-2 and Ps 48:2.+5:36ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ σου ( en tē kephalē sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus adverbs (one of which is also functioning as down-toner) have been used here to give extra focus to this element.+5:36λευκὴν ἢ μέλαιναν (\it leukēn ē melainan) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:36Cf Dt 32:39, 1 Sm 2:6; Jb 33:19-28; Ps 30:3, 102:23; Is 26:19; Jn 11:25.+5:37ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ ( ek tou ponērou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:38Ex 21:24; Lv 24:20; Dt 19:21+5:39In this section, Jesus is setting forth a correction in interpretive priority (cf Mt 23:23). The question in view is whether to extend mercy/pity/patience, or to withhold it (cf Dt 19:21). Jesus is not contradicting the Torah here by undermining the validity of retributive punishment altogether. Rather, he is placing interpretive weight and temporally-defined priority on the Torah’s requirements in the area of mercy/patience/steadfast love (eg Mic 6:8, Zc 7:9), in view of the retributive punishment that God himself will administer in the Day of the Lord. In the Day of the wrath, God himself will throw resurrected eyeballs and teeth into the Lake of Fire (cf Mt 5:29-30, 23:33, 10:28; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 12:5; Ac 24:15; Jn 5:28-29; Re 20:15). Until that time, He is relating to the wicked of the earth (all of us!) in mercy, restraint, and longsuffering (cf Ps 32:6; Is 55:6-7; Mt 5:48; Lk 6:36; Rm 2:1-5; 2 Pt 3:9, 15). He does this in accordance with his own revealed nature: He is “merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness... forgiving iniquity,” (Ex 34:6 [ESV]), and yet, He “by no means leaves the guilty unpunished” (Ex 34:7 [NET]). Israel’s exile is prolonged for the sake of mercy toward the Gentiles (Rm 11:11, 30), and yet eventually the Gentiles who oppress Israel will be punished by God (eg, Jl 3, Zc 14)—and that with help of his vindicated people (Ps 148; Is 11:14; Zc 12:6). The Messiah, therefore, is not “doing away with” the Torah and Prophets here; rather, he is distributing interpretive weight, temporally-defined, over its contents so as to synchronize their interpretation and application with God’s revealed character. Many of the Pharisees and Torah teachers of the day were not doing this (cf Mt 23:4; Jn 8:1-11), and thus God’s character was being misrepresented before the people (cf Lk 15:1-16:15) by means of the very texts he had inspired (cf Mt 15:9).+5:39Lit not to stand against. ME(H). In this context, “standing against” somebody most likely means pressing charges in a court setting (see NAC, 113; UBSHS [Mt], 148). Cf Is 50:8 (LXX). Cf also 1 Co 6:1-11.+5:39A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+5:40κριθῆναι ( krithēnai) is an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element some extra stress.+5:40Lit and take. Koine Greek often uses paratactic structure when hypotactic is implied (see, eg, Wallace, Grammar, 19; cf NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28).+5:40τὸν χιτῶνά σου ( ton chitōna sou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:40Lit your tunic.+5:40A person’s cloak provided cover from the cold at night, and was thus protected by the Torah (Ex 22:26-27; Dt 24:12-13). To voluntarily give up one’s cloak, therefore, was a significant act of self-sacrifice.+5:41Lit whoever forces you to go one mile. ME(H). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV. In New Testament times, Roman soldiers had authority to compel civilians to carry loads for them for up to a mile (see DBL Greek, #30; HNTC, 69; L-N, 37.34).+5:41Lit go with him. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+5:42A condition or a temporal idea (ie, “when someone asks”) is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+5:42Or asking you for something, or begging you for something.+5:42Cf Dt 15:7-11.+5:42δανίσασθαι ( danisasthai) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:42Drawing from DBL Greek (#695.8) and L-N (35.18) in the translation of ἀποστρέφω ( apostrephō) here.+5:43This is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:43Lv 18:19+5:44VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:44).+5:45Or become, or prove to be. For γίνομαι ( ginomai) with this sense, see BDAG, 199, sv γίνομαι 7. Cf HCSB footnote.+5:45Lit sons.+5:45VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:45).+5:45τὸν ἥλιον αὐτοῦ ( ton hēlion autou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:45Translating the genitive here as subjective genitive.+5:45VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:45).+5:46IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:46καὶ οἱ τελῶναι ( kai hoi telōnai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been translated ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+5:47καὶ οἱ ἐθνικοὶ ( kai hoi ethnikoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been translated ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+5:48ὑμεῖς ( humeis) here is an over-encoded element (see BART Display). It is being highlighted presumably to accentuate the connection with “your heavenly Father,” which is receiving focal prominence (see BART Display). οὖν ( oun), therefore, has been used as a spacer to highlight ὑμεῖς ( humeis).+5:48This is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NASB, NCV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+5:48Lit blameless, or complete, or mature, or upright, or whole, or perfect. ME(OTB). See BDAG, 996, sv τέλειος b. The context here (God’s patience and mercy repeatedly extended to the earth over a long period of time despite its rebellion [v 5:45]), the parallel passage in Luke (Lk 6:36), and the reference to God’s own character (v 48), make it clear that Yahweh acting in accordance with the truth of his name (cf Ex 34:6-7) is what Jesus has in mind here (cf UBSHS [1 Jn], 31). The Greek word τέλειος ( teleios) may be (the NAC says, “probably is”) “reflecting an underlying Aramaic tamim” ( NAC, 115) (for examples of τέλειος ( teleios) used for the Hebrew tāmîm [“blameless” or “upright” or “whole”] in the LXX, see Gn 6:9, Dt 18:13). In OT theology, God being “upright,” or “blameless,” or “whole,” or “without defect,” or “intact,” or having “integrity,” or acting “in accord with truth and fact” (see BDB, 1071.1l; GHCLOT, 867, sv tāmîm) means that he always acts according to his own righteous character and nature, in context to his covenants (see, eg, Dt 32:4; Ps 18:30, 100:5; Pr 30:5). In other words, there is no discrepancy between who God is and what he does. He acts in a manner that is consistent and true to his character. God is merciful, longsuffering, forgiving, slow to anger, and steadfast in love, yet he also hates sin and burns with wrath toward it (see Ex 34:6-7); therefore, this is how he acts in relation to the inhabitants of the earth (again, in context to his covenants [see, eg, Gn 9:8-17; Jr 33:20-26]). Because he is slow to anger and steadfast in love/mercy, he restrains from pouring out his wrath and extends kindness to the earth over an extended period of time; eventually, however, the time of mercy comes to an end, and God pours out the wrath that had been storing up over time (cf Rm 2:1-11; 2 Pt 3). We, too, are to be steadfast in mercy, love, and patience even with respect to our persecutors and enemies now, in the knowledge that every injustice will be rectified in the age to come.+5:48ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος ( ho patēr humōn ho ouranios) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:48Cf Ex 34:6-7.+6:1τὴν δικαιοσύνην ὑμῶν ( tēn dikaosunēn humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and emphasis.+6:1Or in the sight of. Cf NET.+6:1μισθὸν ( misthon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and emphasis.+6:1Cf Rm 2:16, 14:10-12; 1 Co 4:5.+6:2Lit sound a trumpet before you.+6:2In Greek, the article (“the”) often functions anaphorically, that is, it sometimes functions to point back to something mentioned previously (for more on this function of the article, see Wallace, Grammar, 217-20). Here, Jesus is referring back to the “Pharisees and experts in the Torah” mentioned in Mt 5:20.+6:2οἱ ὑποκριταὶ ( hoi hupokritai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:2Or honored, or glorified.+6:2IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+6:2IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:4Here the copula sheds its stativity because an event is in view (see BDAG, 285, sv εἰμί 6). Cf ISV, NCV, NRSV.+6:4Cf 2 Ch 16:9; Jb 31:4, 34:21; Ps 33:13-15; Pr 5:21, 15:3; Jr 16:17, 32:19; Heb 4:12-13.+6:4Or repay.+6:4Cf Pr 19:17; Lk 14:14; 1 Co 4:5.+6:5This is an imperatival future. Cf most English translations.+6:5VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:5).+6:5ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς καὶ ἐν ταῖς γωνίαις τῶν πλατειῶν ( en tais sunagōgais kai en tais gōniais tōn plateiōn) are in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to the embedded element.+6:5Lit so that they may appear to men. ME.+6:5IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+6:5IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:6Lit your inner room. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 988, sv ταμεῖον 2; L-N, 7.28; NBC, 913).+6:6Or secret.+6:6Or repay.+6:7ἐν τῇ πολυλογίᾳ αὐτῶν ( en tē polulogia autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:9In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). The continuity here relates not just to the idea in v 8, but to all the points just made in this section.+6:9Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10.+6:9Or may your Name be treated as holy, or may your Name be set apart. Lit may your Name be sanctified. ME(OTB). For the OT background behind this rendering of ἁγιάζω ( hagiazō) (typically used for the Hebrew qadash in the LXX), see Ezk 36:23. Cf the rendering here with the ESV, NASB, RSV at Ezk 36:23 (Piel in the MT); cf also the ESV and RSV at Ezk 38:16 (Niphal in the MT), and the ESV and RSV at Ezk 39:27 (Niphal in the MT). For the OT background behind the footnote rendering, see Is 29:23 (cf the footnote rendering here with the LEB). It is worth noting that irrespective of whether Ezk 36:23 or Is 29:23 provides the primary backdrop here, both of those passages are eschatological and relate to Israel’s final deliverance in context to the establishment of the Messianic Kingdom (cf the petition in the next line: “Your Kingdom come”). Cf Ps 102:15; Is 11:1-12:3 (note esp 12:3), 29:22-24; Jl 2:26-27; Ezk 36:23, 38:16, 39:7-8; Zc 13:2, 14:9; Ml 1:11-14. The cry for Yahweh to vindicate his name and his faithfulness by ending the exile of the people identified with that name, and who are the object of his faithfulness by virtue of his covenant relationship with the patriarchs, is a prominent theme in Scripture.+6:10“Kingdom” here is to be interpreted covenantally (see, eg, 2 Sm 7:13-16; Ps 89), eschatologically/apocalyptically (see, eg, Is 11; Dn 2:44-45, 7:22; Zc 12-14), Messianically (see, eg Ps 22:28; Is 9, 11; Dn 2), Israelocentrically (see, eg, Ps 102; Is 40; Ob 19-21; Zc 12-14), and concretely and geographically (see, eg, Is 9, 11, 40-66; Zc 14). It does not mean a metaphysical in-breaking of God’s will or rule (abstractly defined) from the “ethereal realm” into the “material realm” through the church in this age (Christo-Platonism). For many resources on the influence Platonism has had on Christian theology, see www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.+6:10Cf Ne 9:6; Ps 103:20, 148:1-2.+6:10καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ( kai epi gēs) is the DFE here (see BART Display), and has thus been left in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:11IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+6:11Lit bread.+6:11Or our daily bread/food; or our bread/food for the coming day. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. This word is a hapax legomenon (ie, it occurs only once in the NT and not in other ancient literature [technically it occurs twice, but the other use is in the parallel of the Lord’s prayer in Lk 11:2]). Cf Ex 16; Ps 78:25, 105:40; Pr 30:8-9; 2 Co 8:15; 1 Ti 6:6-9.+6:11τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον ( ton arton hēmōn ton epiousion) is in P2 (see BART Display), and and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:12Lit our debts. ME (cf Lk 4:4). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+6:12Or have forgiven. The aorist here can be interpreted either as a summary statement (reflecting habitual forgiving) or cumulatively (reflecting forgiveness that has taken place before the time of prayer). Both make sense contextually. Cf UBSHS (Mt), 171.+6:12Lit our debtors. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Lk], 429). Cf NLT.+6:13This is most likely a permissive imperative, possibly built on an underlying Aramaic verb (see NAC, 120; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 6:13; UBSHS [Mt], 172). Cf Mk 14:38; 1 Co 10:13; Jm 1:13. For more on permissive imperatives, see Wallace, Grammar, 488-9. In support of the rendering used here, see ECB, Mt 6:13; NAC, 120; TCBC, 402. Cf NLT.+6:13Cf Mk 14:38; 1 Co 10:13; Jm 1:13.+6:13Some manuscripts add: “For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory, forever. Amen” (ESV).+6:15ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ( ho patēr humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+6:16Lit don’t become sullen-faced. ME (see ANLEX, 352, sv σκυθρωπός; L-N, 25.287). Cf NCV, NET, TEV. σκυθρωποί ( skuthrōpoi) is an a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:16Lit they disfigure their faces (or appearances). ME(H). “The Pharisees put ashes on their heads, wore their worst clothing, and neither trimmed their beard, washed, nor anointed themselves when they fasted” (Mills, Life of Christ, Mt 6:16-18). See also ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 123; JFB, Mt 6:16; Lange, Commentary, 126; UBSHS (Mt), 175; Vincent, Word Studies, 1:45. Cf Jr 6:26; Ezk 27:30.+6:16Lit so that they may appear to men while fasting. ME. Cf HCSB.+6:16IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+6:16IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:17νίψαι ( nipsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:18τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ( tois anthrōpois) and τῷ πατρί σου ( tō patri sou) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint set (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been place directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+6:18Lit so that you may appear not to men while fasting, but to your Father. ME.+6:18Or secret.+6:18Or repay.+6:19Though traditionally rendered “rust” in English translations, in this context the Greek word used here most likely refers to a devouring insect or pest (see L-N, 2.62; LEB footnote; cf Ml 3:11 [LXX]). Also, in English a plural noun is often used to refer to insects as a class. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:22Lit healthy, or good. ME(I/F). A “good eye” is a Hebrew idiom for generosity (see NET Bible Notes, Pr 22:9, 23:6; UBSHS [Mt], 181). Cf Pr 22:9.+6:22φωτεινὸν ( phōteinon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:22Cf Ps 112.+6:23πονηρὸς ( ponēros) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore δὲ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+6:23Lit evil. ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Pr 22:9, 23:6; UBSHS [Mt], 181). An “evil eye” is a Hebrew idiom for selfishness, greed, and stinginess. Cf Dt 15:9, Pr 23:6-7, 28:22; Mt 20:15; Zc 5:6.+6:23σκοτεινὸν ( skoteinon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:23Cf 1 Ti 6:9-10.+6:23IT. A contrast between a supposed and an actual state is implied here. Cf NLT.+6:23σκότος ( skotos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:23Cf Is 5:20; Jr 17:9-10.+6:23τὸ σκότος ( to skotos) here is a point of departure/topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT).+6:23Or great. Cf HCSB.+6:24δυσὶ κυρίοις ( dusi kuriois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:24Lit he.+6:24VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:24). Cf Wallace, Grammar, 571.+6:24μισήσει ( misēsei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:24ἀγαπήσει ( agapēsei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:24ἀνθέξεται ( anthexetai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus inversion and a comma have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+6:24καταφρονήσει ( kataphronēsei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus inversion and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:24θεῷ καὶ μαμωνᾷ ( theō kai mamōna) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Through personal correspondence, Dr. Levinsohn told me that he believes that καὶ is the DFE here. It has thus been italicized.+6:25πλεῖόν ( pleion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:26Lit the birds of the sky. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32). Cf NET at Mt 13:32.+6:26ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος ( ho patēr humōn ho ouranios) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:26VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:26).+6:26Cf Ps 145:15-16.+6:26ὑμεῖς ( humeis) here is point of departure (see BART Display). EFE. In English, switches in topic are often introduced with a question. Cf, eg, the NIV and TEV at Mt 16:15, Mk 8:29, and at Lk 9:20.+6:26“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+6:26μᾶλλον αὐτῶν ( mallon autōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:26Lit than they are. Cf NCV, TEV.+6:26In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+6:27The participle has been interpreted and translated as adverbial participle of means. Cf most English translations.+6:27πῆχυν ἕνα ( pēxhun hena) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb/downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary stress.+6:27Or add to his height a single cubit. A cubit was about 18 inches (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Mt 6:27).+6:28Though deliberative questions are typically asked with the subjunctive or the future indicative (Wallace, Grammar, 465-7, 570), on rare occasions the present is substituted for the future indicative (see BDF, §366[4]; Robertson, Grammar, 880). This seems to be the case here, where the deliberative question is being used rhetorically and not to express an element of doubt or potentiality. The rhetorical question here is volitive, and has thus been translated with “should.” For more on deliberative questions, see Wallace, Grammar, 465-7. Cf NLT, TEV. The meaning is essentially the same either way.+6:28περὶ ἐνδύματος ( peri endumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:29οὐδὲ Σολομὼν ἐν πάσῃ τῇ δόξῃ αὐτοῦ ( Solomōn en pasē tē doxē autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an ascensive adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf most English translations.+6:30οὕτως ( houtōs) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:30The oven of this time was “a dome-like structure made of clay, in which wood and dried grass were burned, and then after being heated, was used for baking bread” ( L-N, 7.74). εἰς κλίβανον ( eis klibanon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:30For the function of μᾶλλον ( mallon) here, see BDAG, 613, sv 2.b.+6:30IT. The verb here is implied from the protasis.+6:30In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+6:32“All these things” is a POD/topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT).+6:32τὰ ἔθνη ( ta ethnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:32Or seek after. See note at 6:33 below.+6:32ἁπάντων ( hapantōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus has been rendered so as to receive extra focus and emphasis.+6:32Lit of these things.+6:33VPR. See VCC (Mt 6:33).+6:33Or seek. Following the lead of the NJB and REB in translation here. Cf also the CJB at Mt 6:32; the NIV and REB at Lk 12:29, and the CJB at Lk 12:30; UBSHS (Lk), 479.+6:33Drawing from BSL in the translation of πρῶτος ( prōtos) here. Cf DBL Greek, #4755.5; L-N, 67.18, 65.52.+6:33Cf Dt 32:35-39; Is 31:6-9, 48:11, 51:5, 54:17, 56:1; Dn 2:34, 2: 44-45, 8:25; 1 Co 1:30; 2 Co 5:1.+6:33Cf Dt 32:35-39; Is 31:6-9, 48:11, 51:5, 54:17, 56:1; Dn 2:34, 2: 44-45, 8:25; 1 Co 1:30; 2 Co 5:1.+6:33πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been segmented with commas for extra focus.+6:33For the meaning of προστίθημι ( prostithēmi) in this context, see BDAG, 885, sv 2; L-N, 57.78. Cf HCSB, ISV.+6:33Cf Ps 37:25.+7:1Or judge. Cf Ex 12:15-19, 22:20, 31:14; Lv 7:21-27, 17:4-14, 18:29, 19:8, 20:2, 20:27, 24:14-16, 24:23, 27:27; Nu 15:35-36; Dt 7:26, 13:9-10, 17:7, 20:2, 20:27, 21:21, 22:2, 27:9-28:68; Jn 7:15, 25. In modern Western Christianity, this verse is sometimes interpreted outside of a Day of the Lord framework, and is thus often used to minimize the seriousness of sin before God (“Don’t judge me!” many say as they consciously indulge in sin). Jesus, however, is not minimizing the seriousness of sin, nor is he doing away with the need for others in the believing community to address it (cf Mt 18; 1 Co 5; Ga 6). Rather, his point is that in view of God’s own longsuffering, patience, and restraint toward us in this age despite our own sin, we, too, must have a merciful disposition toward the wicked (praying for their repentance, cf 2 Pt 3), and a willingness to extend mercy to the repentant within the believing community (cf 2 Co 2:5-11). God himself will execute judgment impartially in the Day of the Lord according to his just standard (see, eg, Rm 2).+7:1IT. The direct object is implied from the context. In English, this lexeme usually requires a direct object (see UBSHS [Mt], 195). Cf Brc, GeCL, FrCL, NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:2ἐν ᾧ κρίματι κρίνετε ( en hō krimati krinete) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:2Lit by which judgment you judge you will be judged. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 195). Cf NLT.+7:2Cf Rm 2:1-5.+7:2ἐν ᾧ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε ( en hō metrō metreite) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf Mt 6:14; Lk 6:36-38; Rm 2:1-5.+7:2Lit by which measure you measure it will be measured to you. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 195). For the meaning of μετρέω ( metreō) in this context, see BDAG, 642, sv 2. “Mercy or condemnation” is implied here (“don’t condemn, so that you won’t be condemned,” implying the possibility of the opposite verdict, ie, “extend mercy to others, so that mercy will be extended to you”).+7:3Lit see. Connotations of self-righteousness and offense are present in this context. Cf Mt 9:11-12; Lk 7:36-40.+7:3Or pay no attention to.+7:3τὴν ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν ( tēn en tō sō ophthalmō dokon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a far demonstrative pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. The element has also been placed in clause-final for primary stress. In Greek the article is a weak demonstrative, and in this context there are clearly negative connotations here.+7:4EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+7:5τὴν δοκόν ( tēn dokon) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:5τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:5Cf Ga 6:1.+7:6IT. Asyndeton is used here in the Greek text, but a contrast (ie, another point to be taken into consideration in the matter of approaching a brother about his sin) is implied contextually (by the content itself, as well as by the shift back to the second person plural). The contrast is between brothers willing to receive the word of correction from those who have come to see clearly (cf Ga 6:1), and those who are unwilling to receive it (ie, dogs/pigs). Cf Interpretation 2 in ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 159. Cf Ps 141:5; Pr 9:7-8, 11:22, 13:8, 15:31-32, 19:25, 23:9, 25:12, 27:6; Ec 7:5; Mt 18:15-20.+7:6Cf CJB, NIV.+7:6Cf Ps 141:5; Pr 9:7-8, 11:22, 13:8, 15:31-32, 19:25, 23:9, 25:12, 27:6; Ec 7:5; Mt 18:15-20.+7:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:7Lit it. IT. Cf NLT.+7:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:7Lit it. IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:7Cf Lk 11:1-13; Re 3:7-8.+7:8πᾶς ὁ αἰτῶν ( pas ho aitōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Though Levinsohn has marked this element for focal ambiguity, through personal correspondence he told me that the first element is most likely an example of re-focusing (since all the information in the sentence has already been established).+7:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:8ὁ ζητῶν ( ho zētōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. See the note at “it is” earlier in this verse. The same applies here.+7:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:8Cf Pr 2:1-8, 25:2; Dn 9:20-23, 10:11-12.+7:8τῷ κρούοντι ( tō krouonti) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. See the note at “it is” earlier in this verse. The same applies here.+7:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 7:7).+7:9λίθον ( lithon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:10Lit he.+7:10ἰχθὺν ( ixhthun) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:10Lit him.+7:10ὄφιν ( ophin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:10In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+7:11The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+7:11πονηροὶ ( ponēroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+7:11δόματα ἀγαθὰ ( domata agatha) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary stress.+7:11For the meaning and function of μᾶλλον ( mallon) in this context, see BDAG, 613, sv 2.b.+7:11ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ( ho patēr humōn ho en tois ouranois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:11VPR. See note at Mt 7:7.+7:11Cf Lk 11:8-9; Jm 1:17.+7:12In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a high boundary of the discourse, relating back not just to the idea in v 11, nor only to the points made in vv 7-12, but to all the preceding points in the Sermon on the Mount (cf v 12 here with Mt 5:17-18). This is reflected in the translation.+7:12οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a demonstrative cleft and adverb have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:12Cf NLT.+7:13στενῆς ( stenēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:13πλατεῖα ( plateia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, LEB, NIV, NKJV.+7:13εὐρύχωρος ( euruchōros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, LEB, NIV, NKJV.+7:13πολλοί ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:14A contrast is implied here contextually. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:14τί στενὴ ( ti stenē) is P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NIV, NKJV, YLT.+7:14τεθλιμμένη ( tethlimmenē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ASV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NIV, NKJV, YLT.+7:14ὀλίγοι ( oligoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized extra focus and emphasis.+7:14Cf Mt 24:21; Jn 16:33; Ac 14:22; Rm 5:3; 2 Co 1:8, 4:16-18, 6:4, 8:2; Eph 3:13; Col 1:24; 1 Th 1:6, 3:3; 2 Th 1:4; Heb 11:35-36; Re 2:9-11, 7:14.+7:15A contrast between an actual and a supposed situation is implied here contextually. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:15Cf 2 Co 2:17, 11:8-15; 1 Ti 6:5; Re 2:2.+7:16ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ( apo tōn karpōn autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:16σταφυλὰς ( staphulas) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:16This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals and their translation, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3.+7:16σῦκα ( suka) is the DFE here (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:16In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+7:17καρποὺς καλοὺς ( karpous kalous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:17σαπρὸν ( sapron) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore the phrase has been structured so as to give this element extra focus.+7:17καρποὺς πονηροὺς ( karpous ponērous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:18καρποὺς πονηροὺς ( karpous ponērous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:18καρποὺς καλοὺς ( karpous kalous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:19εἰς πῦρ ( eis pur) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:19Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mt 3:12, 5:29-30; Mk 9:43, 48; Jn 15:6.+7:20ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ( apo tōn karpōn autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:20Cf Re 2:2.+7:21πᾶς ὁ λέγων μοι ( pas ho legōn moi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used here to give extra focus to this constituent. The negative particle has also been grouped with this element to the same end. For the various effects created by the word “just” in English, see LGSWE, 368-9.+7:22Runge marks οὐ τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι ( en tō sō onomati) as being in P2 ( LDGNT), while Levinsohn marks the element for focal ambiguity (though he favors ἐπροφητεύσαμεν [ emprophēteusamen] as the DFE; see BART Display). Also, a possessive adjective is used here: σῷ (). Possessive adjectives are sometimes more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Levinsohn marks this as an embedded focal element (see BART Display). Italics have thus been used to give extra emphasis to the verb, while a cleft-construction has been used here to give extra focus to the embedded focal element. The same has been done in the next two clauses as well.+7:22A possessive adjective is used here: σῷ (). Possessive adjectives are sometimes more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Levinsohn marks this as an embedded focal element (see BART Display). A cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:22δαιμόνια ( daimonia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:22A possessive adjective is used here: σῷ (). Possessive adjectives are sometimes more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Levinsohn marks this as an embedded focal element (see BART Display). The clause has thus been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+7:22δυνάμεις πολλὰς ( dunameis pollas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:22Cf Mk 3:13-15, 19 (Judas Iscariot); Ac 19:13-16; 2 Co 11:13-15.+7:23For the meaning of ὁμολογέω ( homologeō) here, see BDAG, 708, sv 4.+7:23Lit workers/doers of lawlessness. Cf ISV, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:24In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a high boundary of the discourse. The continuity here relates not just to the idea in vs 23 or vv 21-23, but to all the points made in vv 12-23, which are themselves implications built on the preceding discourse (see note at Mt 7:12).+7:24A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+7:24Or words, or sayings.+7:24Or does, or practices, or observes, or acts on. So throughout this section. Cf NCV, TEV.+7:24Drawing from L-N in translation here (see L-N, 2.21).+7:25Cf 1 Co 3:10-14.+7:26A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+7:29Cf NLT.+8:1Lit he.+8:2λεπρὸς ( lepros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element (the dummy subject allows the element to land in clause-final in English).+8:2Lit a leper. Cf Lv 13.+8:2Lit him.+8:2Lit cleanse. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2). Cf NLT.+8:3Lit he.+8:3Lit his.+8:3Lit was cleansed.+8:4IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+8:4Lit show yourself to the priest. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 224). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+8:4Lit gift. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Cf CJB, TEV.+8:4Or as proof, or as a witness, or as a testimony.+8:4Or to them. The dative here has been interpreted as a dative of location. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Lv 14.+8:5Lit he.+8:5Lit centurion. ME(H). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. A centurion had charge over one hundred soldiers, and his responsibilities “were broadly similar to modern junior officers” ( NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:5).+8:6δεινῶς ( deinōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:7Lit he.+8:8Lit under my roof. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην ( hupo tēn stegēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:8Cf Jn 4:9, 18:28; Ac 10:28, 11:1-3; Ga 2:12.+8:8IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+8:8Lit say a word. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+8:9ἄνθρωπός ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν ( anthrōpos hupo exousian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:9Lit under myself. ME. Cf NCV.+8:10IT. See note at Mt 5:18.+8:10παρʼ οὐδενὶ ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ( par’ oudeni en tō Israēl) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ISV, RSV.+8:11ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ( apo anatolōn ka dusmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore λέγω ὑμῖν ( legō humin) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+8:12Lit the sons of the kingdom. ME(I/F). The expression “sons of the kingdom” is clearly idiomatic (see, eg, L-N, 9.4, 11.13; UBSHS [Mt], 230), with a lot of information compressed in the genitive. Great care must be taken to render the idiom in a way that is both firmly anchored in the immediate context and cognizant of the damage that has been caused by anti-Semitic interpretations and applications of this text (for further discussion, see Stern, JNTC, Mt 8:5-13). In choosing an appropriate ME, the following factors should be taken into consideration: (1) “Kingdom” is to be understood in the same sense as in v 11, where it clearly refers to the Messiah’s eschatological kingdom. Given this, “eat” (representing participation and inclusion more generally) is most likely the verbal information that is compressed and assumed in the genitive here. (2) The context suggests that there is an unmet expectation on the part of the “sons of the Kingdom.” In other words, they thought that they were going to eat/participate in the Messiah’s Kingdom, but, contrary to that expectation, are “thrown outside.” This information, too, seems to be compressed in the genitive. (3) Jews are clearly in view here, but obviously not all Jews (Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are themselves Jews!). The NAC describes the “sons of the kingdom” as “many from within Judaism” (see NAC [Mt], 142); this is an accurate interpretation. All these factors have been taken into account in translation here.+8:12Jesus obviously isn’t referring to all Jews here. Cf Rm 9:1-4, 11:1-6.+8:13Or as. ὡς ( hōs) is most likely causative here (see UBSHS [Mt], 232). Cf NLT.+8:13Lit his.+8:13Lit hour. ME. Cf CJB, HSCB, TEV.+8:14Lit his.+8:16This was a Sabbath (cf Mk 1:21, 29). Healing was forbidden on the Sabbath (cf, eg, Mt 12:2, Jn 9:16), and therefore the people had to wait until evening to bring the sick to Jesus. Ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been rendered so as to allow this element to land in clause-final.+8:16This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf ISV, TEV.+8:16Lit to him.+8:16IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+8:16Or a word.+8:16κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:17“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result clause (see note at Mt 1:22). Though ὅπως ( hopōs) is used here instead of ἵνα ( hina), the two words are at times used interchangeably.+8:17τὰς ἀσθενείας ἡμῶν ( tas astheneias hemōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:17τὰς νόσους ( tas nosous) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:17Is 53:4+8:18IT. Cf NET.+8:20φωλεοὺς ( phōleous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:20Lit the birds of the sky. ME (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32). Cf NET at Mt 13:32.+8:20The verb in this clause is implied from the preceding clause. In verbless clauses, the BART Display typically doesn’t mark focal elements. However, through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn, I was told if the verb here had been repeated, then it is very likely that κατασκηνώσεις ( kataskēnōisis) would have been in P2. It has thus been italicized here for extra focus and emphasis.+8:20ποῦ ( pou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:20Lit has no place to lay his head. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.83). Cf TEV. Cf 1 Co 4:11; Heb 11:9-10.+8:21IT. This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+8:21πρῶτον ( prōton) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:22Lit follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+8:22ἑαυτῶν ( heautōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a possessive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf most English translations.+8:24σεισμὸς μέγας ( seismos megas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:24IT. The following clause is an infinitive of result.+8:24Lit he.+8:25Lit they.+8:25VPR. See VCC (Mt 8:25).+8:26δειλοί ( deiloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra to this constituent.+8:26Lit he.+8:26Lit and the lake, or and the sea. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+8:26Cf Gn 1:9, 8:1-5; Jb 38:11; Ps 18:15, 89:9, 93:4, 102:5-7, 106:9, 107:29; Jr 5:22.+8:27καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα ( kai hoi anemoi kai hē thalassa) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), thus καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent (cf most English translations).+8:28Lit he.+8:28IT. Cf NET at Mt 9:18.+8:28Lit the region of the Gadarenes. ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28).+8:28The clause has been structured in the passive voice to aid information flow. Cf TEV.+8:28ἐκ τῶν μνημείων ( ek tōn mnēmeiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+8:28For the meaning of μνημεῖον ( mnēmeion) in this context, see UBSHS (Mt), 246. Cf NCV, TEV.+8:28Lit they.+8:29Or Leave us alone! Lit What to us and to you? ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV.+8:29Or torment, or torture. Cf TEV.+8:29πρὸ καιροῦ ( pro kairou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+8:30IT. Cf NCV. “A large herd of pigs feeding” is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy subject has been used in order to allow this element to land in clause-final. The IT has been made explicit in translation to do this in more natural English.+8:31Or began to plead with. VPR. See VCC (Mt 8:31). Cf Mk 5:10.+8:31Lit with him.+8:32Lit they.+8:34Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+8:34πᾶσα ἡ πόλις ( pasa hē polis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been grouped in translation with the EFE used to render ἰδοὺ ( idou).+9:1IT. A return trip is implied by the context. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:2Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+9:2Lit they.+9:2ἐπὶ κλίνης ( epi klinēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:3τινες τῶν γραμματέων ( tines tōn grammateōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:5Here Jesus is using a from-the-lesser-to-the-greater argument. This was a common form of logic and argumentation used by Jewish teachers (see NAC [Mt], 154).+9:6Or know, or realize.+9:6Or on the earth. Cf Ps 2, 8; Dn 7:13-14.+9:7Lit he.+9:9Μαθθαῖον ( Maththaion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:9Lit follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+9:9Lit he.+9:9Lit he.+9:9VPR. See note at Mt 4:20.+9:10IT. Cf NLT.+9:10Lit he.+9:10Lit his.+9:10ἰδοὺ ( idou) is used here (see note at Mt 2:9), and πολλοὶ τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( polloi telōnai kai hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:11μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ( meta tōn telōnōn kai hamartōlōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a question and an adjective (“such”; cf NLT, TEV) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent (and to convey the surprise and contempt present contextually).+9:12Lit he.+9:12οἱ ἰσχύοντες ( hoi ischuontes) and οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες ( hoi kakōs echontes) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements. Cf NASB, NCV, NIV.+9:12κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:13ἔλεος καὶ οὐ θυσίαν ( eleos kai thusian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). A wh-cleft has thus been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:13Ho 6:6+9:13Lit came to call/invite, or have come to call/invite. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24. Note also Luke’s use of the perfect tense in Lk 1:32.+9:13Or to invite.+9:13δικαίους ( dikaious) and ἁμαρτωλούς ( hamartōlous) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+9:13Cf CJB.+9:14Lit to him.+9:14VPR. See VCC (Mt 9:14).+9:14Lit Why do we and the Pharisees fast, but your disciples don’t fast? The question has been placed at the end of the verse in order to signal the switch in topic more smoothly in English.+9:15Lit the sons of the bridechamber. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 11.7). Cf most English translations.+9:15μετʼ ( met’) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:15In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ () expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+9:15Lit days. Here ἡμέραι ( hēmerai) is being used in the general sense of “time” (see, eg, BDAG, 438, sv 4). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV.+9:15τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:16χεῖρον σχίσμα ( cheiron schisma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NLT, TEV.+9:17Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf CJV, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+9:17Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, ESV, RSV.+9:17Lit they.+9:17ἀμφότεροι ( amphoteroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:18Lit he.+9:18ἄρχων εἷς ( archōn heis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give extra focus to this element by allowing it to land in clause-final.+9:18Cf TEV. Cf also Mk 5:22; Lk 8:41.+9:18Lit My daughter has now come to the end. ME. Cf HCSB.+9:20γυνὴ αἱμορροοῦσα δώδεκα ἔτη ( gunē haimorroousa dōdeka etē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+9:20Lit him.+9:20Lit hemorrhaging. ME(OTB). This woman was most likely suffering from a vaginal hemorrhage, which meant that she was ritually unclean according to the standards of the Torah (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 9:18; UBSHS [Mt], 268). Cf Lv 15:25-30.+9:20Lit tassel. ME(OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 564, sv κράσπεδον 2; NET Bible Notes, Mt 9:20). Cf Nu 15:37-41; Dt 22:12.+9:21Or saved, or delivered.+9:22ἡ πίστις σου ( hē pistis sou) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a near demonstrative (the article is a weak demonstrative in Greek) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:24Or began telling them.+9:24Lit withdraw. ME. Cf CJB, TEV. The imperative is in the second person plural, and therefore “everybody” has been used in translation here.+9:24IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:25Lit he.+9:28ποιῆσαι ( poiēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:29κατὰ τὴν πίστιν ὑμῶν ( kata tēn pistin humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore λέγων ( legōn) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:32Lit they.+9:32This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3. Cf NCV, TEV.+9:32Lit to him.+9:32Lit a mute man who was demonized. ME. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, TEV.+9:33Lit appeared. ME (see BDAG, 1047, sv φαίνω 2.a.). Cf NLT.+9:34ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ( en tō archonti tōn daimoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:34IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:36Or he was moved with compassion for them. Lit he was moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+9:36Or weary.+9:36Or dejected. Lit thrown, or put down. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mt], 280).+10:1Lit he.+10:2IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+10:4IT. Cf ISV, NLT.+10:5Lit sent out, giving orders to them and saying. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+10:5εἰς ὁδὸν ἐθνῶν ( eis hodon ethnōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and a comma have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:5Lit on the road to the Gentiles. ME. Cf CJB, NET.+10:5Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf HCSB, NET, TEV. εἰς πόλιν Σαμαριτῶν ( eis polin Samaritōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:6Lit house. ME (see L-N, 11.58).+10:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 10:7).+10:7Lit keep proclaiming, saying. Cf NET.+10:7VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:1).+10:8ἀσθενοῦντας ( asthenountas), νεκροὺς ( nekrous), λεπροὺς ( leprous), and δαιμόνια ( daimonia) are in P2 (see BART Display), and have thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:9Lit for your belt/girdle. ME(H)/IT. “A ζώνη was normally quite wide and could be readily folded. As such, it was often used to carry money” ( L-N, 6.178).+10:10The verb is implied from the preceding line. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+10:10Lit two tunics, or two inner garments. ME (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 5:40). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+10:10ἄξιος τῆς τροφῆς αὐτοῦ ( axios tēs trophēs autou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Inversion and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to the preposed element.+10:10Lit worthy of his food/nourishment. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 290). Cf Brc, LEB, NET, NIV, NJB, Phps.+10:11Lit who is worthy in it, or who is suitable in it. ME(H/OTB). Cf TEV. The context here (the provision of food and other needs [vv 9-10]; a “worthy” man/household in contrast to those who “refuse to welcome/receive” [v 14]) indicates that this phrase is being used idiomatically for a hospitable and welcoming person/home/household. Cf UBSHS (Lk), 365. The language used in the translation here is drawn from Jb 31:32. Cf Gn 19:1-2; Jg 19:11-20; 1 Sm 25:5-38; 2 Ki 4:8-10; Jb 31:32; Mt 10:40; 2 Co 7:15. ἄξιός ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). The main quality that makes someone “worthy” has been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress.+10:11Lit and there/in that place. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, NIV here; NLT and TEV at Mk 6:10.+10:12Or house, or household.+10:13Lit worthy, or suitable. ME(H/OTB) (see note at Mt 10:11 above).+10:13Cf 1 Sm 16:4-5.+10:13Lit If it is not worthy. ME (H/OTB) (see note at Mt 10:11 above). Cf 1 Sm 25:1-39.+10:13ἐπιστραφήτω ( epistraphētō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:14Or words. Cf NET, NLT.+10:15IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+10:15ἀνεκτότερον γῇ Σοδόμων καὶ Γομόρρων ( anektoteron gē Sodomōn kai Gomorrōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:16Lit behold. EFE (see note at Mt 2:9). Cf the NRSV at Mt 24:25.+10:16Or wise, or prudent. Cf TEV.+10:17Lit they.+10:17ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν ( en tais sunagōgais autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+10:17Cf 2 Co 11:24.+10:18καὶ ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνας δὲ καὶ βασιλεῖς ( epi hēgemonas kai basileis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element. The constituent has also been placed in clause-final for extress stress.+10:18Since a tribunal scene is being described, the dative here is most likely functioning as a dative of location (cf ESV and RSV). Note, too, the use of ἐπὶ ( epi) with “governors and kings” earlier in the verse. Cf also Ac 9:15, 25:1-26:32; 2 Ti 4:16-17.+10:18Cf Ac 9:15, 25:1-26:32; 2 Ti 4:16-17.+10:19This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3.+10:19παραδίδωμι ( paradidōmi) in this context means to be handed over to a court for trial (see BDAG, 762, sv 1.b.). Cf ISV, NET, NLT, NIV.+10:19Lit how or what you might speak. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, LEB, NCV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+10:19Lit in/at that hour. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+10:19Lit it will be given to you in that hour what you should speak. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV. τί λαλήσητε ( ti lalēsēte) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:19Cf Ac 4:13, 29; Eph 6:19.+10:20ὑμεῖς ( humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT) and τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν ( to pneuma tou patros humōn) in E-O (see LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus these elements. Cf NLT.+10:20Cf Eph 6:19.+10:21Cf Mic 7:5-7; Mk 13:12.+10:22Or delivered.+10:23This is an indefinite plural.+10:23VPR. See VCC (Mt 10:23).+10:23IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+10:23Cf Is 40:9-10; 52:7-10.+10:25In this situation, the ἵνα ( hina) clause may be functioning substantivally as the subject of the clause (see, eg, Wallace, Grammar, 474-5, where Mt 10:25 is cited as a possible example).+10:25In view here is the “product” or goal of discipleship. For the ability of γίνομαι ( ginomai) to function in this way, see BDAG, 197, sv 2, 3, 4. Cf Mt 23:15; Lk 6:40.+10:25τὸν οἰκοδεσπότην ( ton oikodespotēn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. Here Jesus is making a from-the-greater-to-the-lesser argument.+10:25An ellipsis is used in the Greek text here, and therefore the verbal idea must be drawn from the context. Cf CJB, ESV, NET, NASB, NRSV, RSV; UBSHS (Mt), 304.+10:27Lit What I tell you in the dark. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 28.71).+10:27Lit speak it in the light. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 28.64).+10:27Lit into the ear. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 28.73). εἰς τὸ οὖς ( eis to ous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:27Cf Ac 2.+10:28IT. Cf NCV.+10:28τὴν ψυχὴν ( tēn psuchēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:28Cf Gn 31:42, 53; Jb 28:28; Ps 111:10; Pr 1:7, 9:10, 15:33; Ec 12:3; Is 2:22, 8:13, 11:3.+10:28The active infinitive here is most likely functioning causatively/ergatively; ie, God gives the order in context to the coming judgment. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+10:28Ie, the second death, or eternal torment in a resurrected body in the lake of fire. Cf Is 66:24; Mt 5:29-30, 23:33, 10:28; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 12:5; Ac 24:15; Jn 5:28-29; Re 2:11, 14:11, 20:6, 20:14-15, 21:8.+10:28καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ σῶμα ( kai psuchēn kai sōma) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:29ἀσσαρίου ( assariou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb/downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element (the adverb selected is based on the context, which is highlighting the relatively low cost, and thus the relatively lesser value, of sparrows). Cf NCV, TEV.+10:29Lit assarion. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 10:29). This was a small copper coin.+10:29The future indicative is interpreted here as a gnomic future. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, NET, TEV.+10:29ME/IT. Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 78, sv ἄνευ a.). Cf LEB.+10:30πᾶσαι ἠριθμημέναι ( ērithmēmenai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ( pasai) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:31πολλῶν στρουθίων ( pollōn strouthiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:32In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). The continuity here relates not just to the idea in vs 31, but to all the points just made in vv 16-31.+10:32A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:32Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 708, sv ὁμολογέω 4.b.).+10:33A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:33Cf 2 Ti 2:11-13.+10:34Lit came to, or have come to. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+10:34Or the earth.+10:34εἰρήνην ( eirēnēn) and μάχαιραν ( machairan) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+10:34Cf Lk 2:34.+10:36Mic 7:6+10:37A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:37Lit The one who cherishes/loves. ME (see translation and notes at 1 Co 16:22; cf BSL, Mt 10:37, sv φιλέω). Loyalty/allegiance is clearly the focus in this context.+10:37Ὁ φιλῶν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα ὑπὲρ ἐμὲ ( ho philōn patera ē mētera huper eme) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to give this element extra focus.+10:37A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:38ὃς οὐ λαμβάνει τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ καὶ ἀκολουθεῖ ὀπίσω μου ( hos ou lambanei ton stauron autou kai akolouthei opisō mou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:38Lit and follow after me. ME(H) (see translation and notes at Mt 4:19; VCC [Mt 10:38]). Cf Jn 6:66.+10:39For the meaning of εὑρίσκω ( heuriskō) in this context, see ANLEX, 180, sv 3; BDAG, 412, sv 3; L-N, 13.17. Cf TEV.+10:39Cf Ps 49.+10:39Cf Mt 16:25; Mk 8:35; Lk 9:24, 17:33; Jn 12:25.+10:40A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:40ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic personal pronoun and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:40IT. An actual situation beyond what is immediately apparent to the host is implied in this context.+10:40A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:40ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic personal pronoun and is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:41A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:41Cf 1 Kg 17:10–15; 18:4; 2 Kg 4:8.+10:41Or because he is a prophet. Lit in the name of a prophet. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 3; L-N, 58.22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 10:41). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, RSV, TEV.+10:41μισθὸν προφήτου ( misthon prophētou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:41Or wage. Cf Lk 14:14; 1 Co 3:8.+10:41A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+10:41Or because he is a righteous man. Lit in the name of a righteous man. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 3; L-N, 58.22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 10:41).+10:41μισθὸν δικαίου ( misthon dikaiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:42Lit these little ones, or these small ones. ME (see BDAG, 651, μικρός 2.a.; UBSHS [Mt], 316, 561-2). “Little ones” in this context does not refer to children, but to ordinary, common people who are thought to be of little importance (which, at this time, certainly could include children).+10:42For an example of μόνος ( monos) used with this sense in the Koine period, see M-M, 417, sv.+10:42Or as a disciple. Lit in the name of a disciple. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 714, sv ὄνομα 3; L-N, 58.22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 10:41). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, RSV, TEV.