BHT with Full Translator’s NotesMark 9 =
9
1 Then he said to them, “Amen, I solemnly+ tell ᵖyou this: There are some standing right+ here who will certainly not experience death while+ they have a glimpse+ of the Kingdom of God having come in power.”+
“His Appearance Was Transformed in Front of Them”
2 So after six days Jesus took along Peter, James, and John, and led them up a high mountain just the four of them.+ His appearance was transformed in front of them, 3 and his garments became radiant and intensely white, so white that+ no cloth refiner on the earth could whiten them like this. 4 Then Elijah appeared before them, together with Moses, and they were talking with Jesus. 5 In response Peter said to Jesus, “Rabbi, how wonderful it is+ for us to be right+ here! Let us set up three tabernacles+—one for you yourself,+ one, too,+ for Moses, and one, too,+ for Elijah.” 6 (He didn’t know what to say, so+ terrified as they were.)
7 Then a cloud appeared,+ overshadowing them,+ and a voice came from the cloud: “This is my dearly loved Son. Pay close attention to him and obey what he says.+” 8 Suddenly, as they looked around, they didn’t see anyone with them except Jesus all by himself.+
9 As they were coming down from the mountain, Jesus+ gave them strict orders not to tell anyone about the things they had seen until the Son of Man had risen from the dead.+ 10 Of that statement the three disciples+ grabbed hold,+ arguing with one another about what “rising from the dead+” meant. 11 Then they asked Jesus+ a question: “Why do the experts in the Torah say that Elijah+ must come first?”+
12 “Elijah certainly will come first and ‘turn back’+ all things,+” he said to them. “Yet why is it written about the Son of Man that he must suffer many+ things and be despised?+ 13 But I tell ᵖyou this: Elijah in a sense+ has indeed+ come,+ but they treated him shamefully,+ just as it is written about him.”
“I Order You to Come Out of Him and Never Enter Him Again”
14 When Jesus and the three disciples+ rejoined the other+ disciples, they saw a large crowd around them and some Torah-experts arguing with them. 15 All the people in the crowd, as soon as they saw Jesus,+ were overcome with excitement, and they ran up to him and greeted him. 16 Jesus+ asked them, “What are ᵖyou arguing with them about?”
17 “Teacher,” a man from the crowd answered, “I brought my son to ˢyou, because+ he has a spirit that won’t let him talk. 18 Whenever it attacks+ him, it throws him to the ground in convulsions, and he foams at the mouth and grinds his teeth and becomes stiff. I asked your disciples to drive the spirit+ out, but they were unable to.”
19 “You faithless generation!” Jesus+ said to them in response. “Exactly+ how much longer must I be with ᵖyou? How long do I have to put up with ᵖyou? Bring the boy+ to me.”
20 So they brought the boy+ to him. When the spirit saw Jesus,+ it immediately threw the boy+ into convulsions. He fell to the ground and kept+ rolling around, foaming at the mouth.
21 “How long has this been happening to him?” Jesus asked the boy’s+ father.
“Since he was very young,”+ the father+ replied.22 “The spirit+ has thrown+ him, many times,+ into the fire or under+ some water, intending+ to kill him. Now please,+ if you are able+ to do something, have compassion on us and help us.”
23 “ ‘If you are able’?” said Jesus. “Indeed+ all things are possible for the one who has faith.”
24 “I do have faith!” the boy’s father immediately cried out. “Help my lack of faith!”
25 When Jesus noticed that a crowd was quickly gathering, he issued a stern command to the unclean spirit. “You spirit that won’t let this boy talk or hear,”+ he said, “I order ˢyou to come out of him and never enter him again.” 26 And as+ the spirit+ screamed and threw the boy+ into violent+ convulsions, it came out. The boy+ became so corpse-like that most were saying he was dead. 27 Jesus, however, taking the boy+ by the hand, helped him to his feet, and he stood up!
28 After Jesus+ went into the house, his disciples began asking him when there was no one else around,+ “Why were we ourselves+ unable to drive out the unclean spirit+?”
29 “This kind,” Jesus+ replied, “can come out only by prayer.”+
“The Son of Man Is Going to Be Betrayed into the Hands of Men”
30 From that place they set out and began making their way through Galilee. Jesus+ didn’t want anyone to know+ where he was,+ though, 31 because he was teaching his disciples and telling them, “The Son of Man is going to be betrayed into the hands of men, and they will kill him. But although+ he is killed, after three days he will rise to life.” 32 But the disciples+ didn’t understand what he meant,+ and they were afraid to ask+ him about it.
“If Someone Desires to Be First, He Must Be Last of All and a Servant of All”
33 They arrived at Capernaum, and after he was in the house,+ Jesus+ asked the disciples,+ “What was it+ ᵖyou were arguing about as we were traveling+?” 34 But they kept quiet, because with one another they had argued while traveling about who would+ be the greatest. 35 After he sat down, Jesus+ called the Twelve over to himself and said to them, “If someone desires to be first,+ he must be last+ of all and a servant+ of all.” 36 Then Jesus+ took a child by the hand+ and had him stand where they could all see him.+ Putting his arms around the child,+ Jesus said to them, 37 “If+ someone welcomes one lowly person,+ like these children,+ because he bears my name,+ it is+ me whom he is actually+ welcoming. And if+ someone welcomes me,+ he is actually welcoming not+ me, but the one who sent me.”
38 “Teacher,” John said to him, “we saw someone driving out demons in your name,+ and we tried to stop him since he wasn’t traveling about with us as your disciple.+”
39 “Don’t stop him,” said Jesus, “because no one who does a miracle in my name will+ soon dare+ to say something evil about me. 40 For anyone who is not against us is for+ us. 41 Indeed, if+ someone gives ᵖyou a cup of water to drink because you bear my name,+ because you belong to the Messiah,+ amen, I solemnly+ tell ᵖyou this: He will certainly not lose his reward. 42 But if+ someone causes one of these humble folk+ who are putting their faith in me to stumble in sin,+ it would be truly+ better for him if a heavy millstone were tied around his neck and he were thrown into the sea! 43 So if ˢyour hand is causing you to stumble in sin, cut it off! It would be truly+ better for ˢyou to enter into life maimed+ than to go into Gehenna, into the unquenchable fire, with both+ hands.+ 45 Or+ suppose it is+ ˢyour foot that is causing you to stumble in sin—cut it off! It is truly+ better for you to enter into life lame than to be thrown into Gehenna with two+ feet. 47 But+ what if it is+ ˢyour eye that is causing you to stumble in sin? Gouge it out! It is truly+ better for ˢyou to enter into the Kingdom of God with only one+ eye than to be thrown into Gehenna, 48 where ‘the worms that feed on them+ do not die, and the fire is not quenched,’+ with two+ eyes. 49 Everyone, you see, will with fire+ be salted.+++ 50 Salt is so+ valuable.+ If the salt becomes unsalty,+ however, exactly+ how will ᵖyou make it salty again?+ Keep on having salt among yourselves, and be at peace with one another.”+
+1:1The second genitive here has been interpreted as an objective genitive (though it may be functioning here on a plenary level; see Wallace, Grammar, 119). This is reflected in the translation. Cf NIV, NLT, TEV. Cf also UBSHS (Mk), 2.+1:1Cf Ac 1:22.+1:1Lit The beginning of the gospel about Jesus the Messiah, just as it is written…. Here, the first genitive has been translated as a subjective genitive. Following the lead of L-N in connecting this phrase with what follows (see L-N, 68.1). Cf also NAC (Mk), 38; UBSHS (Mk), 2.+1:2Lit before your face. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 67.19).+1:2Ml 3:1+1:3Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+1:3Lit the paths, or your paths. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 3:3).+1:3εὐθείας ( eutheias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:3Is 40:3+1:4In this context, ἐγένετο ( egeneto) is similar in meaning to παραγίνεται ( paraginetai) at Mt 3:1 (see translation and notes there; cf BSL, Mk 1:4, sv γίνομαι). Cf CJB, TEV.+1:5VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:5).+1:5Or confessing.+1:5Cf Ps 32:3.+1:6Cf 2 Ki 1:8, Lk 1:17.+1:8Or in.+1:9Lit In those days. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 56). Cf NIV, NCV.+1:10According to Stephen Levinsohn and Randall Buth (based on personal correspondence with Dr. Levinsohn), in Mark καὶ εὐθὺς ( kai euthus) often functions as a development marker, somewhat similar to δὲ ( de) in Matthew. Though this is not necessarily always the case, in situations where it does seem to be functioning on this level, it is either translated as a development marker or is left untranslated.+1:10Lit he.+1:10Or the skies. So throughout this section.+1:10ὡς περιστερὰν ( hōs peristeran) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:11φωνὴ ( phōnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+1:11Cf Gn 22:2, 16; Is 42:1.+1:12Lit him.+1:13ἄγγελοι ( angeloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:13Cf Ge 21:15-19; 1 Ki 19:5-8; Ps 78:23-25, 91:11; Lk 22:43; Heb 1:14.+1:14Cf Ps 40:9-10 (see LXX); Is 40:9, 52:7, 61:1 (see LXX); Rm 1:1.+1:15Cf Dn 2:21, 9:24-27; Ga 4:4; Eph 1:10.+1:15VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:2).+1:15Cf Is 13:6-9; Dn 2:34-35, 44-45; Jl 1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:31, 3:14; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-9, 14-18; Ml 4:5; Mt 5:20-24; Lk 10:11-12, 21:31; Rm 13:12; 1 Pt 4:7.+1:15Cf ISV. It must be remembered here that Jesus is addressing a Jewish audience familiar with the OT and the promises of the covenants.+1:15Lit in the gospel. ME(OTB)/IT. In both the OT and NT, the “gospel” isn’t just a generic message, but relates specifically to the promises of the covenants. Cf Gn 12:1-3, 22:18, 26:4, 28:14; 2 Sm 7; 1 Ch 17; Ps 2, 40:9-10 (cf LXX), 89, 132; Is 40:9, 52:7, 61:1 (cf LXX); Ac 7:5, 13:23, 13:32, 26:6; Rm 1:1, 4:14-16; 2 Co 1:20; Ga 3:7-29 (see esp vs 8); Tit 1:2; Re 10:7. Cf πιστεύετε ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ ( pisteuete en euangeliō) here with ἐπίστευσαν ἐν τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοῦ ( episteusan en tois logois autou) at Ps 105:12 in the LXX (Ps 106:12 in the MT), and with the HCSB, NET, NIV, NLT, and TEV renderings of the MT there.+1:15Cf Is 40:27-31; Hab 2:3.+1:16Lit he.+1:16Lit and Andrew the brother of Simon.+1:17Lit Come after me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+1:18VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+1:19Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ESV, NASB, NRSV, RSV.+1:21IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+1:21See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+1:21Lit he.+1:22Lit they.+1:22Cf NLT.+1:23See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+1:23ἄνθρωπος ἐν πνεύματι ἀκαθάρτῳ ( anthrōpos en pneumati akathartō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus (with the help of a dummy subject).+1:24Or Leave us alone! Lit What to us and to you? ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV.+1:24Lit Did you come, or Have you come. Cf TEV.+1:25Lit to him.+1:26Or after. Since the aorist participles are used with an aorist indicative main verb, it isn’t completely clear whether the relative time of the participles is contemporaneous or antecedent. For further discussion, see Wallace, Grammar, 624.+1:26Lit him.+1:27τοῖς πνεύμασι τοῖς ἀκαθάρτοις ( tois pneumasi tois akathartois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been rendered ascensively to give this constituent extra focus.+1:29See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+1:29ἐκ τῆς συναγωγῆς ( ek tēs sunagōgēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:30Lit immediately. ME. Cf TEV.+1:32Ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:32This was a Sabbath (cf Mk 1:21, 29). Healing was forbidden on the Sabbath (see, eg, Mt 12:2, Jn 9:16), and therefore the people had to wait until evening to bring the sick to Jesus.+1:32Lit they. This is an indefinite plural.+1:32Lit to him.+1:32κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis+1:34Lit he.+1:34κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:34δαιμόνια πολλὰ ( daimonia polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition and italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+1:35πρωῒ ἔννυχα λίαν ( prōi ennucha lian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:35Cf NCV, TEV.+1:35Lit he.+1:35The direct object is implied from the context. Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+1:35The imperfect tense of the verb here “implies some duration to the prayer (see NET Bible Notes, Mk 1:35). Cf NET.+1:37πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:38Lit he.+1:38IT. Cf CJB; UBSHS (Mk), 63.+1:38καὶ ἐκεῖ ( kai ekei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:38εἰς τοῦτο ( eis touto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+1:38IT. Cf ISV.+1:39τὰ δαιμόνια ( ta daimonia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent (“demons” is used in a context in which the verbs are functioning progressively and distributively [ie, the demons are coming out of multiple people as Jesus travels “all over Galilee”]). Mark really seems to love this aspect of Jesus’ ministry!+1:40Lit a leper. Cf Lv 13.+1:40Lit to him.+1:40Lit he.+1:40Lit cleanse. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2). Cf NLT.+1:41Or Jesus was moved with compassion. Lit Being moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072). An independent clause has been used in translation to allow for more natural expression of the idiom in English.+1:41Lit he.+1:42Lit left him.+1:43Lit him.+1:43Lit he.+1:44IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:44Lit show yourself to the priest. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 224). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:44Lit the things. ME(OTB)/IT (see Lv 14:1-32). Cf NIV, TEV.+1:44Cf Lv 14:1-32.+1:44Or as proof, or as a witness, or as a testimony.+1:44Or to them. The dative here has been interpreted as a dative of location. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Lv 14.+1:45Lit he.+1:45Lit the word.+1:45Lit he.+1:45φανερῶς εἰς πόλιν ( phanerōs eis polin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ὥστε ( ōste) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:45φανερῶς ( phanerōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:45ἔξω ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις ( exō ep’ erēmois topois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἀλλʼ ( all’) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:45Lit they.+2:1Lit he.+2:1Lit it was heard. ME. Cf CJB, NET, NLT, NCV, TEV.+2:1IT. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT.+2:1ἐν οἴκῳ ( en oikō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:2Lit He.+2:2Or the word.+2:3Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, TEV; UBSHS (Mk), 73.+2:3Lit they. Cf ISV, NET.+2:3VPR. See VCC (Mk 2:3)+2:4Lit he.+2:7Lit Why...? The rhetorical impact intended by the question here is, in my opinion, more effectively conveyed in English with something like “how dare.” Cf CJB, TEV; UBSHS (Mk), 78; translation and notes at Lk 5:21.+2:7οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf CJB.+2:7Lit Who can forgive sins except God alone? ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:8See note at “well” in Mk 1:10.+2:8Lit in his spirit. ME (see UBSHS [Jn], 212).+2:8οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:8τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:10Or know, or realize.+2:10Or on the earth. Cf Ps 2, 8; Dn 7:13-14. If ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( epi tēs gēs) is to be grouped with “have authority,” then it is in a DFE position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn). Because of the parallels in Mt and Lk, I am inclined to interpret it as such here. (This is the interpretation reflected in most English translations.) Italics have therefore been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:12See note at Mk 1:10.+2:12Lit he.+2:12ὥστε ( hōste) here is signaling result. That people are in awe and praising God in response to the healing is clear and obvious from the context, and thus ὥστε has not been translated. Cf CJB, NET, NLT, TEV.+2:12οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:13Lit beside the lake. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:13πᾶς ὁ ὄχλος ( pas ho ochlos) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:14Lit follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+2:14Lit he.+2:14Lit he.+2:14VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+2:15IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:15Lit he.+2:15Lit his.+2:15πολλοὶ τελῶναι καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( polloi telōnai kai hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:15Lit For they were many and were following/accompanying him. ME. Cf CJB, NLT. For a discussion of the interpretive options here, see UBSHS (Mk), 86.+2:16Lit the scribes of the Pharisees. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mk 2:16).+2:16μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ( meta tōn telōnōn kai hamartōlōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a question and an adjective (“such”; cf NLT, TEV) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent (and to convey the surprise and contempt present contextually).+2:17See note at Mt 9:12. The same applies here.+2:17κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:17Lit came to call/invite, or have come to call/invite. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+2:17Or to invite.+2:17δικαίους ( dikaious) and ἁμαρτωλούς ( hamartōlous) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents.+2:17Cf CJB.+2:18Lit they. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV.+2:18Lit to him.+2:18σοὶ ( soi) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a possessive adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:18Lit Why do the disciples of John and the disciples of the Pharisees fast, but your own disciples don’t fast? The question has been placed at the end of the verse in order to signal the switch in topic more smoothly in English.+2:19ἐν ᾧ ὁ νυμφίος μετʼ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ( en hō ho numphios met’ autōn estin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with μὴ [ mē] expect a negative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:19μετʼ ( met’) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:19In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+2:20Lit days. Here ἡμέραι ( hēmerai) is being used in its generic sense of “time” (see, eg, BDAG, 438, sv 4). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV.+2:20τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:20Lit at/on/in that day.+2:21ἐπίβλημα ῥάκους ἀγνάφου ( epiblēma ‘rakous agnaphou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:21Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NIV, RSV.+2:21χεῖρον σχίσμα ( cheiron schisma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:22Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NIV, RSV.+2:22The verb is implied from the first part of the verse. Cf ISV, LEB, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+2:23Lit he.+2:23ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν ( en tois sabbasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:23Lit to make a road. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mk], 96). Cf NIV, TEV.+2:24τοῖς σάββασιν is ( tois sabbasin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:26Cf Lv 16:32; 1Sa 21:1-6; 2 Sa 8:17;1 Ch 24:6.+2:26τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ( tous artous tēs protheseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question and an emphatic adjective (“very”) have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent. Also, the verb in the preceding clause has been subordinated to ensure that primary emphasis lands on the focal element. Cf Mt 12:4 and Lk 6:3.+2:26Cf Ex 25:30; Lv 24:5-9; 1Sm 21:6.+2:26Lit which is forbidden for [one] to eat, except...+2:26Cf Lv 24:5-9.+2:26σὺν ( sun) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:27τὸ σάββατον ( to sabbaton) here is a topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT).+2:27διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ( dia ton anthrōpon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:27Here διά ( dia) is functioning as a marker of benefaction (see, eg, L-N, 90.38). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:27Lit man. ME. Cf CJB, NRSV, TEV.+2:28κύριος καὶ τοῦ σαββάτου ( kurios kai tou sabbatou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis, with καὶ rendered ascensively to give extra focus to the split element.+3:1Lit he.+3:1Lit dried up. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.173). ἐξηραμμένην ( exērammenēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+3:2Lit they. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+3:2Lit him.+3:2Lit him.+3:2τοῖς σάββασιν ( tois sabbasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:2The context makes it clear that they are looking for grounds on which to accuse. Cf CJB, NIV.+3:2Lit in order to accuse him.+3:3Lit in the middle. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 104).+3:3Lit he.+3:4Lit Which is lawful? ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+3:4ἀγαθὸν ( agathon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:4Or to do evil?+3:4σῶσαι ( sōsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:5Lit the hardness/calloused state/insensitivity of their heart. ME(H/OTB). “People in the ancient Near East viewed the heart as the seat of emotions, the intellect, and the will” (see FSB, Ex 4:21; cf ANLEX, 215, sv καρδία 2; Ibid, 340, sv πώρωσις; FSB, Mk 3:5; Ex 4:21; for a good example of the close interrelationship between emotion, will, and understanding that is assumed in the Scriptures, see Proverbs 2). In modern Western culture, we tend to associate the heart with the emotions and perhaps even the will, but not so much with the mind, intellect, and understanding. (In fact, heart and mind are often viewed in contradistinction to one another.) Some translations try to compensate at this point by using “mind” in translation (see, eg, the NCV and TEV at Mk 6:52 and 8:17).+3:5Cf Ex 32:9-14; Dt 9:13-14.+3:5Lit he.+3:6Lit went out and began giving counsel against him. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:6μετὰ τῶν Ἡρῳδιανῶν ( meta tōn hērōdianōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give this element extra focus. συμβούλιον ( sumboulion) here has been interpreted as incorporated in the verb phrase. (Through personal correspondence, Dr. Stephen Levinsohn told me that in his personal annotations he has noted that συμβούλιον may be incorporated. His doubts spring from the fact that a different verb is used here.) Cf the BART Display at Mt 12:14.+3:6Lit the Herodians. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 22:16).+3:6Since a colon was used to give extra focus to the focal constituent (see note at “these” in this verse), the verbal idea has been restated in translation here.+3:6The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+3:7πολὺ πλῆθος ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας ( polu plēthos tēs Galilaias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used in order to allow this element to land in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:7πολὺ ( polu) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+3:9πλοιάριον ( ploiarion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore διὰ τὸν ὄχλον ( dia ton ochlon) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:9Lit they. Cf NIV, TEV.+3:10πολλοὺς ( pollous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:10VPR. See VCC (Mk 3:10).+3:11ἐθεώρουν ( etheōroun) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:12VPR. See VCC (Mk 3:12). Cf ISV.+3:12πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been modified with an adverb and segmented with commas for extra focus and emphasis.+3:12φανερὸν ( phaneron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+3:12Lit him not to make known. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 110). Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:13Lit he.+3:13Or wanted. Cf Lk 6:13.+3:14ἀποστόλους ( apostolous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:14Lit to be with him. ME. Cf ISV, NLT.+3:17An ellipsis is present here in the Greek text. The verb is implied from v 16.+3:19IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+3:20Lit so that they.+3:20ἄρτον ( arton) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+3:20Lit were not able to eat bread. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+3:21Lit they were saying. The subject here has been interpreted as an impersonal plural (for a brief discussion of the interpretive options here, see UBSHS [Mk], 116). This is reflected in the translation.+3:21Lit he.+3:21Or For they were saying, “He’s lost his mind.” Cf Jn 6:41-70.+3:22ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων ( apo Yerosolumōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:22Βεελζεβοὺλ ( Beelzeboul) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:22Lit He has Beelzebul. Cf NET, NIV, NLT.+3:22ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ( en tō archonti tōn daimoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:22IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:22This is a genitive of subordination.+3:23Lit he.+3:23ἐν παραβολαῖς ( en parabolais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:23σατανᾶν ( satanan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:23“He asked” is used as a transition here, since a rhetorical question was used to give extra focus to the focal constituent in the preceding line (see note at “what?” earlier in this verse). Cf NCV, NLT.+3:24ἐφʼ ἑαυτὴν ( eph’ heautēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:24In this context, ἵστημι ( histēmi) means to “continue to exist” (see DBL Greek, #2705.11; L-N, 13.90) or to “survive” (see UBSHS [Mt], 373). Cf CJB, NCV.+3:25The focal prominence given to “house” (see BART Display) is underscoring a contrast between different things that can be divided.+3:25οἰκία ( oikia) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:26Or rebels, or rises up. For this gloss for ἀνίστημι ( anistēmi), see UBSHS (Mk), 120.+3:26Lit he is going to have his end, or he has his end, or he will certainly have his end. The meaning here is not the end of Satan’s existence, but the end of his power and kingdom (see UBSHS [Mk], 121). The present indicative here is most likely conveying the certainty of Satan’s demise if the protasis were true. τέλος ( telos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:27Or the strong man’s.+3:27εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν τοῦ ἰσχυροῦ ( eis tēn oikian tou ischurou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:27See note at Mt 12:29. The same applies here.+3:27τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ ( ta skeuē autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:27δήσῃ ( dēsē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:27τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:27See note at Mt 12:29. The same applies here.+3:28IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+3:28Lit the sons of men. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mk], 122). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, TEV.+3:28πάντα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα καὶ αἱ βλασφημίαι ὅσα ἐὰν βλασφημήσωσιν ( panta ta hamartēmata kai hai blasphēmiai hosa ean blasphēmēsōsin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow this information to land in clause-final for primary focus and stress. An emphatic adverb has also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+3:28The context (juxtaposition with a category/class/kind of sin known as “blasphemy of the Spirit”; plural usage of βλασφημία [ blasphēmia]) indicates that πάντα ( panta) here is signaling different categories and classes of sin and blasphemy. Cf BDAG, 784, sv πᾶς 5; L-N, 58.28.+3:28“Commit” is implied here.+3:28Lit blasphemies.+3:29A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+3:29ἔνοχός αἰωνίου ἁμαρτήματος ( enochos aiōniou hamartēmatos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adverb/spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:29αἰωνίου ( aiōniou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:30IT. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:30πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον ( pneuma akatharton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:31ἔξω ( exō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:31IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:32ἡ μήτηρ σου καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ σου ( hē mētēr sou kai hoi adelphoi sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+3:34περὶ αὐτὸν κύκλῳ ( peri auton kuklō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:35οὗτος ( houtos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:1Lit he.+4:1πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:1εἰς πλοῖον ( eis ploion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:1πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( pros tēn thalassan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore and adverb and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:2πολλὰ ( polla) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:2Lit And he was saying to them in his teaching. ME. ἐν τῇ διδαχῇ αὐτο ( en tē didachē autou) here is active in meaning (ie, it is referring to “the act of teaching” and to “the thing taught”) ( UBSHS [Mk], 128). Cf CJB, ISV.+4:3Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+4:5Lit did not have much soil. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 403).+4:5Lit because it did not have depth of soil. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 403).+4:6Lit because it did not have root. ME. Cf NET.+4:7IT (see note at Mt 13:7).+4:7Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+4:7καρπὸν ( karpon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before this element to give it extra focus. The element has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:8VPR. See VCC (Mt 13:8). A different lexeme is used here, but the context is the same, and the same aspect is encoded in the verb.+4:8The direct object is implied here. Cf, eg, CJB, LEB.+4:9Lit He who has ears, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 11:15).+4:10Lit he.+4:10Lit according to that which is alone/private. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 133).+4:10Lit those around him along with the Twelve. ME. Here, σὺν ( sun) is functioning in a way very similar to καί ( kai). Cf BDAG, 962, 3.a.β.; NCV, NIV, NLT.+4:11τὸ μυστήριον τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ ( to mustērion tēs basileias tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. The preposed element has also been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:11Cf Dn 2:17-47, 4:9; Rm 11:25, 16:25; 1 Co 4:1-2, 13:2, 14:2, 15:51; Eph 1:9, 3:3-9, 5:32, 6:19; Col 1:26-27, 2:2, 4:3; 1 Ti 3:9, 16; Re 1:20, 10:7, 17:5.+4:11ἐν παραβολαῖς ( en parabolais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:12See notes at Mt 13:15. The same applies here.+4:12See note at Mt 13:15. The same applies here.+4:12Lit it. IT.+4:12Is 6:9, 10.+4:13EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this type of context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+4:13Here καί ( kai) is most likely introducing an apodosis to a condition implied in the question (cf BDAG, 494, sv 1.b.δ); ie, “If you don’t understand this parable, how will you understand...?” The implied apodosis is signaled to English readers here with “then.” Cf ESV, HCSB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV. Also, πάσας τὰς παραβολὰς ( pasas tas parabolas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “then” has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:14τὸν λόγον ( ton logon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:14Or word, or teaching. So throughout this section.+4:15Lit those who. Masculine inflections are used throughout the explanation of the parable, since people are meant. Throughout this section, “the seed” is used in translation for the sake of clarity and to aid information flow.+4:15In this context, εἰμί ( eimi) means to “mean” or “represent” (see BDAG, 283, sv 2.c.). Cf NLT.+4:15The nominatives here make up a convertible proposition (they have an identical referent and are interchangeable; for more on convertible propositions, see Wallace, Grammar, 41-5). Pronouns are typically the subjects in such constructions ( Ibid, 44). At the same time, in vv 15-16, οὗτοί ( houtoi) is in P2 (see LDGNT and BART Display). Therefore, even though οὗτοί technically stands as the subject, since the two constituents are interchangeable, and since εἰμί ( eimi) is signaling a metaphor here (see UBSHS [Mk], 138; cf BDAG, 283, sv εἰμί 2.c.), οὗτοί has been placed in clause-final both for primary stress, and to allow for the metaphor to be signaled in more natural English (the passive with “represent” sounds a bit awkward, in my opinion).+4:16ἐπὶ τὰ πετρώδη ( epi ta petrōdē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:16See note at “these” in Mk 4:15 above. The same applies here.+4:16μετὰ χαρᾶς ( meta charas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:17Lit And they have no root in themselves. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:17πρόσκαιροί ( proskairoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf ISV, NIV.+4:17Or fall away. Cf Jb 2:9; Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Mt 11:2; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+4:18εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας ( eis tas akanthas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:18See note at “these” in Mk 4:15 above. The same applies here with ἄλλοι ( alloi).+4:18ἀκούσαντες ( akousantes) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:19IT (see note at Mt 13:7).+4:19ἡ μέριμνα τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι ( hē merimna tou aiōnos kai hē apatē tou ploutou kai hai peri ta loipa epithumiai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore delay and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:19περὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ( peri ta loipa) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:19Result is implied here (cf BDAG, 495, sv καί 1.b.ζ.).+4:19ἄκαρπος ( akarpos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:20ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν τὴν καλὴν ( epi tēn gēn tēn kalēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:20See note at “these” in Mk 4:15. The same applies here.+4:21Lit he.+4:21ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον ἢ ὑπὸ τὴν κλίνην ( hupo ton modion ē hupo tēn klinēn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with μὴ [ mē] expect a negative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:21ἐπὶ τὴν λυχνίαν ( epi tēn luchnian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:22Lit For there is not anything hidden except that it may be disclosed. ME. Cf ISV.+4:22IT. Cf NLT.+4:22Lit nor has become concealed but that it may come out into the open. ME. Cf ISV.+4:22Cf Dt 29:29; Pr 25:2; Dn 2:21-22.+4:23Lit If someone has ears to hear, let him hear. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 11:15).+4:24Lit See what you are hearing. ME (see BDAG, 179, sv βλέπω 4, 6).+4:24Lit By which measure you measure it will be measured to you, and it will be added to you. ME. Cf NLT. Following here the lead of the NLT, which, in my opinion, captures the meaning of this saying in this context very well. Cf Jsh 1:8; Ps 1:2, 19:14, 49:3, 119:18; Dn 1:17, 2:20-23, 7:15-16, 8:15-16, 9:20-23; Mt 13:11-2, 52; Rm 15:14; 1 Co 1:5.+4:25Lit He who has, it will be given/entrusted/granted to him. ME/IT (see translation and notes at Mt 13:12).+4:25Cf Dn 1:17, 2:20-23, 7:15-16, 8:15-16, 9:20-23; Mt 13:11-12, 13:52, 25:29; Eph 1:7-9, 16-18.+4:25καὶ ὃ ἔχει ( kai ho echei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+4:25Lit He who does not have, even what he has. ME/IT (see translation and notes Mt 13:12).+4:25Cf Ho 4:4-6, 6:7-10; Mic 3:9-12; Zp 3:4; Mal 2:7-9; Mt 21:33-46; Rm 11:7-15, 25.+4:26οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:27Lit and he is sleeping and getting up night and day. VPR (see VCC [Mk 4:27]). The meaning here is “‘sleep in the night and rise in the day’” (see UBSHS [Mk], 146).+4:27Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). In this case the implied relationship is contemporaneous in nature. Cf CJB, ISV.+4:27VPR. See VCC (Mk 4:27).+4:27IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+4:28αὐτομάτη ( automatē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NIV.+4:29Lit the fruit.+4:29Lit As soon as the fruit permits. ME. Cf ESV, HCSB, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+4:29Cf Jl 3:13; Ho 6:11; Mt 13:36-43; Re 14:15.+4:30ἐν τίνι παραβολῇ ( en tini parabolē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:30Lit Or by/with what parable. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:30Lit put. ME (see BDAG, 1003, sv τίθημι 1.b.α.). Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:31The participle in this verse is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, LEB, NASB, NET.+4:31Lit which.+4:31Here, πάντων ( pantōn) means different kinds of seeds (see UBSHS [Mt], 425). Cf BDAG, 784, sv πᾶς 5; L-N, 58.28.+4:31μικρότερον πάντων τῶν σπερμάτων τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ( mikroteron pantōn tōn spermatōn tōn epi tēs gēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:32Lit the birds of the sky. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, 13:32). Cf NCV, NET. τὰ πετεινὰ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ( ta peteina tou ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:32Dn 4:12, Ezk 17:23+4:32Cf Is 2:2-4, 42:1-4, 49:5-6; Ac 10:9-15.+4:33τοιαύταις παραβολαῖς πολλαῖς ( toiautais parabolais pollais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:33Lit he.+4:33Or word, or teaching.+4:33Or to hear, or to understand.+4:34χωρὶς παραβολῆς ( chōris parabolēs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer (cf NLT) to give extra focus to this element.+4:35ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:35Lit said to them.+4:35IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+4:36Or took him along, just as he was, in the boat. Cf HCSB, TEV. Following the interpretation favored by the UBSHS (see UBSHS (Mk), 152; cf NET Bible Notes, Mk 4:36) in translation here.+4:36Lit were with. ME (see BDAG, 636, sv μετά 2.a.γ.א; UBSHS [Mk], 152).+4:36ἄλλα πλοῖα ( alla ploia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject; cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV). καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:37Lit and. The translation here is based on the context. Cf TEV.+4:37Lit and the waves were breaking into the boat, so that already the boat was being filled.+4:38Lit He.+4:38Lit on a cushion sleeping. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 154). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:38καθεύδων ( katheudōn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:38Lit They.+4:38VPR. See VCC (Mt 8:25).+4:39Lit he.+4:39Lit the lake, or the sea. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:39Cf Jb 38:8-11; Ps 104:5-9; Jr 5:22.+4:40Lit to them.+4:40δειλοί ( deiloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:41Lit They.+4:41τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:41καὶ ὁ ἄνεμος καὶ ἡ θάλασσα ( kai ho anemos kai hē thalassa) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:41Lit and the lake, or and the sea. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:41Cf Gn 1:9, 8:1-5; Jb 38:11; Ps 18:15, 89:9, 93:4, 102:5-7, 106:9, 107:29; Jr 5:22.+5:1Lit the region of the Gerasenes. ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 8:28, Mk 5:1).+5:2Lit He.+5:2ἄνθρωπος ἐν πνεύματι ἀκαθάρτῳ ( anthrōpos en penumati akathartō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and thus the sentence has been structured in the passive voice in order to allow most of this information to land in clause-final. Cf TEV.+5:2See note at Mt 8:28. Cf NCV, TEV.+5:3Lit he.+5:3Lit had his dwelling. ME. Cf most English translations. τὴν κατοίκησιν ( tēn katoikēsin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:3δῆσαι ( dēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and thus οὐκέτι ( ouketi) has been incorporated into the lexeme (“keep tied up”) in order to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Cf CJB.+5:3οὐδὲ ἁλύσει ( oude halusei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an ascensive adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:4Evidence, rather than cause, is being signaled here (see UBSHS [Mk], 158).+5:4πέδαις καὶ ἁλύσεσιν ( pedais kai halusesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb, a demonstrative pronoun, and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:4δαμάσαι ( damasai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore part of this element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:5Lit And through all night and day.+5:6Lit he.+5:7Or Leave me alone! Lit What to me and to you? ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 8:29).+5:7The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411. Also, βασανίσῃς ( basanisēs) is in a DFE position (see BART Display). Translating the verb causatively here has the added benefit of allowing the verb to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:7Or tormented, or tortured.+5:8IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+5:8Lit he.+5:8Or had repeatedly said, or was saying. For a brief discussion of the interpretive options with the imperfect here, see UBSHS (Mk), 161. Cf CJB, NLT.+5:9Lit he.+5:9λεγιὼν ( legiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:9πολλοί ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:10Lit with him.+5:12Lit They.+5:12Lit with him.+5:12Because it is used in context to an imperative, ἵνα ( hina) is interpreted here as functioning imperativally and permissively. For a discussion of the imperatival function of ἵνα ( hina), see Wallace, Grammar, 476-7; cf UBSHS (Mk), 163. Cf also ESV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+5:12εἰς αὐτοὺς ( eis autous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:13Lit He.+5:13Lit in the lake/sea. Cf NLT.+5:14The direct object is implied from the context. Cf most English translations.+5:14Lit they.+5:16The direct object is implied from the context. Cf, eg, NET, NLT.+5:16Lit them.+5:17Lit with him.+5:18Lit he.+5:18Lit with him.+5:18μετʼ ( met’) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:19Lit he.+5:19πεποίηκεν ( pepoiēken) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:19Cf Gn 12:1-3, 22:18, 26:4, 28:14; Ex 34:6; Is 42:6-9, 43:10-11, 49:6-7.+5:20Lit he.+5:20Lit in the Decapolis (“Ten Cities”). ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:25).+5:21IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:21Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf HCSB, NIV.+5:22Lit him.+5:23The diminutive here suggests affection (see L-N, 10.47).+5:23ἐσχάτως ( eschatōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+5:23Lit has finally, or is at an extreme. ME (I/F) (see L-N, 23.151; UBSHS (Mk), 169). Cf most English translations.+5:23Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:23ἵνα ( hina) here is most likely functioning imperativally. For a brief discussion of the imperatival function of ἵνα ( hina), see Wallace, Grammar, 476-7; cf UBSHS (Mk), 163. Cf ESV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+5:23Or delivered, or saved.+5:24Lit he.+5:25γυνὴ ( gunē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). An adjective has also been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:25Lit who had been in a flow of blood. ME(OTB) (see note at Mt 9:20). Cf Lv 15:25-30.+5:26In vv 25-27, five participles are used. Some of these have been rendered as finite verbs in translation for the sake of more natural English. Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+5:26πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:26Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ, γ; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here, the implied subordinate idea is concessive in nature.+5:26πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:26εἰς τὸ χεῖρον ( eis to xeiron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:27Lit she.+5:28Or saved, or delivered.+5:29Lit And immediately her flow of blood dried up. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+5:30Or perceiving in himself.+5:30δύναμιν ( dunamin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:30τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:31Lit and yet you ask. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 174). Cf NLT.+5:31τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:32ποιήσασαν ( poiēsasan) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:34Lit he.+5:34ἡ πίστις σου ( hē pistis sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a near demonstrative (in Greek, the article is a weak demonstrative) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:35Lit they.+5:35ἔτι ( eti) has been incorporated into the verb in translation here.+5:36Or overhearing.+5:36Lit the word/message being spoken. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+5:36Or keep trusting, or keep believing.+5:37Lit He.+5:37εἰ μὴ τὸν Πέτρον καὶ Ἰάκωβον καὶ Ἰωάννην τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰακώβου ( ei mē ton petron kai Yakōbon kai Yōannēn ton adelphon Yakōbou) is in E-O, and constitutes a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a colon and demonstrative pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:38Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+5:39IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:40Lit He.+5:41Or get up, or arise.+5:42Lit And they were in awe with great awe, or And they were astonished with great astonishment. The cognate dative here is intensifying the action the verb. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NLT, NIV, TEV.+5:43Lit he.+6:1Lit He.+6:2διὰ τῶν χειρῶν αὐτοῦ ( dia tōn xeirōn autou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:3Cf Ps 118:22; Is 8:14; 28:16; Mt 11:6; Lk 2:34; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+6:5ὀλίγοις ( oligois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:5ὀλίγοις ἀρρώστοις ( oligois arrōstois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:6Lit he.+6:6Lit And he was going around the villages in a circuit. ME. Cf NIV, NLT.+6:9Lit but having put on. Cf ISV, NLT.+6:9Lit two tunics, or two inner garments. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NIV, TEV.+6:10Or a house, or a household.+6:10Lit there, or in that place. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+6:10Lit leave from there/that place. ME. Cf NET.+6:11A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf most translations.+6:11IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+6:12Lit they.+6:13δαιμόνια πολλὰ ( daimonia polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+6:14Lit the king. ME(H) (see note at Mt 14:1).+6:14Lit his.+6:14φανερὸν ( phaneron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:14Lit They. Cf most translations.+6:15Ἠλίας ( ēlias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:15IT. Cf CJB, ESV, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+6:16Many of the verbs in this section are functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+6:17Lit had sent and arrested John. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+6:17ἐγάμησεν ( egamēsen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as allow this element to be land in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Cf HCSB, NIV.+6:18Lit It is not lawful. ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+6:18Cf Lv 18:16, 20:21.+6:19Lit against him.+6:20The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, LEB, NET, TEV.+6:20Lit he.+6:20Lit to him.+6:20πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:20Or was at a loss, or was confused. ἀπορέω ( aporeō) in this context is most likely referring to worry and anxiety. (Note the statement that “he was afraid of John” earlier in the verse; cf L-N, 32.9; UBSHS [Mk], 196.) Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, TEV.+6:20ἡδέως ( ēdeōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:21δεῖπνον ( deipnon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:22Other manuscripts read the daughter of Herodias herself. For discussion of the textual difficulties here, see NET Bible Notes, Mk 6:21.+6:22Lit the king. ME(H) (see note at Mt 14:1).+6:23ὅ τι ἐάν με αἰτήσῃς ( ho ti ean me aitēsēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ὅ τι ἐάν in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). A cleft has been used to give extra focus to the embedded element. The constituent as a whole has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:24Lit she.+6:24Lit She.+6:25Lit she.+6:26The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, LEB, NASB, NCV, NET.+6:26περίλυπος ( perilupos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+6:26Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 24, sv ἀθετέω 2). Cf CJB.+6:27Lit his.+6:27Lit he.+6:29Lit his.+6:30Lit gathered to. IT. A return is implied here. CJB, ESV, LEB, NLT, RSV, TEV.+6:31IT. Cf CJB, NET, NIV.+6:31Result is implied here. Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+6:31Lit and they.+6:31φαγεῖν ( phagein) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:32Lit according to that which is private. ME (see note at Mk 4:10).+6:33Lit there, or to that place.+6:33πεζῇ ( pezē) and ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων ( apo pasōn tōn poleōn) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν πόλεων, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to πεζῇ ( pezē).+6:33Or on foot.+6:34Lit he.+6:34The direct object is implied here. Cf ISV, TEV.+6:34Or he was moved with compassion for them. Lit he was moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+6:35Lit When it had already become much hour. ME (I/F) (see L-N, 67.77). Cf HCSB, ISV, NASB, NET. ὥρας πολλῆς ( hōras pollēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress.+6:35ἔρημός ( erēmos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:35Cf Ex 16:1-3; Dt 8:2-3; Jn 6:31-51.+6:35Lit and the hour is already much. ME (I/F) (see L-N, 67.77).+6:36This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+6:36Lit them.+6:37Lit he.+6:37δηναρίων διακοσίων ( dēnariōn diakosiōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:37Lit two hundred denarii. ME(H) (see note at Mt 18:24).+6:37Lit Shall we go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread and give them to eat? The question here is most likely rhetorical and exclamatory, not a request for permission (see UBSHS [Mk], 205). This interpretation is reflected in the translation. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT.+6:39Lit He.+6:41ME(H)/IT. The “loaves” were not long like those in supermarkets today, but were small and round. (One person might normally eat three during a meal.) Five loaves might have been enough for two people (see L-N, 5.8; UBSHS [Mt]), 460.+6:41Or pickled. ME(H)/IT. The fish were not raw, but were cooked or pickled (see UBSHS [Mt], 460; UBSHS [Mk], 205).+6:41Lit he.+6:41Or heaven.+6:41Or and asked God’s blessing upon them, or and praised God. Lit blessed. ME (see BSL, Mt 14:19, sv εὐλογέω; UBSHS [Mt], 461; translation and notes at Mk 10:16).+6:41Lit to them.+6:42Lit And all ate and were satisfied. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 462). Cf CJB, NLT.+6:43Lit they.+6:43Lit took up, or removed, or carried. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mk], 210). In this context, “took up/removed” doesn’t mean “picked up off the ground,” but that the people put the leftovers in the baskets as the disciples went around with them, or possibly as people brought the leftovers back to the disciples, or both.+6:43IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+6:43ἀπό ( apo) here is most likely signaling a partitive idea. Cf, eg, L-N, 63.20. Cf also Mt 14:20.+6:45Lit he.+6:45IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:46Lit to them. Cf TEV.+6:47ὀψίας ( opsias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:47Lit He.+6:48Lit around the fourth watch of the night. ME(H) (see note at Mt 14:25).+6:48Lit and wanted/intended. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28).+6:48Or pass by. In this context, παρέρχομαι ( parechomai) mostly likely means “come to” or “join,” rather than “pass by” (see UBSHS [Mk], 213). Cf Lk 12:37 and 17:7 (where παρέρχομαι is used).+6:49Lit they.+6:49φάντασμά ( phantasma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:50πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:50Lit he.+6:50Or I AM. See note at Mt 14:27. The same applies here. Cf Gn 1:1-10; Ex 3:14-15, 23:21; Jn 1:1-3, 17:6.+6:51Lit They.+6:51λίαν [ ἐκ περισσοῦ] ( lian [ek perissou]) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an extra adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:53IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:53Lit came. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+6:53Lit at Gennesaret. ME(H)/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 14:34).+6:54Lit they.+6:54Lit him.+6:55Lit where they heard he was. ME. Cf NET.+6:55ἐπὶ τοῖς κραβάττοις ( epi tois krabattois) and τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας ( tous kakōs echontas) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to ἐπὶ τοῖς κραβάττοις, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to τοὺς κακῶς ἔχοντας.+6:55κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:56Lit they. This is an indefinite plural.+6:56ἐν ταῖς ἀγοραῖς ( en tais agorais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:56κἂν τοῦ κρασπέδου τοῦ ἱματίου ( kan tou kraspedou tou himatiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf Mk 5:28.+6:56Lit the tassel. ME(OTB)/IT (see note at Mt 14:36). Cf Nu 15:37-41, Dt 22:12.+7:1Cf ESV, NRSV, RSV.+7:1Lit around him.+7:2κοιναῖς χερσίν ( koinais xersin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore delay and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:3ἐὰν μὴ πυγμῇ νίψωνται τὰς χεῖρας (ean mē pugmē nipsōntai tas xeiras) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element (the clause has been rendered positively to allow for this).+7:3Lit with the fist, or in the proper way. For a discussion of similar practices in modern Orthodox Judaism, see Stern, JNTC, Mk 7:2. πυγμῇ ( pugmē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:3The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of result. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB, NASB.+7:3Lit the tradition of the elders. ME(H) (see note at Mt 15:2).+7:4Cf NLT.+7:4IT. Cf ASV, CJB, ESV, HCSB, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:4ἐὰν μὴ βαπτίσωνται ( ean mē baptisōntai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element (the clause has been rendered positively to allow for this).+7:4Or washed themselves. Lit baptized. ME (see BDAG, 164, sv βαπτίζω 1; L-N, 53.31; UBSHS [Mk], 222). Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+7:4ἄλλα πολλά ἃ παρέλαβον κρατεῖν ( alla polla ha parelabon kratein) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and repetition have been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:4Lit many other things. ME. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+7:4Lit received to hold/observe/adhere. Cf HCSB, LEB. The infinitive here is most likely a complementary infinitive (see LSGNT Notes, Mk 7:4, sv κρατεῖν).+7:4Lit the baptism. ME. Cf NLT.+7:4Cf Lv 11:32, 15:4-12; Nu 19:18.+7:4Or dining couches. Some manuscripts omit “couches reclined on at meals/dining couches.” For further discussion, see NET Bible Notes, Mk 7:4.+7:5Lit ...not walk according to the tradition of the elders? ME(H) (see note at Mt 15:2).+7:5Lit their bread. ME. Cf NCV, NIV.+7:5κοιναῖς χερσίν ( koinais xersin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:6Lit he.+7:6τοῖς χείλεσίν ( tois cheilesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:6πόρρω ( porrō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:7μάτην ( matēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the sentence has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent (cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT). An adverb has also been used to the same end.+7:7The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ISV, NLT, TEV.+7:7The genitive here is interpreted as a genitive of production. This is reflected in the translation. The genitive of production is closely related to the genitive of source (see Wallace, Grammar, 104-5).+7:7IT (see note at Mt 19:26).+7:7Is 29:13+7:9Lit You splendidly/well reject. ME. Cf CJB, NET, NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:9Cf Rm 10:3. τὴν παράδοσιν ὑμῶν ( tēn paradosin humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:10Ex 20:12; Dt 5:16+7:10Ex 21:17; Lv 20:9+7:11ἐξ ἐμοῦ ( ex emou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:11κορβᾶν ( korban) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative pronoun and a dash have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:11Lit that is, a gift. ME(H)/IT (see L-N, 53.22; NAC [Mk], 116, NAC [Mt], 238; NET Bible Notes, Mk 7:11; UBSHS [Mk], 228). Cf HCSB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+7:13The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of result. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+7:13παρόμοια τοιαῦτα πολλὰ ( paromoia toiauta polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the context) and adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:15ἔξωθεν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ( exōthen tou anthrōpou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+7:15τὰ ἐκ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐκπορευόμενά ( ta ek tou anthrōpou ekporeuomena) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:15ἐκ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus italics have been used to give extra emphasis to this element.+7:15Some manuscripts have verse 16: “If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear” (ESV).+7:17Lit he.+7:18Lit In the same way. ME (see BDAG, 742, sv οὕτω 1.b.).+7:18“Disciples” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+7:18καὶ ὑμεῖς ( kai humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+7:18IT. Cf NCV. Cf also the parallel at Mt 15:16.+7:18ἔξωθεν ( exōthen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:19εἰς τὴν καρδίαν ( eis tēn kardian) and εἰς τὴν κοιλίαν ( eis tēn koilian) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed immediately before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+7:19εἰς τὸν ἀφεδρῶνα ( eis ton aphedrōna) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:20ἐκεῖνο ( ekeino) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element’s left-dislocated referent.+7:20ἐκ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ( ek tou anthrōpou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:21Or evil thoughts, or evil ideas, or evil designs, or evil reasonings. Cf LEB. οἱ διαλογισμοὶ οἱ κακοὶ ( hoi dialogismoi hoi kakoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:21In Mark’s version, the elements that follow are right-dislocated (see BART Display and LDGNT). Cf NRSV.+7:21“Acts” is derived from the plural form of the nouns in this verse (see UBSHS [Mk], 233).+7:22Lit an evil eye. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 6:23).+7:22Or slander.+7:23ἔσωθεν ( esōthen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:24Lit he.+7:24IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+7:26Or a Gentile, or a Greek.+7:26Lit a Syrophoenician by race/nation/people. ME. Cf NET, NRSV.+7:26Lit him.+7:27πρῶτον ( prōton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus to this element, which has been also placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+7:27Cf Rm 1:16.+7:27τοῖς κυναρίοις ( tois kunariois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:29Lit word. Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, TEV.+7:29Lit he.+7:29This statement isn’t meant as a rebuke (see UBSHS [Mk], 240; cf Mt 15:28). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV.+7:29IT. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+7:30Lit she.+7:30IT. Cf CJB, HCSB.+7:31Lit he.+7:31Lit through the region of the Decapolis (“Ten Cities”). ME(H) (see FSB, Mt 4:25; HNTC, 46; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 4:25; TCBC, 399).+7:32Lit They. This is an indefinite plural. Cf ISV, TEV.+7:32Lit on him.+7:33Lit he.+7:33Lit him.+7:33Lit away from the crowd according to that which is private. ME. Cf ESV, NIV, NET, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+7:33Lit his.+7:34Or to heaven.+7:34Lit he.+7:34Or sighed.+7:34Lit to him.+7:35Lit his.+7:35Lit the chain of his tongue was loosed. ME(I/F). Cf CJB, ISV, NLT.+7:36Lit He.+7:36Lit them. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:36περισσότερον ( perissoteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:36Lit they were proclaiming [it] even more. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:37ὑπερπερισσῶς ( huperperissōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an extra adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent (which is already very strong on a semantic level).+7:37πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:1Lit In those days. ME (see note at Mk 1:9). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+8:1πάλιν ( palin) and πολλοῦ ὄχλου ( pollou ochlou) are in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and commas have been used to give extra focus to πάλιν, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to πολλοῦ ὄχλου. A dummy subject has also been used in order to allow πολλοῦ ὄχλου to land in clause-final.+8:1The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NIV.+8:1Lit he.+8:2Or I am moved with compassion for. Lit I am moved in the inward parts. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072).+8:2ἡμέραι τρεῖς ( hēmerai treis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:3ἀπὸ μακρόθεν ( apo makrothen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+8:4πόθεν ( pothen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “in the world” has been used to give extra focus to this constituent (and to convey the surprise/shock that is present in this context).+8:4ὧδε ἐπʼ ἐρημίας ( ōde ep’ erēmias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf ISV.+8:5πόσους ἄρτους ( posous artous) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἠρώτα αὐτούς ( ērōta autous) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+8:6Lit he.+8:6IT (see note at Mt 15:36).+8:6Lit to serve, and they served it to the crowd. Cf NCV, NIV, TEV.+8:7Or pickled. ME(H)/IT (see note at Mt 15:36).+8:7Lit he.+8:7Or had asked God’s blessing upon. Lit had blessed. ME (see note at Mt 14:19).+8:7καὶ ταῦτα ( kai tauta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:8Lit And they ate and were satisfied. ME (see translation and notes at Mt 14:20).+8:8Lit they.+8:8Lit took up, or removed, or carried. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mk], 210). In this context, “took up/removed” doesn’t mean “picked up off the ground,” but that the people put the leftovers in the baskets as the disciples went around with them, or possibly as people brought the leftovers back to the disciples, or both.+8:8IT. Cf ESV, LEB, ISV, NET, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+8:9“Men” is implied here from the inflection of the adjective. Though the same form could be understood as “people” generally, Matthew makes it clear that women and children were not included in this number (see Mt 15:38). Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT.+8:9Lit he.+8:9Lit them.+8:11Lit with him.+8:11ME/IT (see note at Mt 12:38).+8:11Or from the sky. Cf Ex 4:1–9, 7:8–13, 10:21-23; 1 Ki 18:38; 2 Ki 1:9-16; Ps 19:1-5; Is 13:10, 34:4; Jl 2:10, 30-31; Hab 3:11; Mt 24:29; Mk 8:11-12; Lk 21:11; Re 6:12-13, 8:12.+8:11The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of purpose. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, LEB, NASB, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+8:12Or sigh.+8:12Lit And groaning/having groaned (or sighed) deeply/intensely in his spirit. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 251).+8:12Lit he.+8:12Cf Dt 6:16; Is 7:12, 13:10, 34:4; Jl 2:10, 30-31; Am 5:18; Hab 3:11; Mal 3:15; Mt 15:1-4, 24:29; Lk 21:11; Ac 5:9; Re 6:12-13, 8:12.+8:12IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+8:12ME (OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 278, sv εἰ 4; JFB, Mk 8:12; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mk 8:12; UBSHS [Mk], 251; Wuest, Word Studies, Mk 8:10). This is an example of aposiopesis (see Robertson, Grammar, 1024). Following the NIV’s rendering of self-imprecatory statements in the Old Testament in the rendering of the IT here. See, eg, 2 Sm 3:9, 3:35, 19:13; 1 Ki 2:23; Ru 1:19.+8:12σημεῖον ( sēmeion) is receiving thematic prominence (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been rendered in the active voice in order to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra stress. Cf NLT.+8:13IT. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+8:13πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:13IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+8:14Lit They.+8:14εἰ μὴ ἕνα ἄρτον ( ei mē hena arton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (the verb has been rendered positively to allow for this; cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, NRSV, RSV). The element has also been modified with an adverb to the same end.+8:14ἕνα ( hena) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been rendered with a more emphatic adjective in translation.+8:15Lit he.+8:16Lit they.+8:16IT. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+8:16ἄρτους ( artous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:17The direct object is implied from the context. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+8:17Lit he.+8:17ἄρτους ( artous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:17“Disciples” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+8:17πεπωρωμένην ( pepōrōmenēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:17Lit Do you have your heart hardened/calloused? See note at Mk 3:5.+8:18The participles in this verse are interpreted as adverbial participles of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB, NET.+8:18ὀφθαλμοὺς ( ophthalmous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:18ὦτα ( ōta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:18Cf Is 42:18-19, 43:8; Jr 5:21; Ezk 12:2; Mt 13:13.+8:19τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους ( tous pente artous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. A demonstrative pronoun has also been used to the same end (in Greek, the article is a weak demonstrative; in this context it is functioning anaphorically, pointing back to the events described earlier in Mk 6:30-44).+8:19κλασμάτων ( klasmatōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:19Lit …did you take up? or …did you remove? or …did you carry? See note at Mk 6:43. The same applies here and in v 20.+8:19Cf 1 Ki 17:11-16.+8:20The verb is implied from the context. Cf most English translations.+8:22Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT.+8:22Lit to him.+8:22ἅψηται ( hapsētai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:22Lit him.+8:23Lit he.+8:23Lit his.+8:23τι ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:24Or after looking up. The context makes it clear that the man hasn’t fully regained his sight yet.+8:24Lit he.+8:24ὡς δένδρα ( hōs dendra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:24Lit I see men, for I see [them] walking around like trees. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 258). Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+8:25Lit he.+8:25Lit his.+8:25πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:25Lit He.+8:25Or looked intently, or stared with eyes open wide.+8:26Lit he.+8:26εἰς τὴν κώμην ( eis tēn kōmēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:27τίνα ( tina) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:28IT. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+8:29In English, switches in topic are often introduced with a question. Cf the NIV and TEV here, at Mt 16:15, and at Lk 9:20.+8:29“Disciples” is drawn from the plural “you” and the context.+8:29τίνα ( tina) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:30Lit he.+8:31See note at Mt 16:21. The same applies here.+8:31πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:31Cf Ps 22; Is 53.+8:31See note at Mt 21:42. The same applies here.+8:31Ps 118:22+8:31Cf Ex 12:1-28; Lv 23:4-8; Dt 16:1-8; Jn 19:36; 1 Co 5:7.+8:31Cf Lv 23:9-14; 1 Co 15:4, 20.+8:32παρρησίᾳ ( parrēsia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Cf ISV.+8:33Or after.+8:33Lit he.+8:33Lit turning around. Cf the CJB at Mt 16:23. The fact that Jesus is turning toward the other disciples from a location off to the side indicates that he is turning his back to Peter here. The words “get behind me,” therefore, are coupled with a powerful visual demonstration.+8:33IT (see UBSHS [Mk], 264).+8:33τὰ τοῦ θεοῦ ( ta tou theou) and τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ( ta tōn anthrōpōn) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+8:33Lit things. See note at Mt 16:23. The same applies here.+8:34Here, σὺν ( sun) is functioning in basically the same way as καί ( kai) (cf BDAG, 962, sv σὺν 3.a.β.; TEV).+8:34Lit he.+8:34ὀπίσω μου ( opisō mou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+8:34Lit follow after me. ME(H) (see notes at Mt 4:19, 10:38, and 16:24). Cf HCSB, NET, NLT.+8:34Cf Jn 6:66.+8:35Or wants, or intends, or purposes.+8:35σῶσαι ( sōsai) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:35A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+8:35See note at Mt 16:25. The same applies here.+8:35Or for.+8:36Lit What benefit/profit/advantage/value/worth is it...? See note at Mt 16:26. The same applies here.+8:36ME/IT. Here, κόσμος ( kosmos) means “the sum total of earthly riches” (see BDAG, 541, sv κερδαίνω 1.a.; UBSHS [Mk], 267).+8:36Or suffer the loss of.+8:36Cf 1 Ti 6:8-10, 17-19.+8:37Cf Ps 49:7-9.+8:38A possessive adjective is used here (ἐμοὺς [ emous]). In Greek, possessive adjectives are often more emphatic than possessive pronouns in the genitive case (see Black, Grammar, 174). Moreover, the “words” that Jesus is referring to here are mostly likely the statements he makes in vv 34-36. Therefore, a near demonstrative has been used in translation here (in Greek, the article is a weak demonstrative) to give more emphasis to the possessive idea, and to make the connection with the preceding verses clear for English readers.+8:38Cf Rm 1:16.+8:38Lit of him.+8:38Cf Is 40:5; Ek 1:26-28, 3:12-13, 3:23; Dn 7:13-14.+8:38Cf Mt 13:41.+9:1IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+9:1ὧδε ( hōde) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:1Or before, or until. See note at Mt 16:28. The same applies here.+9:1See note at Mt 16:28. The same applies here.+9:1Cf Is 4:4:2-6, 60:1; Dn 2:34-35, 2:44-45, 7:21-22; 1 Co 4:20; 1 Th 3:13; 2 Pe 1:16-20.+9:2Lit according to that which is private alone. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 272).+9:3Lit of such sort.+9:5καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft and an adverb have been used to give this element extra focus.+9:5ὧδε ( hōde) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:5Cf Lv 23:42.+9:5σοὶ ( soi) is an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:5Μωϋσεῖ ( Mōusei) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+9:5Ἠλίᾳ ( ēlia) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:6ἔκφοβοι ( ekphoboi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:7Cf Ex 13:21-22, 14:19-24, 19:16-18, 20:18, 24:15-18, 33:9-10, 40:28-29; 2 Ch 7:1; Dt 4:33, 5:24-26; Is 4:2-6; Ezk 1:4-6, 25-28; Mt 17:5.+9:7Cf Is 4:4:2-6.+9:7Lit Hear him. ME (see L-N, 36.14).+9:8ἀλλὰ τὸν Ἰησοῦν μόνον ( oudena alla ton Yēsoun monon) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+9:9Lit he.+9:9ἐκ νεκρῶν ( ek nekrōn) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:10Lit they.+9:10Or The order they obeyed, arguing among themselves...; or The matter they kept to themselves, arguing... Cf NASB.+9:10ἐκ νεκρῶν ( ek nekrōn) is in an embedded position P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:11Lit him.+9:11Ἠλίαν ( ēlian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:11Cf Ml 4:5-6.+9:12Ml 4:6. Cf LXX.+9:12Ml 4:6 makes it clear that the “things” “turned back” or “brought back” are “hearts.” Cf Dt 30:2-3; 1 Ki 18:37-38; 2 Ki 1:1-16; Ml 4:6, Re 11:3-6. Cf also the NET’s rendering of Ml 4:6.+9:12πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:12Cf Ps 22; Is 53; Lk 24:26-27.+9:13See note at Mt 17:12. The same applies here.+9:13ἐλήλυθεν ( elēluthen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. Cf HCSB, NASB, NET.+9:13Cf Lk 1:17+9:13Lit did to him as many things as they wanted. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 543).+9:14Lit When they.+9:14IT (see UBSHS [Mk], 264). Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+9:15Lit him.+9:16Lit He.+9:17The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, RSV, TEV; UBSHS (Mk), 283.+9:18καταλάβῃ ( katalabē) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:18Lit it.+9:19Lit he.+9:19ἕως πότε ( heōs pote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:19Lit him.+9:20Lit him.+9:20Lit him.+9:20Lit him.+9:20VPR. See VCC (Mk 9:20).+9:21Lit his.+9:21Lit From childhood. ME (see L-N, 67.153). Cf NCV, NLT.+9:21Lit he.+9:22Lit It.+9:22Or often throws.+9:22καὶ εἰς πῦρ καὶ εἰς ὕδατα ( kai eis pur kai eis hudata) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore πολλάκις ( pollakis) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:22Lit into [with submergence implied]. See note at Mt 17:15. The same applies here.+9:22Lit in order that he might kill him. The subordination and purpose/intent of the ἵνα ( hina) clause has been signaled in translation here with a participle. Cf NLT.+9:22This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8. Also, according to BDAG, ἀλλά ( alla) in this context has the effect of strengthening the command (see BDAG, 45, sv 5).+9:22δύνῃ ( dunē) is in a DFE position ( BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:23πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:25Lit You mute and deaf spirit. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 288). Cf ISV.+9:26Or after. Since the aorist participles are used with an aorist indicative main verb, it isn’t completely clear whether the relative time of the participles is contemporaneous or antecedent (for further discussion of relative time with aorist participles, see Wallace, Grammar, 624-5).+9:26Lit it.+9:26Lit him.+9:26πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 ( BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a strong lexeme has been used in translation here.+9:26Lit he.+9:27Lit him.+9:28Lit he.+9:28Lit according to one’s own/what is private. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 290). κατʼ ἰδίαν ( kat’ idian) is in P2 ( BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+9:28ἡμεῖς ( hēmeis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:28Lit drive it out.+9:29Lit he.+9:29Some manuscripts add “and fasting” (ESV).+9:30Lit he.+9:30γνοῖ ( gnoi) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:30IT. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+9:31Or when, or after. The participle here has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation.+9:32Lit they.+9:32Lit But they didn’t understand the statement. ME. Cf ISV, NIV, NLT.+9:32ἐπερωτῆσαι ( eperōtēsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:33ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ( en tē oikia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:33Lit him.+9:33Lit them.+9:33τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:33Lit on the road. ME (see BDAG, 691, sv ὁδός). Cf CJB.+9:34The copula here is implicit and should be interpreted futuristically (see VCC [Mt 18:1]). Cf NKJV.+9:35Lit he.+9:35πρῶτος ( prōtos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:35ἔσχατος ( eschatos) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:35διάκονος ( diakonos) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:36Lit he.+9:36IT (see UBSHS [Mk], 295).+9:36Drawing from the UBSHS in the translation of ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν ( en mesō autōn) here (see UBSHS [Mt], 558).+9:36Lit around him.+9:37A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+9:37ἓν τῶν τοιούτων παιδίων δέξηται ( hen tōn toihoutōn paidiōn dexētai) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+9:37Lit one of such children, or one of like such children. ME (see translation and notes at Mt 10:41 and Mt 18:4).+9:37Lit in my name. ME (see notes at Mt 10:41). Cf also Mk 9:41. Note that in both Mt 10:41 and Mk 9:41, the idiom applies to the person who is being received.+9:37ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic form of the first person personal pronoun and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:37An actual situation beyond what is immediately apparent to the person who welcomes is implied in this context.+9:37A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+9:37ἐμὲ ( eme) is an emphatic form of the first person personal pronoun and is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:37ἐμὲ ( eme) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and ἀλλὰ τὸν ἀποστείλαντά με ( alla ton aposteilanta me) in E-O (see LDGNT), both as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents.+9:38ἐν τῷ ὀνόματί σου ( en tō onomati sou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:38Lit since he was not accompanying us. ME (see note at Mt 4:19; UBSHS [Mk], 297). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+9:39Lit and will be able. In NT Greek, καί ( kai) is sometimes used to introduce an apodosis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.δ.). This seems to be what is happening here, with a protasis implied in the relative clause (ie, “If someone does a miracle in my name, he will not quickly be able...”). Cf ESV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+9:39For this contextually-determined gloss for δύναμαι ( dunamai), see LEH LXX Lex sv. This gloss is appropriate here, since Jesus is talking about the reverence and respect that results from someone seeing displays of power that happen in Jesus’ name. Cf Ac 19:17.+9:40ὑπὲρ ( huper) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:41A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+9:41Lit gives you a cup of water in name. ME (see translation and notes at Mt 10:41-42; cf Mt 18:5). Cf CJB, HCSB, NASB, NET, NRSV, RSV.+9:41Χριστοῦ ( christou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:41IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+9:42A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+9:42Lit little ones, or small ones. ME (see note at Mt 10:42).+9:42Cf 2 Co 11:1-6.+9:42καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+9:43καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+9:43κυλλὸν ( kullon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:43τὰς δύο χεῖρας ἔχοντα ( tas duo cheiras echonta) is in P2 (see BART Display), with τὰς δύο χεῖρας in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The element has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Italics have also been used to emphasize the newly activated information within the embedded element.+9:43Some manuscripts have verses 44 and 46 (which are the same as v 48). For a brief discussion of the manuscript variants here, see NET Bible Notes at Mk 9:44.+9:45The focal prominence given to “foot” (see BART Display and LDGNT) is underscoring the contrast here between different parts of the body (metaphorically speaking) that might cause the stumbling.+9:45ὁ πούς σου ( ho pous sou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:45καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+9:45τοὺς δύο πόδας ἔχοντα ( tous duo podas echonta) is in P2 (see BART Display), with τοὺς δύο πόδας in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The element has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Italics have also been used to emphasize the newly activated information within the embedded element.+9:47The focal prominence given to “your eye” (see BART Display and LDGNT) is underscoring the contrast here between different parts of the body (metaphorically speaking) that might cause the stumbling.+9:47ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου ( ho ophthalmos sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction (in the form of a hypothetical question) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:47καλόν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+9:47μονόφθαλμον ( monophthalmon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:48Lit the worm of them. Though some degree of possession is implied here, this isn’t the primary function of the genitive here. “Them” is the object of an implied verb (“feeding”) (see UBSHS [Mk], 304). Cf TEV.+9:48Is 66:24+9:48δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς ἔχοντα ( duo ophthalmous echonta) is in P2 (see BART Display), with δύο ὀφθαλμοὺς in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The element has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Italics have also been used to emphasize the newly activated information within the embedded element.+9:49Bratcher and Nida state, “The translation of this verse offers no insurmountable difficulties: concerning its interpretation, however, at least 15 different explanations of the meaning of the verse have been proposed” ( UBSHS [Mk], 304). Of these many different opinions, the following four are the most plausible options and receive the most attention in commentaries: (1) the verse refers to believers being refined through difficulties and persecution; (2) it refers to those preserved eternally in the unquenchable fire by means of fire; (3) it refers both to believers purified through difficulty and unbelievers who experience eternal fire, depending on their relationship to Jesus; (4) it refers to the fact that every human being, because of sin, must somehow experience suffering of some sort—either the fire of difficulty and hardship and self-denial and purification in this age (disciplinary fire), or, if unwilling to submit to that, the fire of eternal punishment in Gehenna (punitive fire) (for further discussion of these different options, see FSB, Mk 9:49; JFB, Mk 9:49; NAC [Mk], 153; NBC, 966; NET Bible Notes, Mk 9:50; Wuest, Word Studies, Mk 9:49). Though this verse is indeed difficult to interpret, option four mentioned above has the best exegetical footing. I offer the following reasons in support of this. (1) In Greek, γὰρ ( gar) signals that what follows is to be processed as providing strength and support for what precedes (see Runge, Discourse Grammar, 51-4). Verse 49, therefore, is clearly in some way related to what precedes. Though the precise relationship of the “fire” mentioned in this verse to the previously mentioned “fire” of Gehenna is not fully spelled out, that there is some sort of connection to the fire previously mentioned is clear. This claim made by the NAC is therefore unwarranted: “The only connection between vv. 48 and 49 is the catchword ‘fire.’ The two verses must be interpreted independently. Here is a rare case where consideration of the context hinders rather than helps the interpretation” ( NAC [Mt], 154). These statements are not accurate and are presumably built on the failure of traditional grammars to clearly identify the discourse function of γὰρ. Whatever the case, to cite this as a “rare case” of context “hindering interpretation” is absurd; not only is such a claim unsubstantiated, but it represents a violation of the most basic principles of interpretation. (2) Contextually, Jesus’ statements of warning are clearly directed both to his disciples and to anyone who causes his people to stumble in sin (vv 42-47). πᾶς ( pas), therefore, signals that all people are in view here, including Jesus’ disciples. (3) The call to embrace the “fire” that comes in context to Jesus’ summons to self-denial (the call to “cut off” the hand, foot, and eye—ie, the source of sin in our lives), in order to avoid eternal punitive fire in Gehenna (better to cut off the source of sin “than for you to be thrown into Gehenna”), is clearly the focus of the preceding verses. Both aspects, therefore, should be brought into the interpretation of v 49, since v 49 is providing support and strength to what precedes.+9:49ἁλισθήσεται ( halisthēsetai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Though the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity, both Levinsohn and Runge favor the verb as the DFE. If the “fire” mentioned in this verse is indeed related conceptually to the “fire” mentioned in the preceding verses (as argued in the preceding note), then ἁλισθήσεται ( halisthēsetai) is certainly the focally prominent element here.+9:49Some manuscripts add “and every sacrifice will be salted with salt” (ESV).+9:49Cf Gn 19:26; Ex 30:35; Lv 2:13; Nu 18:19; Dt 29:23; Jg 9:45; 2 Ki 2:21; 2 Ch 13:5; Jb 39:6; Ps 11:6; Jr 17:6; Ezk 38:22, 43:24; Zp 2:9; Lk 17:28-32; 2 Pt 2:6, 3:5-12; Re 16:8-9, 20:14.+9:50καλὸν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:50Or good. Drawing from the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mk], 305).+9:50ἄναλον ( analon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:50ἐν τίνι ( en tini) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:50“In the ancient world...what was often sold as salt was highly adulterated and the sodium chloride could leach out in humid weather, in which case the residue (normally a form of lime) would be useless” ( L-N, 5.25).+9:50Cf Mk 9:33 above; Rm 12. Remember, this whole discussion originated because the disciples were arguing about who would be the greatest.
=