BHT with Full Translator’s NotesLuke 7 =
7
“A Certain Roman Military Officer There Had a Slave Who Was Sick and About to Die”
1 When Jesus+ had finished saying everything he wished to say to the people,+ he entered Capernaum. 2 Now a certain Roman military officer+ there had a slave who was sick+ and about to die. The slave+ was very dear to him. 3 When the officer+ heard about Jesus, he sent some Jewish elders to him to ask him to come and save his slave’s life. 4 When the elders+ reached Jesus, they began appealing to him for help with great urgency. “He truly+ deserves your help,”+ they said, 5 “for he loves our people.+ Our synagogue—he is the one who+ had+ it built for us.”+ 6 Jesus, then, went with them.
Now Jesus wasn’t very+ far from the house when the officer sent some friends to tell him, “Sir, please+ don’t go to any more trouble, seeing that I don’t deserve+ to have you come into my home.++7 That is why I didn’t presume to come+ to you myself.+ Rather, please+ give the order,+ and my servant must be healed. 8 For I, too, am a man placed under authority,+ with other soldiers under my own command.+ Indeed I say to this one, ‘Go!’ and he goes; and to another, ‘Come!’ and he comes; and to my slave, ‘Do this!’ and he does it.”
9 Jesus, when he heard these things, was amazed at the officer.+ Turning to the crowd that was following him, he said, “I tell ᵖyou this: Not even+ in Israel have I encountered faith so+ great as this!” 10 And when those who had been sent returned to the house, they found the slave in good health.
“Young Man, to You I Say, ‘Wake Up’ ”
11 Soon+ afterward Jesus+ went to a town called Nain, accompanied by his disciples and a large crowd.+ 12 As he approached the gate into the town, a man who had died was being carried out for burial, the only son of his mother. His mother+ was a widow, and with her was a very+ large funeral procession+ from the town.+ 13 When the Lord saw the mother,+ his heart went out to her.+ “ˢYou can stop weeping,”+ he said to her. 14 Then he went up and touched the bier, and those who were carrying it stopped. “Young man,” he said, “to ˢyou I say, wake up.+”+ 15 At that, the dead man sat up and began talking, and Jesus+ presented him to his mother.
16 Fear came over everyone, and they glorified and glorified+ God. “There has arisen among us a mighty prophet+!” they said. “God has come to the aid of his people!” 17 And this news about Jesus+ spread all over Judea and throughout the surrounding areas.+
“What Did You Go Out into the Wilderness to See?”
18 John’s disciples told him about all these things. So John, summoning two of his disciples, 19 sent them to the Lord with a question:+ “Are you yourself+ that one ‘who is going to come,’+ or is it+ someone else whom we should expect?”
20 When the men came to Jesus,+ they said, “John the Baptizer sent us to ˢyou with a question: ‘Are you yourself+ that one “who is going to come,” or is it+ someone else whom we should expect?’ ”
21 At that very time+ Jesus+ healed many people of diseases and afflictions and evil spirits, and graciously gave sight to indeed+ many people who were blind. 22 In reply he said to them, “Go back and tell John the things ᵖyou have seen and heard: ‘The blind are receiving their sight, the lame are now able+ to walk, people with leprosy are being healed+ and made clean, and the deaf can now hear, the dead are being raised, to the crushed+ the gospel is being proclaimed.’+ 23 Also tell him,+ ‘blessed is he who does not stumble with offense+ because of me.’ ”
24 When John’s messengers had gone, Jesus+ began speaking to the crowds about John: “What did ᵖyou go out into the wilderness to see? A reed being shaken to and fro by the wind+? 25 Well then, what did you go out to see? A man dressed in fine+ clothing? Come now, royal palaces are where+ those who wear elegant+ clothing and who indulge in luxury live! 26 Well then, what did you go out to see? A prophet? Yes, I tell you, and even more than a prophet. 27 This is the man about whom it is written:
“ ‘Listen! I am going to send my messenger just ahead of ˢyou,+
who will prepare your way before you.’+
28 I tell ᵖyou this: There is+ no one greater than John of all who have ever lived.+ Yet, even+ the lowliest+ person in the Kingdom of God is greater than he.+ 29 All the people, when they heard John’s message—even+ the tax collectors—acknowledged God to be in the right+ by+ being baptized by John.+ 30 The Pharisees and the Torah-experts, however, rejected the very+ will+ of God concerning themselves+ by+ refusing to be baptized by him.+
31 “To what then should I compare the people of this generation? What are they like? 32 They are like children sitting in the market area+ and calling out to one another,
“ ‘We played joyful wedding songs+ for ᵖyou,
yet you didn’t dance!
We lamented with funeral songs and wailing,+
yet ᵖyou didn’t weep!’
33 John the Baptizer has appeared on the scene+ fasting often and abstaining from wine,+ you see, and in response+ ᵖyou say, ‘He has a demon+!’ 34 The Son of Man has appeared on the scene doing just the opposite,+ and in response+ ᵖyou say, ‘Look at that glutton and drunkard! A friend of tax-collectors and sinners!’ 35 Yet Wisdom+ is acknowledged to be in the right as a result of all her children.”+
“Her Many Sins Have Been Forgiven, As Shown by Her Great Love”
36 Now a certain man invited Jesus+ to have a meal with him, who belonged to the Pharisee party.+ So Jesus+ entered the Pharisee’s home and reclined at the meal table. 37 Then something shocking happened.+ There was a woman in that town who had lived a very+ sinful life.+ When she found out that Jesus+ was having a meal at the Pharisee’s house, she brought+ an alabaster flask of perfumed oil 38 and knelt+ behind Jesus+ at his feet, weeping. With her tears she began to wet his feet, wiping+ them with her hair.+ She kept+ kissing his feet and anointing them with the fragrant oil.
39 Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw this, he said to himself, “This man, if he were a prophet, would know who and what sort of woman this is who is touching him, how utterly+ sinful she is.”
40 In response Jesus said to him, “Simon, I have something to tell+ ˢyou.”
“Teacher, tell me,” he replied.
41 “ Two men+ were in debt to a certain moneylender,” Jesus said.+ “One owed him almost two years’ worth of wages,+ and the other fifty days’ worth.+ 42 When neither of them+ was able to pay him back, both of them he graciously forgave.+ Which of the two debtors,+ then, will love the moneylender+ more+?”
43 “I suppose the one for whom he forgave the larger+ amount,” answered Simon.
“ˢYou have judged correctly,+” Jesus+ said to him.44 Then, turning to the woman, he said to Simon,+ “Do you see this woman? I came as a guest+ into your home, yet+ you gave me not so much as+ a drop of water for my feet. This woman, however, wet my feet with her tears+ and wiped them off with her hair.+ 45 ˢYou greeted+ me with not so much as+ a single kiss. She, however, from the time I came in, hasn’t stopped kissing my feet. 46 ˢYou anointed not even+ my head with so much as+ a drop of olive oil. She, however, has anointed my feet, and with perfumed oil no less.+ 47 That is why I tell ˢyou this: Her many sins have been forgiven, as shown by her great love.+ A person who is forgiven only+ a little, however, loves only+ a little.” 48 Then he said to the woman,+ “Your sins are forgiven.”
49 Those who were reclining at the table with him began saying to+ themselves, “Who in the world+ is this man, that he even forgives sins+?”+
50 Jesus said to the woman, “This+ faith of ˢyours has saved you. Go in peace.”
+1:1IT. Luke is written as a letter to a man named Theophilus (see UBSHS [Lk], 11). Cf CJB, TEV.+1:1πολλοὶ ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:1Technically a singular noun is used here, but the meaning is plural. In other words, Luke doesn’t mean that many people were working together on a single account, but that many people were writing multiple accounts (see NAC [Lk], 25). Cf CJB, NLT.+1:1Or matters.+1:1πεπληροφορημένων ἐν ἡμῖν ( peplērophorēmenōn en hēmin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and adjective have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent (in keeping with the interpretation reflected in the text; see following note).+1:1Or concerning the events that have been fulfilled/accomplished/taken place among us; or concerning the events that have been fully proclaimed among us. Cf KJV. For more on the interpretive options here, see BDAG, 827, sv πληροφορέω 1.a.; DBL Greek, #4442; ESL, #4135; UBSHS (Lk), 8.+1:1Cf Heb 11:1.+1:2ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ( ap archēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and αὐτόπται καὶ ὑπηρέται τοῦ λόγου ( autoptai kai hupēretai tou logou) in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and commas have been used to give extra focus to ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς ( ap archēs), which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to αὐτόπται καὶ ὑπηρέται τοῦ λόγου.+1:2For this gloss for ὑπηρέτης ( hupēretēs), see ANLEX, 391, sv.+1:2Or of the message, or of the word, or of the teaching. Following McGirr, τοῦ λόγου ( tou logou) here has been interpreted as an insider reference to Jesus (see McGirr, Ten Ways, 60). This makes sense especially considering that “of the Word” is used with “eyewitnesses.” Cf Jn 1:1-3; Ac 1:21-2.+1:2The direct object is implied from the context. Cf ESV, HCSB, NKJV.+1:2Cf Ac 15:24, 21:17-21, 23:29; 1 Co 4:1-4, 11:2, 15:1-2; 2 Co 11:4, 12-15; Gal 1:6-9, 2:4-5, 5:7-14; Php 3:1-3, 3:17-4:1; Col 1:23, 2:2; 1 Th 1:4-7; 2 Th 2:14-15; 1 Ti 1:3-7, 4:7; Tit 1:14 2 Pt 1:16. Cf the translation here with McGirr’s trajectory of interpretation and translation of these verses (McGirr, Ten Ways, 54-63). Though I don’t entirely agree with McGirr’s analysis or all of his translation choices in this opening section of Luke, his claim that Luke is warning Theophilus against questionable accounts being produced by people besides the apostles is quite plausible.+1:3Or I too.+1:3The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, HCSB, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+1:3Or from the beginning.+1:3ἀκριβῶς ( akribōs) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:3Cf 1 Ti 4:6; 2 Ti 3:10.+1:3καθεξῆς ( kathexēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus κράτιστε Θεόφιλε ( kratiste theophile) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:3Cf this rendering of καθεξῆς ( kathexēs) with the CJB, NET, NCV, and TEV at Ac 11:4. Cf also UBSHS (Ac), 222.+1:4Or informed. περὶ ὧν κατηχήθης λόγων ( peri hōn katēchēthēs lōgōn) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), with κατηχήθης preposed as an embedded focal constituent within the embedded element (according to Dr. Stephen Levinsohn’s analysis, which he shared with me through personal correspondence). The constituent as a whole has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Italics have also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to κατηχήθης.+1:5Lit the days. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+1:5Cf 1 Ch 24:10.+1:5Lit was of the daughters of. ME (see L-N, 10.31). Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NRSV.+1:7Lit was barren, or was sterile. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.56). Cf HCSB, NLT.+1:7προβεβηκότες ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτῶν ( probebēkotes en tais hēmerais autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+1:7Lit both of them were advanced in their days. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 67.99). Cf NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+1:8Lit Now it happened that. EFE. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The phrases kai egeneto or egeneto de function in a variety of ways in Luke’s gospel (for a summary description, see UBSHS [Lk], 22). Corresponding EFEs are used throughout the translation of Luke, depending on the context.+1:8Lit Now it happened that when he was serving as priest in the order of his priestly division before/in the presence of God. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NIV, NRSV.+1:8Cf 1 Ch 24:10, 19; 2Ch 8:14, 31:2.+1:9Cf Ex 30:7-8.+1:10Lit hour. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NRSV.+1:11Lit to him.+1:11Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+1:12IT. The direct object is implied here. Cf most English translations.+1:12φόβος ( phobos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:12Lit fear fell upon him. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT.+1:13διότι ( dioti) here isn’t directly causal (see UBSHS [Lk], 30), and has therefore been left untranslated. Cf NCV, NEB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:13Cf Dn 9:20-23.+1:13This is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:13IT. In Hebrew, John’s name means “Yahweh is gracious,” or “Yahweh has shown favor” (see FSB, Lk 1:13; UBSHS [Lk], 31).+1:14Lit And there will be to you joy and gladness. ME.+1:14πολλοὶ ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:15This is an οὐ μὴ ( ou mē) + aorist subjunctive construction, which is the strongest and most emphatic form of negation in Koine Greek (see Black, Grammar, 180; Mounce, Grammar, 316; NET Bible Notes, Re 3:3). οὐ μὴ πίῃ ( ou mē piē) is also in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have thus been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the negation.+1:15Cf Nm 6:3; Jg 13:3-5; Mt 11:18; Lk 7:33.+1:15πνεύματος ἁγίου ( penumatos hagiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἔτι ἐκ κοιλίας μητρὸς αὐτοῦ ( heti ek koilias mētros autou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:15Cf Lk 1:41, 44.+1:16Lit sons. ME (see L-N, 11.58). Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NRSV, TEV.+1:16πολλοὺς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ( pollous tōn huiōn yisraēl) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:17Lit will go before him. ME.+1:17Lit in/by the Spirit and power of Elijah. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 36; translation and notes at Re 1:10). Cf TEV. πνεύματι καὶ δυνάμει ( pneumati kai dunamei) is an example of hendiadys. Hendiadys is “the expression of an idea by the use of usually two independent words connected by and (as nice and warm) instead of the usual combination of independent word and its modifier (as nicely warm)” ( Miriam-Webster’s, sv). In view here, moreover, is not the human spirit, but the Spirit of God (see UBSHS [Lk], 36).+1:17Cf 2 Ki 2:9, 2:15.+1:17Or to turn the hearts of the fathers back to the children. Cf Dt 30:2; Ml 4:4 (NET). Following the lead of the NET at Ml 4:6 in translation here (see NET Bible Notes, Ml 4:6). The prophetic focus of the Torah is on repentance that extends across generational lines within the nation (see, eg, Dt 30:2; 1 Ki 18:36-40; cf “remember the Law of my servant Moses” at Ml 4:4).+1:17Cf Lv 26:40-42; Dt 4:29-31, 30:2-3; 1 Ki 18:36-39; Ne 1:9; Is 55:7; Jl 2:12-13.+1:17Since the direct objects are different in nature, this is most likely an example of zeugma.+1:17Or attitude, or mindset, or wisdom, or understanding, or prudence. Cf REB in ESS (Lk), 32.+1:17Cf Ezk 3:20-21; 18:21-32, 33:8-19.+1:17Cf Ml 3:1; Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Jn 3:28-9; Re 19:7-8.+1:18Lit advanced in her days. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 67.99). Cf NCV, NET, TEV.+1:20The context (cf v 1:64) indicates that the aorist is functioning inceptively here (see Royce Gordon Gruenler in Mounce, Grammar, 193).+1:20Cf Gn 18:9-14.+1:21Lit were wondering at his being delayed. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NLT, TEV.+1:22IT. The context indicates an anticipated event following a delay. Cf NLT.+1:22ὀπτασίαν ( optasian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:22Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf NET, NIV.+1:22Lit remained mute/dumb. ME (see L-N, 33.106). Cf most English translations.+1:23Lit the days. ME. Cf CJB, NET, NIV, NCV, TEV.+1:24Lit After these days. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 46). Cf NET, TEV.+1:25Lit Thus the Lord has dealt with me. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 47). Cf Gdspd; NLT; Phps.+1:25Lit in days in which. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 47). Cf TEV.+1:25Or favor.+1:25This is an infinitive of result. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NRSV.+1:25Lit to remove my disgrace among men. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 1:25; UBSHS [Lk], 47). As is true of many cultures today, among the Jewish people of this time barrenness carried a stigma with it. Cf Lv 20:20-21; Jr 22:30.+1:26Lit In the sixth month. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Lk], 48; NAC [Lk], 82; NET Bible Notes, Lk 1:26; cf vv 24-5, 36). Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+1:27Lit betrothed to. ME(H) (see note at Mt 1:18).+1:27Lit Joseph from the house of David. ME(I/F/OTB)/IT (see BSL, Lk 1:27, sv οἶκος; L-N, 10.24; NET Bible Notes, 2 Sm 7:11). In this context, “house” doesn’t just mean family line, but royal lineage and dynasty. This is important in light of vv 32-3. Cf TEV.+1:28Lit He.+1:28Lit greetings, or hail. ME(H) (see note at Mt 26:49). Cf CJB.+1:28ὁ κύριος ( ho kurios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:29Lit She.+1:29διεταράχθη ( dietarachthē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:29The lexeme here involves both perplexity and fear (see ANLEX, 375, sv ταράσσω 2). Since the subsequent context addresses both (the former in 29b, and the latter in v 30), I have included both in the translation here. Cf NLT.+1:29Lit and was wondering/figuring out. Cf HCSB. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). The imperfective aspect of the verb and the close temporal proximity, if not contemporaneity, of the action here is more naturally expressed in English, in my opinion, by means of a participle (cf HCSB). It is also possible to interpret the verb as functioning inceptively (see NET) or conatively (see ESV, ISV, NLT). In the latter case, care must be taken in translation (the NLT makes it sound like Mary is having trouble thinking; the ESV and ISV are better).+1:29IT. A sense of astonishment may be implied by the optative here (see UBSHS [Lk], 553). It is certainly present contextually.+1:29Lit of what sort this greeting might be. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 52-3, 553). Cf ISV, NCV, NEB, NLT, NET.+1:30γὰρ ( gar) here is signaling strength and support for what precedes. As in v 13 (see note at “your” there), the relationship between this clause and the preceding clause isn’t directly causal, and therefore γὰρ has been left untranslated. Cf NIV, TEV.+1:31Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+1:31Lit conceive in the womb. ME (see L-N, 23.49). Cf HCSB, NLT.+1:31This is an imperatival future. Cf ISV, NIV, NRSV.+1:31IT. See note at Mt 1:21.+1:32Lit This one.+1:32υἱὸς ὑψίστου ( huios hupsistou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+1:32Or ancestor, or forefather.+1:33Cf Is 14:1, 29:22, 46:3-4.+1:33Cf 2 Sm 7; 1 Ki 2:12; 1 Ch 17; Ps 2, 89, 132; Is 9:2-7; Jr 33:17.+1:34οὐ γινώσκω ( ou yinōskō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:34Lit since I am not knowing a man. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.61). Cf HCSB.+1:35πνεῦμα ἅγιον ( pneuma hagion) and δύναμις ὑψίστου ( dunamis hupsistou) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+1:35Lit come upon you, or come over you. ME. Following the lead of L-N (see L-N, 15.83) and the UBSHS (see UBSHS [Lk], 60), an ME has been used here to avoid sexual connotations. Cf note at Mt 1:18.+1:35Cf Ex 40:35; Ps 91:1; Lk 9:34.+1:35ἅγιον ( hagion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:35Cf 2 Sm 7; Ps 2.+1:36Cf HCSB, TEV.+1:36A comma has been placed after “son” to ensure that the thematic addition is applied to having a child and not to old age.+1:36Lit in. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 62). Cf NCV, NET, TEV. The meaning here is obviously concessive.+1:36μὴν ἕκτος ( mēn hektos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:36Cf ISV, NIV, NRSV, TEV.+1:36Lit barren. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.56). Cf HCSB, NCV, TEV.+1:37πᾶν ῥῆμα ( pan rēma) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:37The future indicative has been interpreted as a gnomic future. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:37Or nothing will be impossible from God. Cf ASV, NLT, REB.+1:37Cf Gn 18:14; Is 55:9-11; Jr 32:17, 32:27.+1:38Lit behold. Cf NEB, NRSV; UBSHS(Lk), 63; most English translations at Mt 12:49.+1:38Lit according to your word. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:39Lit in these days. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 64). Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:41“Elizabeth” here is receiving thematic prominence (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to draw more attention to this element.+1:42Lit the fruit of your womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 10.38). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT.+1:43Lit Yet from where/why to me this. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 68). Cf NIV, NLT.+1:43πρὸς typically takes μέ ( me), and when used with ἐμέ ( eme), the pronoun is more emphatic (see Black, Grammar, 68; cf UBSHS [Lk], 68). It has thus been italicized for emphasis.+1:45Or who trusted, or who believed.+1:45Lit that there would be a fulfillment to the things that have been spoken to her from the Lord. ME (see BDAG, 997, sv τελείωσις 2). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+1:48Lit looked upon the lowliness/humble station of his slave. ME (see BDAG, 990, sv ταπείνωσις 2).+1:49ἅγιον ( hagion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:49Cf Lv 22:32; 1 Ch 16:10; Ps 29:2, 30:4, 33:21, 97:12, 103:1, 105:3, 111:9, 145:21; Is 57:15; Ezk 36:20-23, 39:7, 39:25; Re 4:8.+1:50Or faithful love, or lovingkindness. Lit mercy. ME(OTB) (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 1:50, 72; note at Mt 5:48).+1:50Cf Ex 20:6, 34:6-7; Dt 5:9-10, 7:9-10; Ps 100:5, 103:11, 103:17; Jr 32:18; Dn 9:4.+1:51The aorist verbs in vv 51-54 are functioning proleptically/prophetically. This is reflected in the translation. Cf UBSHS (Lk), 75.+1:51IT (see L-N, 76.3).+1:51Cf Is 33:2; 40:10-11, 51:5, 52:10, 53:1, 59:16, 63:5. I have opted for a more literal rendering here because of the connection of this idea with the Messiah (cf, eg, Is 53:1, 63:1-6; Jn 12:38; Re 19:11-21).+1:51Lit the arrogant in the thoughts of their hearts. ME (see note at Mk 3:5). Cf ISV.+1:51Cf 2 Ch 32:25; Ps 18:27, 101:5; Pr 8:13, 16:5; Is 2:11-22, 13:11; Dn 4:37.+1:52The context indicates that δυνάστης ( dunastēs) carries with it connotations of abusive rule and an adversarial relationship to God. Cf the LXX-Hebrew alignment at Jb 6:23, 9:22, 15:5, 15:20, and 27:13 ( LALS, sv δυνάστης).+1:52Cf Ps 2, 149; Is 40:22-23; Dn 2:20-23.+1:54Cf Dt 4:30-31, Ps 102:13-17; Is 41:8, 44:1, 44:21, 45:4, 49:3-5; Ac 1:6.+1:54Lit his mercy. ME(OTB) (see note at Lk 1:50). Cf Dt 4:30-31; Ps 25:6; Jr 31:20; Mic 7:18-20; Hab 3:2; Rm 11:28-32.+1:55Lit as he spoke. In this context, the things spoken are the promises of the covenant (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 1:55). Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NCV, NLT.+1:55Or forefathers, or ancestors.+1:56Lit with her.+1:58Lit that the Lord had made large his mercy with her. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:59Cf Lv 12:3.+1:59The imperfective verb here is functioning either voluntatively or conatively. Cf NET, NCV, NLT.+1:61IT. Cf NCV, NET, TEV.+1:62Lit name him.+1:63Lit he.+1:63Ἰωάννης ( yōannēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:64Lit his.+1:64Or began praising. VPR. See VCC (Lk 1:64). “The imperfect tense of elalei suggests that Zechariah continued to speak for some time” ( UBSHS [Lk], 86).+1:64Lit was speaking, praising. ME. The participle here defines the nature of the speech (see UBSHS [Lk], 86). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:65IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+1:65Lit all these events were being talked about. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:65ἐν ὅλῃ τῇ ὀρεινῇ τῆς Ἰουδαίας ( en holē tē oreinē tēs youdaias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:66Cf HCSB.+1:66τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “in the world” has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, and to express the wonder and amazement present contextually.+1:66καὶ χεὶρ κυρίου ( kai xeir kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore μετʼ αὐτοῦ ( met’ autou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note). γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+1:66Lit For the hand of the Lord was with him. ME(I/F/OTB) (see L-N, 76.3). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV. The “hand of the Lord” is an idiom for God carrying out some sort of powerful action either for or against someone (see, eg, Ex 9:3; Dt 2:15; Jsh 4:23-24, 22:31; Jg 2:15; 1 Ki 18:46; 2 Ki 3:15; 1 Ch 21:13-14; Ezr 7:6; Jb 12:9; Is 25:10). \fp+1:67Lit his.+1:68The aorist indicatives in this section are functioning proleptically/prophetically. This is reflected in the translation.+1:68Lit make a ransom, or perform redemption. ME(OTB). In OT theology, when God is the one performing “redemption” or paying a “ransom,” the “ransom” or “price” that God “pays” to bring about someone’s “release” is his own mighty acts—as, for example, in the Exodus (see, eg, Dt 7:8, 9:26; Ps 78:42; Is 50:2). These acts, moreover, are performed freely as gracious acts because of God’s name and covenant faithfulness (see Dt 9:5), and cover a wide range of actions, including provision of a ransom that delivers someone from Sheol (eg, Ps 49:7); deliverance from enemies of various kinds (eg, Ps 55:18); and the future deliverance of Israel (eg, Is 51:11). For further discussion, see TWOT, 715-17. See also ANLEX, 249, sv λύτρωσις; BDAG, 606, sv λύτρωσις 1; L-N, 37.128.+1:69Or has visited and performed…and has raised up (effective aorists). Though one could argue for an effective aorist here based on Zechariah’s presumed knowledge of the baby in Mary’s womb, the Messianic function highlighted in this prophecy (“deliverance from our enemies”), the promises of vv 71-5, the shift to the future indicative in v 76, and the simple fact that Zechariah is prophesying, all favor a proleptic function in this context, with the aorist possibly pointing back to the recent events as the basis for the certainty of the accomplishment of the yet future acts of deliverance.+1:69Lit a horn of salvation. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Lk], 91). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:69Lit house. ME (see note at Lk 1:27). The same applies here.+1:70Lit spoke. ME. Here promises are again in view (see note at Lk 1:55). Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+1:70ἀπʼ αἰῶνος ( ap aiōnos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:71Lit salvation, or deliverance. σωτηρίαν ( sōtērian) is in an appositional relationship to κέρας ( keras) in v 69 (see LSGNT Notes, Lk 1:69, 71, sv κέρας). I have made the connection explicit in translation.+1:71Lit hand. ME(I/F) (see DBL Hebrew, #5931.3; L-N, 76.3; UBSHS [Lk], 94). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+1:72The infinitive here has been interpreted causatively (cf NET Bible Notes at Lk 1:54 and UBSHS [Lk], 79). This is reflected in the translation.+1:72Or thus showing steadfast love. Lit to do mercy. ME(OTB) (see note at Lk 1:50).+1:72Or ancestors, or forefathers.+1:72Maintaining consistency in translation between this verse and v 54 (cf ESV, NASB, NKJV, NRSV, and RSV at Lk 1:54).+1:73Lit the to grant. The articular infinitive here is interpreted as indicating the content of the oath (cf UBSHS [Lk], 96; ESS [Lk], 69). This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+1:74Lit the hand. ME(I/F) (see not at 1:71 above).+1:74ἐκ χειρὸς ἐχθρῶν ( ek xeiros exthrōn) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:74ἀφόβως ( aphobōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:74Cf Gn 32:20; Ex 3:6, 19:1-20, 24:10-11, 33:20; Lv 10:1-10, 16:1-34; Nu 18:3; Dt 5:24-26; Jg 6:22-23; Jb 9:32-35; Ps 11:7, 15:1-5, 24:3-4, 140:13; Is 33:14; Is 6:5; Jr 33:20-26, 50:4-5; Ezk 44:13-31, 45:1-5; Re 7:15, 22:4.+1:75Or in his sight, or before him.+1:75Cf Ps 132:9-16; Is 61:3,10; Zc 3:1-10; Ml 3:3-4.+1:76προφήτης ὑψίστου ( prophētēs hupsistou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:76Cf Ml 3:1; Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27.+1:77Or and to give. The articular infinitive here is interpreted as explanatory. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB. For a summary of the interpretive options here, see ESS (Lk), 72; UBSHS (Lk), 98.+1:77Cf Lv 10:11; Dt 17:9; Is 5:13; Jr 3:15; Ho 4:4-6; Zp 3:4; Ml 2:7-8.+1:77The prepositional phrase here is connected to σωτηρίας ( sōtērias), describing either the means or contents of the salvation just mentioned (see UBSHS [Lk], 98; ESS [Lk], 72). This connection has been made explicit in translation for clarity.+1:77Or in, or consisting in.+1:77Or by giving understanding of salvation to his people with regard to/in the forgiveness of their sins. While the statement “to give/cause knowledge of salvation” is most likely referring to John’s prophetic pronouncement, the gospels indicate that John’s ministry also included a significant amount of teaching and instruction (cf Mt 3 and Lk 3; remember, John was a Levite). Since the roles of teacher and prophet often overlap in Scripture, it is possible to interpret “giving knowledge of salvation” in terms of John giving instruction and understanding (cf Lv 10:11; Dt 17:9; Is 5:13; Jr 3:15; Ho 4:4-6; Zp 3:4; Ml 2:7-8). In that situation, the meaning is that John gives them understanding concerning salvation—the need for it, the means of receiving it, the fruit it must produce, etc. Cf Mt 3:7-12; Lk 3:7-14.+1:78The following clause is interpreted as providing the reason for forgiveness (see UBSHS [Lk], 99; interpretation 1 in ESS [Lk], 72). Similar statements in the OT indicate that this is the better interpretation (see, eg, Ex 34:7; Nu 14:18-19; Ps 86:5). The connection has been made explicit in translation here.+1:78Lit because of the bowels of mercy of our God. ME(I/F/OTB) (see L-N, 25.49; note at Lk 1:50).+1:78The antecedent has been restated for clarity.+1:78Or by which.+1:78Or the dawn, or the rising sun. Cf Jr 23:5 (LXX), Zc 3:8, 6:12 (LXX); Ml 4:2. That this is a reference to the Messiah is clear. Less clear is whether it is an allusion to Ml 4:2, or to passages like Jr 23:5. Most translations seem to favor the first option, presumably because ἐπιφαίνω ( epiphainō) is used in the next clause. The UBSHS claims that the Branch interpretation “is not consistent with the idea of shining in the darkness in the next clause which clearly should be related to anatolē” ( UBSHS [Lk], 99). I disagree. ἐπισκέπτομαι ( episkeptomai) has already been used in v 68 to describe the visitation of the God of Israel through the Davidic Savior, and there clearly means a visitation from God to help his people. In Re 22:16, “Bright Morning Star” is in an appositional relationship to “Root and Offspring of David” (see LDGNT, Re 22:16; LSGNT Notes, Re 22:16, sv ἀστὴρ). “The Branch” is a Messianic title, and therefore if the Messiah shines, it means the Branch shines. I say this not because I am dogmatic in either direction, but simply to point out that the “Branch” is just as valid a candidate here as the “rising sun” or the “dawn.” One interesting fact that may also be worth taking into consideration on this matter, is that in addition to being prophesied in the Old Testament, the Messianic “Branch” is also part of the constellation Virgo (and constellations, obviously, shine!). I discuss this topic some in a seminar called “The Gospel in the Stars,” and in a children’s book entitled The Heavens Declare. Both can be found on the DTN website (www.danieltrainingnetwork.org).+1:79Lit in darkness and shadow of death. This is an example of hendiadys (see note at Mt 4:16). Cf Is 9:1-2, 42:6-7, 42:19; Mt 4:16. σκότει καὶ σκιᾷ θανάτου ( skotei kai skia thanatou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+1:79Or and to guide. As in vv 73 and 77 above, the articular infinitive here is interpreted as explanatory (ie, as defining previously referenced and thus known content).+1:79Or to, or on. According to the LSGNT Notes, εἰς ( eis) here is either a preposition of direction or a preposition of location (see LSGNT Notes, Lk 1:79, sv).+1:79Cf 1 Sm 2:9; Jb 23:11; Ps 17:5, 25:12, 37:23, 44:8, 119:31, 121:3; Pr 1:16, 3:26, 4:26, 14:15, 16:9, 20:4; Is 59:7-8; Jr 10:23.+1:79Cf Is 42:7; Rm 2:19-20; Eph 1:17-18.+1:80The imperfect indicative in this context is signaling progressive growth over a long period of time. Cf ISV, TEV.+1:80The imperfect indicative in this context is signaling progressive growth and increase over a long period of time.+1:80Cf Mt 11:7-12, 14:1-4.+1:80Lit until the day of his public appearance. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, TEV.+2:1Lit In those days. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:1Or Caesar.+2:1IT (see BDAG, 108, sv ἀπογράφω a). Cf NET.+2:2ἀπογραφὴ πρώτη ( apographē prōtē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the most newly activated information.+2:2IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NRSV.+2:2Κυρηνίου ( Kurēniou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:4Here the thematic addition has been expressed with “for his part” rather than “also” or “too,” since not everyone went to the same town.+2:4Lit house and lineage. ME/IT (see note a Lk 1:27).+2:5The infinitive here is dependent on the verb in verse 4. Cf ISV, NET, NIV, TEV, NRSV.+2:8ποιμένες ( poimenes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+2:8Lit watching watches during the night. ME/IT. Shifts or turns are implied by the plural form of the direct object here (see ESS [Lk], 80; Robertson, Word Pictures, Lk 2:7).+2:9IT. Cf NLT.+2:9Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:9ἄγγελος κυρίου ( angelos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus (with the help of a dummy subject).+2:9δόξα κυρίου ( doxa kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+2:9Lit They.+2:10Lit I gospel to you great joy, which will be to/for all the people. ME. Cf CJB, NET, NLT, TEV.+2:11σωτὴρ ( sōtēr) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus. Cf NRSV.+2:12τοῦτο ( touto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:12Lit This will be to you the sign. ME (see BDAG, 920, sv σημεῖον 1). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+2:13Lit there became with the angel. πλῆθος στρατιᾶς οὐρανίου ( plēthos stratias ouraniou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been rendered such as to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Cf NLT.+2:13Lit a multitude of the army of heaven. ME (see L-N, 12. 30). Cf CJB, NCV, NET, TEV.+2:14Cf Ps 148:1.+2:14Or those on whom his favor rests, or people of goodwill.+2:15Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 222, sv δή 2).+2:16IT (see BDAG, 78, sv ἀνευρίσκω; UBSHS [Lk], 119).+2:16Following the ISV in translation here.+2:17Or On seeing him, or On seeing them. The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf most English translations.+2:17Lit they.+2:19πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ( panta ta rēmata) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+2:20IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+2:20Lit praising God for all that they had heard and seen, just as it was spoken to them. ME/IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+2:21Lit And when eight days had been fulfilled to circumcise him. ME. Cf ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV+2:21Cf Gn 17:12; Lv 12:13.+2:21Lit before he was conceived in the womb. ME. Cf HCSB, NIV, NLT.+2:22Lit And when the days of their purification were fulfilled according to the Law/Torah of Moses. ME(OTB)/IT (see Lv 12; UBSHS [Lk], 124). Cf Lv 12:4 (LXX).+2:22Lit him.+2:23Lit every male that opens the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 10.45). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:23IT (see BDAG, 10, sv ἅγιος 1; Ibid, BDAG, 9, sv ἁγιάζω 1, 2).+2:23ἅγιον τῷ κυρίῳ ( hagion tō kuriō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:23The future indicative is interpreted as an imperatival future. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:23Ex 13:2, 12+2:24Lit and to give sacrifice according to what is said in the Law/Torah of the Lord. ME(OTB)/IT (see Lv 12). As the UBSHS points out (see UBSHS [Lk], 128), τοῦ δοῦναι θυσίαν ( tou dounai thusian) here does not mean that Mary herself offered a sacrifice on the altar, but that she gave over sacrificial animals to the priest, who in turn offered the sacrifice (see Lv 12:8).+2:24The clause that follows is appositional.+2:24Lv 12:8+2:25Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+2:25ἄνθρωπος ( anthrōpos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus (with the help of a dummy subject). An indefinite adjective and comma have also been used to give this element extra focus.+2:25Or consolation, or deliverance. Cf NET.+2:25Cf Ps 102:12-17; Is 40:1; 49:13; 51:3; 57:18; 61:2; Mic 4:8; Ac 1:6.+2:25πνεῦμα ἅγιον ( pneuma hagion) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:26Lit would not see death. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:26The genitive has been translated subjectively, with the verbal idea compressed in the genitive made explicit in translation. Cf NCV, TEV.+2:27Lit He.+2:27Lit in/by the Spirit. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 131). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT.+2:27The aorist infinitive here indicates that events of this clause precede those of the main clause (see BDF, §404; UBSHS [Lk], 132).+2:27Lit to do according to what was customary of the Law/Torah concerning him. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:27Cf Ex 13:2, 11-16.+2:28Lit him.+2:29Lit dismiss. ME(I/F) (see BSL, Lk 2:29, sv ἀπολύω; UBSHS [Lk], 134). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:29Lit according to your word. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:31Lit which (with salvation as the antecedent). Restating the antecedent in translation for clarity.+2:31Lit according to face. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 83.34). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, LEB, NASB, NET, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+2:31Cf Ps 98; Is 52:10.+2:32Cf CJB.+2:32Cf Is 2:2-3, 42:4-6, 49:6; Mt 28:18-20; Lk 1:79; Ac 13:47; Rm 2:19; Eph 1:17-23, 4:17-18.+2:32Cf Is 42:6, 45:25, 46:13, and 49:6.+2:33Lit His.+2:34Or blessed. ME(H) (see not at Mk 10:16).+2:34Lit and to be a sign. ME(OTB)/IT (see FSB, Is 8:18; TWOT, 67, sv môpēt; UBSHS [Lk], 138; UBSHS [Ps], 613). Cf Ps 71:7 (see esp CJB, HCSB, NIV, NCV, TEV); Is 8:18 (see esp NET, NLT), 20:3 (see esp NET); Ezk 12:6 (see esp NET), 12:11, 24:24-27; Zc 3:8; Lk 11:30.+2:34Lit which.+2:34Or spoken against, or rejected, or opposed. Drawing from the BSL in translation here (see BSL, Lk 2:34, sv ἀντιλέγω). Like the prophets of old, Jesus’ life and message would stir up great opposition.+2:35ME(I/F)/IT (see ESS [Lk], 103; UBSHS [Lk], 140). Cf TEV.+2:35τὴν ψυχὴν ( tēn psuchēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf NLT.+2:35Cf Lk 23:27-8; Jn 19:25.+2:35Or secrets, or plans.+2:35ἐκ πολλῶν καρδιῶν ( ek pollōn kardiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:35Cf Ps 118:22; Is 8:14-15, 28:13-16; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8. Cf also Jn 8:37, 8:40, 9:39-40, 15:22.+2:36Or descendant.+2:36Lit was advanced in many days. ME(I/F). See note at Lk 1:7.+2:36Lit seven years from her virginity. ME (see L-N, 23.64). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NRSV.+2:37Or until age eighty-four.+2:37νηστείαις καὶ δεήσεσιν ( nēsteias kai deēsesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus νύκτα καὶ ἡμέραν ( nukta kai hēmeran) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:37The plural nouns here indicate multiple acts or times of fasting and prayer (see UBSHS [Lk], 141). This is also quite obvious from the context and the lexemes used here. Cf ISV.+2:38αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ ( autē tē hōra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:38Lit hour. ME. Cf HCSB, NET, NIV, NRSV.+2:38Lit she.+2:38Lit about him.+2:38Lit redemption of Jerusalem. ME(OTB) (see note at Lk 1:68). Cf Is 1:27, 52:7-10, 59:20, 62:1-7.+2:39Lit When they.+2:39Lit all the things that were according to the Law/Torah of the Lord. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:39Lit to their own town. ME. Cf ISV, TEV.+2:40See note at Lk 1:80 above. The same applies here.+2:40See note at Lk 1:80 above. The same applies here.+2:40Or with understanding, or with insight. Cf Is 50:4-5; 53:2; Lk 2:46; Jn 7:16, 8:28.+2:40Or grace.+2:40χάρις θεοῦ ( charis theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+2:40Cf Lk 1:80, 2:52.+2:41Lit his.+2:42Lit he.+2:42Lit went up. The participle has been rendered as a finite verb because of the complexity of the syntantic structure of vv 42-43 (for further discussion, see UBSHS [Lk], 146). Cf most English translations.+2:43Lit and having completed the days. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+2:43Lit Jesus the boy. ME. Cf ISV.+2:44In many cultures, trust between extended relatives, neighbors, acquaintances, and even strangers is often much stronger than what Westerners are accustomed to. My family and I have experienced this many times in different parts of the world.+2:44ἡμέρας ( hemeras) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element (cf CJB, NCV, TEV).+2:44Lit they went the journey of a day. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+2:44Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied, and/or in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf CJB, ISV.+2:44The presence of ἀνα ( ana) with ζητέω ( zēteō) seems to imply an intense, widespread, and systematic search (see BSL, Lk 2:44; L-N, 27.42).+2:45See note at “everywhere” in v 44 above. The same verb is used here.+2:46IT. Cf NLT.+2:46Cf Ps 84:1-2, 10.+2:48Or astonished. Cf NET.+2:48Lit Your father and I, being distressed terribily, were looking for you. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, TEV.+2:49Lit he.+2:49Or about My Father’s affairs.+2:49ἐν τοῖς τοῦ πατρός μου ( en tois tou patros mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:49με ( me) is thematically prominent (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give exta focus to this element.+2:49Cf Is 53:2; Hg 2:6-9; Zc 6:9-13; Ml 3:1-4.+2:50Lit Yet they did not understand the statement he spoke to them. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:52Or in stature, or in age. Cf ISV.+3:1Or Tiberius Caesar.+3:1The genitive here is a genitive of subordination. Cf NLT.+3:1Lit the tetrarch. ME(H) (see note at Mt 14:1). So throughout this verse.+3:1The genitive here is a genitive of subordination. Cf NLT.+3:1Lit his.+3:1The genitive here is a genitive of subordination. Cf NLT.+3:1Ἰτουραίας καὶ Τραχωνίτιδος ( Itouraias kai Trachōnitidos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:1Ἀβιληνῆς ( Abilēnes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:2Cf Gn 15:1; 1 Sm 15:10; 2 Sm 7:4; 1 Ki 6:11; 1 Ki 18:1; Is 38:1; Jr 1:2-4; Ezk 1:3; Jnh 1:1; Hg 1:3.+3:3Lit He went into all the surrounding region of the Jordan. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 159). Cf NEB, NLT.+3:4Or book.+3:4This is a genitive of content (see LSGNT Notes, Lk 3:4, sv λόγων; UBSHS [Lk], 161).+3:4Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+3:4Lit the paths, or your paths. ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 3:3).+3:4εὐθείας ( eutheias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:5The future indicatives in this verse are interpreted as imperatival futures. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, TEV; NET, NLT, TEV at Is 40:4.+3:6Lit all flesh. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 163; FBT Chart, M). Cf CJB, NET, NIV, TEV.+3:6Is 40:3-5+3:7Lit he.+3:7μελλούσης ( mellousēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed after “wrath” for extra stress.+3:8Or in keeping with repentance. Lit worthy of repentance. See note at Mt 3:8. The same applies here.+3:8πατέρα ( patera) is in P2 (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn; cf LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:8See note at Mt 3:9. The same applies here.+3:8ἐκ τῶν λίθων τούτων ( ek tōn lithōn toutōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf NLT.+3:9πρὸς τὴν ῥίζαν τῶν δένδρων ( pros tēn rizan tōn dendrōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:9VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:10).+3:9εἰς πῦρ ( eis pur) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:11Conditions are implied in the participles in this verse. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf NCV, NLT.+3:11Lit two tunics. ME (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 3:11).+3:11Lit he.+3:11ὁμοίως ( homoiōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:13μηδὲν πλέον παρὰ τὸ διατεταγμένον ὑμῖν ( mēden pleon para to diatetagmenon humin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before this element to give it extra focus. The element has also been rendered with an indefinite article to the same end.+3:13Lit Collect nothing more than what has been ordered to you. ME. Cf ISV, NCV.+3:14Cf CJB, NET, NCV, and TEV.+3:14Lit he.+3:14For the basis of this rendering, see BDAG, 955, sv συκοφαντέω 1, 2; BSL, Lk 3:14; DBL Greek, 5193; UBSHS (Lk), 170.+3:15The participles in this verse have been interpreted as adverbial participles of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NCV.+3:15Lit he.+3:16ὁ Ἰωάννης ( ho Yōannēs) is thematically prominent (see BART Display), and therefore the implied response here (ἀπεκρίνατο [ apekrinato] is used) has been used as a spacer to give this element extra stress.+3:16See note at Mt 3:11. The same applies here.+3:16VPR. See VCC (Mt 3:11).+3:16Or in.+3:16ὕδατι ( hudati) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:16Or in.+3:16Cf Is 4:4; 32:15, 44:3; Jl 2:11; Ezk 39:28-29; Ml 3:2, 4:1-6.+3:17Or with. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48.+3:17Or in/with unquenchable fire. See note at Mt 3:12. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14.+3:18Πολλὰ καὶ ἕτερα παρακαλῶν ( polla kai hetera parakalōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. οὖν ( oun) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:18Πολλὰ καὶ ἕτερα ( Polla kai hetera) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to Πολλὰ, while καὶ ἕτερα has placed in clause-final and rendered with a demonstrative pronoun for extra focus.+3:18Or of different kinds. Here, ἕτερα ( hetera) “is referring...to non-specified examples of the same category” ( UBSHS [Lk], 177). On the other hand, see interpretation 2 in ESS (Lk), 135.+3:18Lit he.+3:19Lit the tetrach. ME(H) (see note at Mt 14:1).+3:19Lit by him.+3:19Lit concerning. ME/IT. Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+3:19IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:19πονηρῶν ( ponērōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:19Lit Herod.+3:20Lit added this also upon/to all. ME. Cf HCSB, NET, NLT. “All” here refers to the evil deeds mentioned in v 19 (see UBSHS [Lk], 178).+3:20The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+3:21See note at “day” in Lk 1:8. Cf NLT.+3:21καὶ Ἰησοῦ ( kai yēsou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:21Or the sky. So throughout this section.+3:22Or upon. See note at Mt 4:16. The same applies here.+3:22φωνὴν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ ( phōnēn ex ouranou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus (with the help of a dummy subject).+3:22Cf Gn 22:2, 16; Is 42:1.+3:23IT. Cf most English translations.+3:23Cf Nu 4:3.+3:23Or the son. In the Scriptures, “son” sometimes means “descendant” (see, eg, L-N, 10.30). Because not all of the men listed in the genealogy are direct offspring, descendant is most likely the primary meaning here. This, of course, does not exclude direct descent.+3:23ME/IT (see, L-N, 10.30).+3:23Or being a son/descendant (so it was thought) of Joseph, the son/descendant of Heli. For a summary and brief discussion of the interpretive options here, see ESS (Lk), 141; Lange, Commentary (Lk), 62; NAC (Lk), 141. The interpretation reflected in the translation is that Luke is giving us Jesus’ genealogy through Mary. The statement could, however, also be interpreted and rendered as reflecting Joseph’s lineage. Though I’m not dogmatic on this point or unaware of the various problems involved with reconciling the genealogies in Luke and Matthew, I prefer the option included in the translation for two reasons. First, Luke traces Jesus’ genealogy back to Adam, once again indicating his concern to show that God’s plan of redemption as spelled out in the covenants includes in its purview the salvation of the entire human race. This theme appears repeatedly in Luke and Acts. Second, the fact that Jesus descended from David through Solomon gives him a legal right to David’s throne; at the same time, the fact that he is descended biologically through Nathan’s line also means that the prophesy spoken against Jeconiah in Jr 22:30 does not apply to Jesus. The FSB’s claim that “both genealogies reflect Joseph’s lineage; the discrepancies are the result of different sources and theological agenda” (see FSB, Lk 3:23-28), is stated with too much certainty and needs to be qualified. While Luke’s choices are surely directed by his theology, what source materials he used is a matter of debate. Furthermore, it is just as easy to conceive Luke’s “theological agenda” as being more clearly expressed by the inclusion of Jesus’ human descent through Mary’s line, rather than his legal descent through Joseph’s line (cf, eg, Lk 1:26-38).+3:24Lit of Matthat. ME/IT (see L-N, 10.30). So throughout this section. “Son/descendent” is implied from v 23.+3:38Lit of Adam, of God. ME (see Gn 1:26, 2:7). “Son/descendent” is implied from v 23. To maintain consistency with the preceding verses would require “Adam, who descended from God.” This is awkward, though, and in Adam’s case obscures the meaning. The meaning is that Adam, as the first human being, was created directly by God.+4:1Or returned.+4:1πλήρης πνεύματος ἁγίου ( plērēs pneumatos hagiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:2Cf Ex 24:18.+4:2Or …in the wilderness, being tempted by the devil for forty days.+4:2Lit those days. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+4:2Lit and when they [those days] were completed. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+4:3Lit to him.+4:3υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( huios tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+4:3Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6-9; 2 Sm 7; 1 Ch. 17; Ps 2, 89, 132; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10; Mt 2:15; Lk 3:38; Jn 1:49; 1 Co 15:45.+4:4This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV.+4:4ἐπʼ ἄρτῳ μόνῳ ( ep artō monō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed immediately before this element to give it extra focus.+4:4Dt 8:3+4:5Lit He.+4:5IT. Cf ISV, NET, NIV.+4:5Or of the inhabited earth, or of the world, or of mankind.+4:5Lit in a point of time. ME (see L-N, 67.149). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NEB, NET, NIV.+4:6ἅπασαν ( hapasan) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been segmented with commas for extra focus.+4:6Lit the splendor of them.+4:6σοὶ ( soi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:6ἐμοὶ ( emoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:6Cf Dt 32:8-9; 1 Jn 5:19. The NET’s commentary on Dt 32:8 provides some good insight into the historical/theological background most likely being assumed by the devil’s statement here (see NET Bible Notes, Dt 32:8).+4:6ᾧ ἐὰν θέλω ( hō ean thelō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:6Cf Re 13:1-2.+4:8Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+4:8See note at “Israel” in the next line.+4:8κύριον τὸν θεόν σου ( kurion ton theon sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been rendered such as to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf the ESV’s use of the cleft-construction at Dt 6:13.+4:8This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV.+4:8See note at Mt 4:7. The same applies here.+4:8This is an imperatival future. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV.+4:8αὐτῷ μόνῳ ( autō monō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+4:8Dt 6:13+4:9Lit He.+4:9Lit him.+4:9Or edge, or summit.+4:9υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( huios tou theou) is in a split position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:9Lit to him.+4:10τοῖς ἀγγέλοις ( tois angelois) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:11See note at Mt 4:6. The same applies here.+4:11See note at Mt 4:6. The same applies here.+4:11Ps 91:11, 12+4:12See note at Mt 4:7.+4:12This is an imperatival future. Cf ISV, LEB, NET, NIV, NLT.+4:12Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+4:12Dt 6:16+4:13Lit him.+4:13Lit had finished every temptation, or had finished every sort of temptation. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+4:13Or until an opportune time, or until another time. Drawing from the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Lk], 195).+4:14φήμη περὶ αὐτοῦ ( phēmē peri autou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:14Or throughout the neighboring area, or throughout the countryside.+4:15Or praised, or glorified, or honored. Cf HCSB.+4:16Lit according to that which was customary for him. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:16The direct object is implied here. Cf NLT, TEV.+4:17Or book.+4:17Cf NCV, NLT.+4:18πνεῦμα κυρίου ( pneuma kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion and an emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:18Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+4:18Or the weak, or the poor, or the humble, or the afflicted. ME(OTB) (see note at Mt 5:3; LALS, sv πτωχός). In Luke’s gospel, the “poor” is referring to the “pious poor” (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 4:18; UBSHS [Lk], 200). Cf, eg, Ps 34:6 (cf v 6 with v 2), 18; Ps 72:2. Financial pressures in this age are one of God’s means of humbling his people and keeping them dependent on him, in preparation for the age to come (see, eg, Dt 8:3; Php 4:10-13).+4:18ἄφεσιν ( aphesin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:18Or release, or freedom, or liberty.+4:18ἀνάβλεψιν ( anablepsin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:19Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+4:19δεκτόν ( dekon) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:19This is a reference to the year of Jubilee (see ESS [Lk], 163; NET Bible Notes, Lk 4:19). Cf Lv 25:10 (cf MT and LXX).+4:19Is 61:1-2. Cf Lv 25:10.+4:20πάντων ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ( pantōn in tēn sunagōgē) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:22πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been postposed and segmented with commas for extra focus.+4:22Cf Ps 45:2.+4:22Cf HCSB.+4:22υἱός Ἰωσὴφ ( huios Yōsēph) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The split element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:22Cf Mt 13:57; Mk 6:3.+4:23Lit He.+4:23IT (see UBSHS [Lk], 206). Cf NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+4:23ὅσα ἠκούσαμεν γενόμενα εἰς τὴν Καφαρναοὺμ ( hosa ēkousamen genomena eis tēn Kapharnaoum) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:24IT (see note at Mt 5:18).+4:24δεκτός ( dektos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:24Or accepted.+4:25ἐπʼ ἀληθείας ( ep alētheias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:25Koine Greek often uses parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied, and/or in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). This clause is in a disjunctive relationship with v 26. Cf most translations at v 26.+4:25Lit days. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:25πολλαὶ χῆραι ( pollai chērai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. An adverb has also been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:25ME(F/I)/IT (see UBSHS [Lk], 208). Cf NCV, TEV.+4:25Cf 1 Ki 17:1, 18:1; Jm 5:17.+4:26πρὸς οὐδεμίαν αὐτῶν ( pros oudemian autōn) and εἰς Σάρεπτα τῆς Σιδωνίας πρὸς γυναῖκα χήραν ( eis Sarepta tēs Sidōnias pros gunaika chēran) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+4:26IT (see L-N, 93.574).+4:26IT. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+4:26Though the noun is anarthrous (ie, lacking the article), it is definite here. Jesus’ listeners were familiar with the story to which Jesus was referring (1 Ki 17:8-24). πρὸς γυναῖκα χήραν ( pro gunaika chēran) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and this most likely accounts for the absence of the article.+4:26Cf 1 Ki 17:8-24+4:27πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ( polloi leproi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:27Lit many lepers. ME. Cf NLT, NCV, TEV.+4:27οὐδεὶς αὐτῶν ( oudeis autōn) and Ναιμὰν ὁ Σύρος ( Naiman ho Suros) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+4:27IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:27Lit Naaman the Syrian. ME. Cf NCV.+4:28ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ ( en tē sunagōgē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been segmented with commas for extra focus.+4:29Lit him.+4:30Lit He.+4:30Lit the middle/midst of them. Cf CJB, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:31Lit he.+4:31Lit to teach them. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+4:32Lit because his word was in/with authority. ME. Cf LEB, NCV, NET, NLT, NRSV, TEV. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ ( en exousia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:33Lit a spirit of an unclean demon. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NIV, NLT.+4:34Or Leave us alone! Lit What to us and to you? ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 8:29).+4:34Lit Did you come...? or Have you come...? Cf TEV.+4:35Lit to him.+4:35Or after. See note at Mk 1:26. The same applies here.+4:35Lit him.+4:35Lit in the midst. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 216; UBSHS [Mt], 558). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:36τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “in the world” has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, and to convey the sense of awe and wonder present contextually.+4:36Or this message, or this word.+4:36ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ καὶ δυνάμει ( en exousia kai dunamei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give this constituent extra focus.+4:37The imperfect in this context indicates progressive spreading.+4:38Lit he.+4:38Lit they asked him concerning her. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV.+4:39Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Lk], 220; cf BDAG, 419, sv ἐφίστημι 1; Ibid, 359, sv ἐπάνω 1.b.). Cf ISV, NIV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:40This was a Sabbath (cf Mk 1:21, 29). Healing was forbidden on the Sabbath (see, eg, Mt 12:2, Jn 9:16), and therefore the people had to wait until evening to bring the sick to Jesus.+4:40Lit all as many as had sick ones. This could refer to friends (cf TEV), or relatives (cf NET, NLT), or both. Loved ones covers both possibilities. Hence the translation here.+4:40Lit to him.+4:40τὰς χεῖρας ( tas xeiras) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:41τὸν χριστὸν ( ton christon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:42Lit he.+4:42See note at Lk 2:44. The same applies here with ἐπιζητέω ( epizēteō) (see L-N, 27.42).+4:42Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+4:42Lit came as far as him. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:43Lit he.+4:43καὶ ταῖς ἑτέραις πόλεσιν εὐαγγελίσασθαί ( kai tais heterais polesin euangelisasthai) is in P2, with καὶ ταῖς ἑτέραις πόλεσιν in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:44Or in the synagogues of Judea. ME. In this context, Ἰουδαία ( Youdaia) is being used in a broader sense to refer to “the whole territory inhabited by the Jewish people” ( UBSHS [Lk], 224; cf ANLEX, 205, sv Ἰουδαία 2; BDAG, 478, sv Ἰουδαία 2).+5:1See note at “day” in Lk 1:8. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:1Lit he.+5:1Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf most English translations.+5:2Lit two boats standing beside the lake. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+5:2Lit from them.+5:2ἀποβάντες ( apobantes) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:3Lit which was of Simon. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV.+5:3Lit he.+5:3ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ( apo tēs gēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:3ἐκ τοῦ πλοίου ( ek tou ploiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:4Lit he.+5:4The second imperative in this verse is in the second person plural. This is signaled for English readers by “you and the other men.” Cf TEV.+5:5The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB.+5:5διʼ ὅλης νυκτὸς ( di holēs nuktos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an extra adjective has been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+5:5Lit At/because of your word. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:7ἑτέρῳ ( heterō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:7IT. Cf TEV.+5:7Lit they.+5:8Or fell down at Jesus’ knees.+5:8ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός ( anēr hamartōlos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:9θάμβος ( thambos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:9Lit because of the catch of fish they had taken. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:10Lit and likewise. ME. Cf TEV.+5:10ἀνθρώπους ( anthrōpous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:11Lit they.+5:11VPR. See VCC (Mt 4:20, 22).+5:11Lit followed him. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+5:12See note at “day” in Lk 1:8. Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+5:12Lit he.+5:12Lit he.+5:12Lit cleanse. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2). Cf NLT.+5:13Lit he.+5:13Lit left him.+5:14Lit he.+5:14IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+5:14Lit go and show yourself to the priest. ME(OTB) (see Lv 14:1-32). Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 224). Cf NLT, TEV.+5:14Lit just as Moses commanded. ME. Cf HCSB, NIV.+5:14Cf Lv 14:1-32.+5:14Or as proof, or as a witness, or as a testimony.+5:14Or to them. The dative here has been interpreted as a dative of location. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Lv 14.+5:15The imperfect indicative in this context is signaling progressive action.+5:16Lit He.+5:16“Frequently” is drawn from the imperfective aspect of the verb in this context. Cf HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT.+5:16Lit and. Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT.+5:17Lit And it happened on one of the days. EFE. See note at “day” in Lk 1:8. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:17Lit he.+5:17δύναμις κυρίου ( kai dunamis kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. An emphatic adjective has also been used to give this element extra focus.+5:17IT. CJB, NIV, TEV.+5:18Lit in front of him.+5:19διὰ τῶν κεράμων ( dia tōn keramōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ( emprosthen tou Yēsou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. An adverb has also been used to the same end.+5:20Lit he.+5:21Lit Who is this man...? The rhetorical impact intended by the question here is more effectively conveyed in English with something like “How dare...?” In this context, the question here communicates shock, indignation, and contempt (see ESS [Lk], 200; UBSHS [Mk], 78; UBSHS [Lk], 242). Cf TEV at Mk 2:7.+5:21ἁμαρτίας ( hamartias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:21Lit Who can forgive sins except God alone? ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+5:22The direct object is implied here from the context. Cf ISV, HCSB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:24Or know, or realize.+5:24Or on the earth.+5:25Lit he.+5:26ἔκστασις ( ekstasis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:27Lit he.+5:27Lit Follow me. ME(H) (see note at Mt 4:19).+5:27Lit he.+5:28Lit he.+5:29IT. Cf NLT.+5:29Lit him.+5:29Lit and others. Negative connotations are implied from the close connection with “tax-collectors” and from the context. Cf UBSHS (Lk), 249.+5:30Lit The Pharisees and the Torah-expert/scribes of them. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 249). Cf NIV, TEV.+5:30μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν καὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν ( meta tōn telōnōn kai hamartōlōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a question and an adjective (“such”; cf NLT) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent (and to convey the surprise and contempt present contextually).+5:31οἱ ὑγιαίνοντες ( hoi hugiainontes) and οἱ κακῶς ἔχοντες ( hoi kakōs echontes) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements. Cf NASB, NCV, NIV.+5:31κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:32Lit came to call/invite, or have come to call/invite. See note at Mt 5:17. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+5:32Or invite.+5:32δικαίους ( dikaious) and ἁμαρτωλούς ( hamartōlous) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and thus the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents.+5:32Cf CJB.+5:33Lit They. This interpreted as an indefinite plural. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NLT, TEV.+5:33Lit to him.+5:33In this context, the imperfective verbs are signaling regular and customary action.+5:33δεήσεις ( deēseis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:33Lit likewise.+5:33Cf Lk 18:12.+5:33In this context, the imperfective verbs are signaling customary action. Cf NLT.+5:34ἐν ᾧ ὁ νυμφίος μετʼ αὐτῶν ἐστιν ( en hō ho numphios met’ autōn estin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with μὴ [ mē] expect a negative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:34μετʼ ( met’) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:34In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+5:35Lit days. Here ἡμέραι ( hēmerai) is being used in its generic sense of “time” (see, eg, BDAG, 438, sv 4). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NIV.+5:35τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:35Lit in those days.+5:36ἐπίβλημα ( epiblēma) and ἀπὸ ἱματίου καινοῦ ( apo himatiou kainou) are in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to ἀπὸ ἱματίου καινοῦ, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to ἐπίβλημα.+5:36Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf ESV, ISV, NET, NIV, CJB, RSV, TEV.+5:36σχίσει ( schisei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:36τῷ παλαιῷ ( tō palaiō) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:37Lit If not/otherwise. ME. Cf ESV, ISV, NET, NIV, CJB, RSV.+5:37Lit it.+5:38εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινοὺς ( eis askous kainous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:39Lit he says. Grammatically, the verb agrees with “no one.” However, a general principle is being stated here, without reference to a specific subject. Cf CJB, NLT.+5:39χρηστός ( chrēstos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf BDAG, 1090, sv χρηστός 2; NLT.+5:39Or better.+6:1See note at “day” in Lk 1:8.+6:1Lit he.+6:1Lit rubbing them. ME/IT Cf NLT; UBSHS (Lk), 257.+6:4τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ( tous artous tēs protheseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question and an emphatic adjective (“very”) have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent. Also, the verb in the preceding clause has been subordinated to ensure that primary emphasis lands on the focal element.+6:4Cf Ex 25:30; Lv 24:5-9; 1 Sm 21:6.+6:4Lit which is forbidden for [one] to eat, except…+6:4Cf Lv 24:5-9.+6:5κύριος τοῦ σαββάτου ( kurios tou sabbatou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:6ἑτέρῳ ( heterō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:6See note at “day” in Lk 1:8.+6:6Lit he.+6:6Lit whose right hand was dried up. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.173).+6:7ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ ( en tō sabbatō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:7Lit in order that they might find to accuse him. The context makes it clear that they are looking for grounds on which to bring accusation. Cf CJB, NET, NIV.+6:8Lit He.+6:8Lit knew their thoughts. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV.+6:8Lit stand in the middle. ME (see UBSHS [Mk], 104).+6:8Lit to the man who had the dried up hand. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.173). ξηράν ( xēran) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+6:8Lit He.+6:8Lit got up and stood.+6:9Lit I ask you. ME. Cf NLT.+6:9Lit Which is lawful...? ME(H) (see note at Mt 12:10).+6:9Or to do evil?+6:9σῶσαι ( sōsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:10Lit said to him.+6:10Lit He.+6:11Lit They. Cf NCV.+6:11Drawing from the NET Bibles Notes in translation here (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 6:11).+6:12Lit Now it happened in these days. EFE (see note at “day” in Lk 1:8). Cf CJB, ISV, NASB, NET.+6:12Lit he.+6:13“For himself” is drawn from the middle voice here. ἐκλέγομαι ( eklegomai) is a true middle (see Wallace, Grammar, 420-1, 430).+6:13ἀποστόλους ( apostolous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:16IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+6:17Lit He.+6:17IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:17Lit with them.+6:17Or stood on, or stationed himself on/at. Cf REB; BDAG, 482, sv ἵστημι B.1.+6:17IT. Cf NET; UBSHS (Lk), 266.+6:17Lit and. Cf NET.+6:18Lit who.+6:19δύναμις ( dunamis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:20Lit He.+6:20Lit lifted up his eyes to. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.34; UBSHS [Lk], 268).+6:20Or you who are weak, or you who are poor, or you who are afflicted, or you who are needy. ME(OTB) (see notes at Mt 5:3 and Lk 4:18).+6:20VPR. See VCC (Mt 5:3).+6:20Cf Dn 7:22.+6:21IT. Cf NLT; UBSHS (Lk), 269.+6:21Lit be satisfied, or be filled. ME (see UBSHS [Mt], 462).+6:21Cf Is 25:6-7.+6:21IT. Cf NLT; UBSHS (Lk), 269.+6:21IT. Laugh here carries connotations of rejoicing and gladness and celebration (see UBSHS [Lk], 269).+6:21Cf Ps 126:2.+6:22Cf Jn 9:22, 12:42.+6:22Lit throw out your name. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 33.396). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NLT.+6:23Lit at/in that day. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 270). Cf CJB, Gdspd, NLT, TEV.+6:23Cf Ac 5:41.+6:23Lit for the reward of [for] you is great in heaven. See note at Mt 5:12. The same applies here. Cf TEV.+6:23Lit According to the same things. ME. Cf NCV, NET, TEV.+6:23οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν ( hoi pateres autōn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and thus the clause has been structured in the passive voice so as to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:23Or fathers, or forefathers.+6:24ME/IT (see ANLEX, 287, sv οὐαί 2; DBL Greek, #4026; L-N, 22.9; UBSHS [Re], 141). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:24Or you who are at ease. Lit you who are rich. ME(OTB)/IT (see note at Lk 4:18; LALS, sv πλούσιος). Cf the NCV and TEV renderings of ὅτι ἀπέχετε τὴν παράκλησιν ὑμῶν ( hoti apechete tēn paraklēsis humōn) in the subordinate clause. The primary issue here isn’t wealth or poverty in themselves, but the kind of heart posture and attitudes that such situations tend to cultivate. Cf, eg, Ps 37, 73; 1 Ti 6:17-19.+6:24IT. Cf CJB, NIV.+6:24Lit have already received your consolation/comfort in full. ME. Cf CJB.+6:24Cf Ps 37, 73.+6:25IT (see note at v 21).+6:25Cf 1 Sm 2:5.+6:25IT (see note at v 21).+6:26ὑμᾶς ( humas) here is functioning as a topical frame/POD (see BART Display and LDGNT).+6:26Lit all people speak well/favorably/commendably. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 273). Cf NCV, NLT.+6:26Cf Jn 5:41; 1 Th 2:6.+6:26Lit According to the same things. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 273). Cf NLT.+6:26As in v 23 above, οἱ πατέρες αὐτῶν ( hoi pateres autōn) is also in a DFE position here (see BART Display), and therefore a passive construction has also been used in translation here in order to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress. “Lavished” was chosen based on the context (see note at “praise” above).+6:26Or fathers, or forefathers.+6:27ὑμῖν τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ( humin tois akousin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore Ἀλλὰ ( alla) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:29A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+6:29IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+6:29Lit don’t withhold. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+6:29καὶ τὸν χιτῶνα ( kai ton chitōna) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:30Conditions, again, are implied in this verse.+6:30Or asking you for something, or begging you for something.+6:30Cf Dt 15:7-11.+6:32IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:32ὑμῖν ( humin) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:32καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( kai hoi hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:33IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:33ὑμῖν ( humin) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:33καὶ οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( kai hoi hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:34IT. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+6:34Lit those from who you hope/expect to receive (back). ME/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 6:34). Cf CJB, ISV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+6:34ὑμῖν ( humin) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:34Cf Lk 14:13-14.+6:34καὶ ἁμαρτωλοὶ ( kai hamartōloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus καὶ has been translated ascensively to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:34Lit Even sinners lend to sinners in order that they might receive back the same. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT.+6:35Cf TEV. Strong contrast is being signaled here (see UBSHS [Lk], 272).+6:35Or you will be. Here εἰμί ( eimi) is functioning in a way similar to γίνομαι ( ginomai) (which is used in Mt 5:45; cf BDAG, 199, sv γίνομαι 7; Ibid, 285, sv εἰμί 6).+6:35Lit sons.+6:35χρηστός ἐπὶ τοὺς ἀχαρίστους καὶ πονηρούς ( chrēstos epi tous acharistous kai ponērous) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:36Or compassionate.+6:36ὁ πατὴρ ὑμῶν ( ho patēr humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:36Cf Ex 34:6-7.+6:37The presence of kai here indicates that this information is to be processed in close association with what precedes (see Runge, Discourse Grammar, 23-7). I have therefore included this verse in the same paragraph.+6:37Or judge.+6:37The direct object is implied from the context. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:37Lit Don’t condemn. ME. Since κρίνω ( krinō) in the previous clause has been translated as “don’t condemn” (to maintain consistency in translation with Mt 7:1), καταδικάζω ( katadikazō) has been translated according to its meaning in this context (cf “be merciful” in v 36, and “forgive” in the next part of this verse). Cf also Jn 8:1-11, where a verdict/judgment of condemnation = the failure to show mercy.+6:38μέτρον καλὸν πεπιεσμένον σεσαλευμένον ὑπερεκχυννόμενον ( metron kalon pepiesmenon sesaleumenon huperekchunnomenon) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore this element with in the ME (see following note) has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress. An adverb and a dash have also been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:38Lit They will give into your lap/bosom a good measure, pressed down, shaken together, running over. ME(I/H/OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Lk], 280; NET Bible Notes, Lk 6:38). Also, the idiom in the OT often has connotations of repayment (see, eg, Is 65:7; Jr 32:18). The next line (ἀντιμετρέω [ antimetreō] is used there) indicates that such is the case here as well. Cf NLT, TEV.+6:38ᾧ μέτρῳ ( hō metrō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:38Lit For by which measure you measure it will be measured back to you. ME (see translation and note at Mt 7:1-2).+6:38Cf Mt 6:14, 7:1-4; Rm 2:1-5.+6:39ὁδηγεῖν ( odēgein) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:39In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296). Cf NCV.+6:39In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296). Cf NCV, TEV. εἰς βόθυνον ( eis bothunon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+6:40IT (see UBSHS [Lk], 282).+6:40Here εἰμί ( eimi) is functioning in a way similar to γίνομαι ( ginomai) (see note at Mt 10:25). Cf Mt 23:15.+6:40Cf Mt 16:5-11.+6:41Lit see. Connotations of self-righteousness and offense are present in this context. Cf Mt 9:11-12; Lk 7:36-40.+6:41Or pay no attention to.+6:41τὴν δοκὸν τὴν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ ( tēn dokon tēn en tō idiō ophthalmō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. In Greek the article is a weak demonstrative, and here there are clearly negative connotations from the perspective of Jesus.+6:42EFE. For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this type of context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+6:42The focus in this context is on the ability to see (cf vv 39, 42b). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:42Either τὴν ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ σου δοκὸν ( ten en tō ophthalmō sou dokon) or βλέπων ( blepōn) is focally prominent (see BART Display and LDGNT; Levinsohn favors the direct object as the focally prominent element, but marks the constituent for focal ambiguity). I have thus given a little extra focus to both in translation here (to the verb by means of an adverb [cf TEV], and to the direct object by means of a demonstrative pronoun).+6:42τότε ( tote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:42τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ( to karphos to en tō ophthalmō tou adelphou sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:43In Greek, γὰρ ( gar) is marked for strengthening and support of what precedes (see Runge, Discourse Grammar, 51-4). Here it is interpreted as providing strength and support not only for vv 41-42, but to all of the teachings in vv 27-42. This is reflected in the translation.+6:43Or when. The participles in this verse are interpreted as adverbial participles of condition. This is reflected in the translation.+6:43Or there is not a good tree that produces bad fruit, nor is there a diseased tree that produces bad fruit.+6:44ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου καρποῦ ( ek tou idiou karpou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative cleft/forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:44This is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3.+6:44ἐξ ἀκανθῶν ( ex akanthōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:44σταφυλὴν ( stapulēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:44This, too, is an indefinite plural. For a brief discussion of indefinite plurals, see Wallace, Grammar, 402-3.+6:44ἐκ βάτου ( ek batou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:45ἀγαθοῦ ( agathou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:45Lit out of the good storehouse of the heart. ME. Cf NIV.+6:45Cf Pr 4:23.+6:45ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ ( ek tou ponērou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:45“Storehouse” is implied here. Cf NCV, NIV.+6:45ἐκ περισσεύματος καρδίας ( ek tou perisseumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+6:46Lit Why do you…? EFE/ME. “ Why here gives the rhetorical question the meaning of ‘it has no sense that…’.” (see UBSHS [Lk], 287). Cf BDAG, 1007, sv τίς, 1.β., 2, 3.+6:46τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see preceding note).+6:47Or words, or sayings.+6:47Or does, or practices, or observes, or acts on. So throughout this section. Cf NCV, TEV.+6:48Lit who dug and went deep. This is an example of hendiadys (see UBSHS [Lk], 288). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+6:48πλημμύρης ( plēmmurēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:49A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+6:49The direct object is implied from the context. Cf CJB, ISV, LEB, NIV, TEV.+6:49IT. Cf NLT. The surface area of the ground, in contrast to the bedrock “down deep” (cf v 48), is what is meant here.+6:49Lit against which [house] the torrent struck, and immediately… ME. Cf CJB, NIV.+7:1Lit he.+7:1Lit had finished all his words in the ear/hearing of the people. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 291).+7:2Lit a certain centurion. ME(H) (see note at Mt 8:5).+7:2κακῶς ( kakōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:2Lit who.+7:3Lit he.+7:4Lit they.+7:4ἄξιός ( axios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+7:4Lit He is worthy to whom you will cause/grant this. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:5Or our nation.+7:5αὐτὸς ( autos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus the clause has been rendered so as to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf ESV, NASB, NRSV.+7:5The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively. For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+7:5Cf Gn 12:3.+7:6μακρὰν ἀπὸ τῆς οἰκίας ( makran apo tēs oikias) is in a split position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element.+7:6This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+7:6ἱκανός ( hikanos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:6Lit under my roof. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV. ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην μου ( hupo tēn stegēn mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME.+7:6Cf Jn 4:9, 18:28; Ac 10:28, 11:1-3; Ga 2:12.+7:7ἐλθεῖν ( elthein) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:7Lit consider myself appropriate/fit/worthy to come to you. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NET, NRSV, RSV. ἐμαυτὸν ( emauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this information within the ME has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (cf CJB, NCV).+7:7This is an imperative of request/entreaty (ie, a polite request, used especially when addressing a superior). For more on imperatives of request, see Black, Grammar, 189; Wallace, Grammar, 487-8.+7:7Lit say a word. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+7:8ἄνθρωπός ὑπὸ ἐξουσίαν ( anthrōpos hupo exousian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the DFE.+7:8Lit under myself. ME. Cf NCV.+7:9Lit amazed at him.+7:9οὐδὲ ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ( oude en tō Israēl) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore οὐδὲ ( oude) has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+7:9τοσαύτην πίστιν ( tosautēn pistin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:11See note at “day” in Lk 1:8.+7:11Lit he.+7:11Lit and his disciples and a large crowd were going along with him. ME. Cf CJB, TEV.+7:12Lit She.+7:12ἱκανὸς ( hikanos) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:12Lit crowd. ME(H)/IT (see HNTC [Lk], 105). Cf TEV.+7:12ὄχλος τῆς πόλεως ἱκανὸς ( ochlos tēs poleōs hikanos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:13Lit saw her.+7:13Or he was moved with compassion for her. Lit he was moved in the inward parts for her. ME(I/F) (see DBL Greek, #5072). Cf NIV.+7:13Cf ISV; NEB. This rendering of the present imperative is based on the context.+7:14Or get up, or arise.+7:14Cf Mt 9:24; Mk 5:41; Jn 11:11; 1 Th 4:15; Eph 5:14.+7:15Lit he.+7:16Or and they began glorifying.+7:16προφήτης μέγας ( prophētēs megas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+7:17Lit about him.+7:17Or throughout the surrounding countryside, or throughout the neighboring territory. Cf UBSHS (Lk), 302. Cf also Lk 4:37, where a city, rather than a region, is the center point.+7:19Lit sent [them] to the Lord, saying. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:19σὺ ( su) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:19This is most likely an allusion to Ml 3:1-4. See note at Mt 11:3. The same applies here.+7:19ἄλλον ( allon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:20Lit came to him.+7:20σὺ ( su) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:20ἄλλον (allon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:21Lit In/at that hour. ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 304). Cf NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:21Lit he.+7:21τυφλοῖς πολλοῖς ( tuphlois pollois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:22IT. An acquired ability is implied in this context (see UBSHS [Mt], 321). Cf NCV, TEV.+7:22Lit cleansed. IT (see BDAG, 488, sv καθαρίζω 2).+7:22Or the weak, or the poor, or the humble, or the afflicted. ME(OTB) (see notes at Mt 5:3 and Lk 4:18).+7:22These are allusions to Is 35:5-6 and 61:1 (LXX). Cf Lk 4:18; Jm 2:5.+7:23Lit and, or also. IT. What follows is a second part to the message. Cf NLT.+7:23Or fall away, or take offense. This may be an allusion to Is 8:14 (following a string of other allusions to Isaiah). Cf Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Rm 9:33; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+7:24Lit he.+7:24ὑπὸ ἀνέμου ( hupo anemou) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:25ἐν μαλακοῖς ἱματίοις ( en malakois himatiois) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+7:25ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις ( en tois basileiois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:25ἐν ἱματισμῷ ἐνδόξῳ καὶ τρυφῇ ( en himatismō endoxō kai truphē) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+7:27Lit before your face. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 67.19).+7:27Ml 3:1+7:28Although “greater than John among those born of women” is functioning here as a topical frame/POD (see BART Display and LDGNT), it is nearly impossible to bring this over into English even semi-naturally (ah, languages!). Cf LEB.+7:28Lit among those born of women. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Mt], 326). Cf NLT, TEV. ἐν γεννητοῖς γυναικῶν ( en gennētois gunaikōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:28ὁ μικρότερος ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ ( ho mikroteros en tē basileia tou theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:28Or least.+7:28Cf Is 60:21-22.+7:29Or especially, or including.+7:29Cf the parallelisms and themes in Ps Sol 2:16, 3:3-5, 4:9, 8:7, 8:27-40, and 9:3, where God is the object of δικαιόω ( dikaioō). Note also that the judgments “vindicated” include judgments/decisions of all sorts: decisions to give mercy and salvation, to administer discipline or punishment, etc. For examples of “justifying” (or failing to “justify”) God, see Ex 9:27; Dt 32:4; 1 Ch 16:8ff; Ezr 9:15; Ps 36:6, 48:11 (note God’s decision to “save” man and beast), 116:5, 145:17; Ezk 18:25-29, 33:17-20; Dn 4:37; Ho 14:9; Re 16:5-7, 19:2. That God’s judgments are in view here is confirmed contextually (note the presence of βουλή in v 30).+7:29The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of means. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB; UBSHS (Lk), 310.+7:29Lit being baptized with the baptism of John. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:30τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θεοῦ ( tēn boulēn tou theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+7:30Or plan, or purpose, or decision, or counsel.+7:30Or for themselves, or with reference to themselves.+7:30The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of means. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB; UBSHS (Lk), 310.+7:30Or ( All the people, when they heard this, declared that God’s judgments are just, for they had been baptized by John. The Pharisees and the Torah-experts, however, had rejected the will of God concerning themselves, for they had not been baptized by him.) Vv 29-30 can be interpreted as part of Jesus’ own words, or as a parenthetical comment made by Luke (see ESS [Lk], 307; UBSHS [Lk], 310-11).+7:32ἐν ἀγορᾷ ( en agora) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:32Lit played the flute. ME(H) (see note at Mt 11:17).+7:32Lit sang a dirge. ME(H) (see note at Mt 11:17).+7:33Drawing from BDAG in the translation of ἔρχομαι ( erchomai) here (see BDAG, 394, sv 1.b.).+7:33Lit John the Baptizer has come neither eating bread nor drinking wine. ME(OTB/H) (see note at Mt 11:18).+7:33IT. A result/response is implied here (cf BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.ζ.; UBSHS [Mt], 333). Cf CJB, NCV at Mt 11:18.+7:33δαιμόνιον ( daimonion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:34Lit The Son of Man has come eating and drinking. See note at v 33 above.+7:34See note at “response” in v 33 above. The same applies here.+7:35Here “wisdom” is being personified. Cf, eg, Pr 1:20, 8:1. Cf also Mt 23:34 and Lk 11:49.+7:35Cf Pr 2:20, 5:7, 7:24, 8:1, 32; Mt 11:19, 23:34; Lk 11:49.+7:36Lit him.+7:36τῶν Φαρισαίων ( tōn pharisaiōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+7:36Lit he.+7:37Lit behold. EFE. See note at Mt 2:9.+7:37ἁμαρτωλός ( hamartōlos) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note). The element has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:37Lit Behold, a woman who was in the town a sinner. ME. Cf NASB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:37Lit he.+7:37The participle here and in v 38 have been rendered as finite verbs because of the length and complexity of this sentence. Most English translations at least translate the first participle as a finite verb.+7:38ἵστημι ( histēmi) in this context means to “come up in the presence of others” ( BDAG, 482, sv B.2.; cf UBSHS [Lk], 318). Since Jesus was reclining, and since the woman is close enough to Jesus’ feet to touch them with her hair and kiss them, the woman is most likely kneeling. Cf ISV, NLT.+7:38Lit him.+7:38Lit and was/began wiping. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf the HCSB and NCV renderings of “kissing and anointing” (parataxis is used in the Greek text there as well).+7:38Lit with the hairs of her head. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NRSV, TEV. ταῖς θριξὶν τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτῆς ( tais thrixin tēs kephlēs autēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+7:38Or began.+7:39ἁμαρτωλός ( hamartōlos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:40εἰπεῖν ( eipein) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:41δύο χρεοφειλέται ( duo chreopheiletai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:41IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:41Lit five hundred denarii. ME(H) (see note at Mt 18:24; NET Bible Notes, Lk 7:41).+7:41Lit fifty [denarii]. ME(H) (see note at Mt 18:24).+7:42Lit When they. Cf NIV, TEV.+7:42Either ἀμφοτέροις ( amphoterois) or ἐχαρίσατο ( amphoterois) is focally prominent (see BART Display and LDGNT; Levinsohn favors “both” as the focal element, while Runge favors the verb). I have used inversion here to give extra focus to both elements.+7:42Lit Which of them.+7:42Lit him.+7:42πλεῖον ( pleion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:43τὸ πλεῖον ( to pleion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:43ὀρθῶς ( orthōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:43Lit he.+7:44τῷ Σίμωνι ( tō Simōni) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:44ME/IT (see UBSHS [Lk], 322).+7:44IT. An adversative relationship to the previous clause is clearly implied here.+7:44ὕδωρ ἐπὶ πόδας ( hudōr epi podas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle and a degree adverbial have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element (and, per the suggestion of the UBSHS [see UBSHS [Lk], 322], to make the reprimand more explicit).+7:44τοῖς δάκρυσιν ( tois dakrusin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:44ταῖς θριξὶν αὐτῆς ( tais thrixin autēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:45Lit gave. ME/IT (see L-N, 34.62). Cf NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+7:45φίλημά ( philēma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). The same device has been used here as was used with “water for my feet” above (see translation and note there).+7:46τὴν κεφαλήν μου ( tēn kephalēn mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle and an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:46ἐλαίῳ ( elaiō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). A device similar to that which was used with “water for my feet” above (see translation and note there) has also been used here.+7:46μύρῳ ( murō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an amplifier has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:47Lit as evidenced by the fact that she loved much. Following the evidentiary interpretation of ὅτι ( hoti) in translation here (see NET Bible Notes, Lk 7:47; UBSHS [Lk], 324). Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+7:47ὀλίγον ( oligon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NCV.+7:47ὀλίγον ( oligon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:48Lit to her.+7:49Or among.+7:49τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore “in the world” has been used to give extra focus to this element, and to convey the surprise/shock present in this context.+7:49ἁμαρτίας ( hamartias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:49Lit Who is this man who forgives even sins? ME (see UBSHS [Lk], 325). Cf NLT.+7:50ἡ πίστις σου ( hē pistis sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element (in Greek, the article is a weak demonstrative).
=