James 5 (BHT-FTN)

+1:1θεοῦ καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ ( theou kai kuriou Yēsou Christou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:1Cf CJB.+1:2Πᾶσαν χαρὰν ( pasan charan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:2Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:2Cf BSL, Jm, sv περιπίπτω; L-N, 90.71.+1:2πειρασμοῖς ποικίλοις ( peirasmois poikilois) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἀδελφοί μου ( adelphoi mou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:2The word used here (πειρασμός [ peirasmos]) can mean “trial” (see, eg, L-N, 27.46), “temptation” (see, eg, L-N, 88.308), or both. The context (cf vv 12-15) indicates that both are in view here. Cf the NLT at v 12.+1:3The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+1:4ἔργον τέλειον ( ergon teleion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:5Lit lacks wisdom. ME(OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 934, sv σοφία 1.b.α.; TWOT, 283, sv khokmaw; UBSHS [Jm], 15). “Wisdom” has still been used in translation later in the verse.+1:5διδόντος πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς καὶ μὴ ὀνειδίζοντος καὶ δοθήσεται αὐτῷ ( didontos pasin haplōs kai mē oneidzontos kai dothēsetai autō) is in a split focal position (see BART Display). An adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the split element.+1:5Lit it. See note at “discernment” above.+1:8Lit double-minded. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 19). Cf NLT; Phps.+1:9Lit boast. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 2:14).+1:9Cf Jb 1:8; Re 2:9.+1:10Lit boast. “Boast” is used here in a sense opposite to v 9 (see translation and note there).+1:10ὡς ἄνθος χόρτου ( hōs anthos chortou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:10Lit a blossom/flower of grass. ME (see BDAG, 80, sv ἄνθος; BSL, Jm 1:10, sv χόρτος; UBSHS [Jm], 25). Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV, NRSV.+1:10Is 40:6. Cf Ps 37, 49, 73.+1:11Lit the beauty of the face of it. ME (see BDAG, 410, sv εὐπρέπεια; L-N, 24.24; UBSHS [Jm], 27).+1:11Lit For the sun rises with scorching heat and dries up the grass and its flower falls off and the beauty of the face of it is destroyed. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 26-7). Cf CJB, Phps, NEB, NRSV, REB. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Also, the verbs used here are in the aorist tense, which, in addition to functioning gnomically, may also be functioning to give a sense of certainty.+1:12The word used here (πειρασμός [ peirasmos]) can mean “trial” (see, eg, L-N, 27.46), “temptation” (see, eg, L-N, 88.308), or both. The context indicates that both are in view here. Cf NLT.+1:12δόκιμος ( dokimos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:12Lit he.+1:12Lit those who love. ME (see notes at Mt 10:37; Lk 14:26; Jn 12:5; 1 Co 16:22; UBSHS [Jn], 406; UBSHS [Jm], 31). Cf 2 Ti 2:12-13; Re 2-3.+1:13ἀπὸ θεοῦ ( apo theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+1:13ἀπείραστός κακῶν ( apeirastos kakōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:13Lit is without temptation of evil things. ME (see ANLEX, 62, sv ἀπείραστος).+1:14Cf Gn 4:7.+1:14Lit he. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 35).+1:14IT. The agent is implied here from the previous clause.+1:15Cf Gn 6, 15:16, 18:16-19:29; Mt 23:29-39; Lk 11:47-51; 1 Th 2:16; 2 Pt 2.+1:17ἄνωθέν ( anōthen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:17Making the verbal information compressed in the genitive explicit in translation. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:17Cf Gn 1:14-15; Ps 8, 19; Is 40:22-26.+1:17Lit with whom there is no change or shadow of turning. ME (see FSB, Jm 1:17; L-N, 58.44; UBSHS [Jm], 36).+1:18Lit bore us/gave us birth. ME (see ANLEX, 68, ἀποκυέω 2; BDAG, 114, sv ἀποκυέω b.; BSL, Jm 1:18, sv ἀποκυέω; L-N, 13.87; UBSHS [Jm], 37). Cf 2 Co 5:17.+1:18Or word.+1:18Lit so that we would be a kind of first-fruits of his creatures. ME(OTB)/IT (see LBD, sv firstfruits; UBSHS [Jm], 38). Cf, eg, Ex 23:19; Lv 2:12; Dt 26:2.+1:19Cf TEV.+1:20Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf ISV, LEB, NET, NLT, TEV.+1:20The word used here (ὀργή [ orgē]—“wrath,” “fury,” “anger”) in this context means an anger joined with and/or fueled by pride and arrogance, and is contrasted below with a disposition that is “humble/gentle/even-tempered” (v 21) (see UBSHS [Jm], 45). In English, however, anger isn’t usually contrasted with humility. Hence, both anger and pride have been activated in translation here, with the contrast in the next verse corresponding on both levels.+1:20δικαιοσύνην θεοῦ ( dikaiosunēn theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+1:21The picture here is of taking off clothing (see BSL, Eph 4:22, sv ἀποτίθημι). Cf Ga 3:27.+1:21Or any remaining hint of wickedness, or the wickedness that is so rampant [around you]. Cf v 27.+1:21Or teaching, or word.+1:21Lit the implanted word. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 47). Cf, eg, Mt 13:19.+1:21ἐν πραΰτητι ( en partutēti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:21IT (see TNT, Reicke et al in ESS [Jm], 51).+1:21Or deliver.+1:21Lit save your souls. In the NT, ψυχή ( psuchē, “soul”) is often used to refer to the person as a whole, not just the inward self (see, eg, L-N, 9.20). Cf HCSB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+1:22Or teaching, or word.+1:22Lit Become doers of the word and not merely/only hearers, deceiving yourselves. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 47-8). Cf CJB, GeCL, Gdspd, NET, NIV, NLT, TNT, TEV.+1:23ἀκροατὴς λόγου καὶ οὐ ποιητής ( akroatēs logou kai ou poiētēs) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:23Lit the face of his existence, or the face of his birth. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 13.71; UBSHS [Jm], 49). Cf LEB, HCSB, NET.+1:24Lit ...in a mirror. For he looks at himself and leaves and immediately forgets. Following the lead of the CEV in the choice of structuring here. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied, and/or where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28).+1:24ὁποῖος ( hopoios) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element. ἀπελήλυθεν ( apelēluthen), joined with εὐθέως ( eutheōs) in translation, has also been used as spacer to the same end.+1:25A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf CJB, NLT.+1:25The genitive here is interpreted as functioning in the objective/product range. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV; UBSHS (Jm), 52.+1:25Some sort of slavery/oppression is implied here. Jm 2:12-13, and NT teaching more generally (see, eg, Jn 8, Rm 6), make it clear that freedom from sin and its penalty are meant here.+1:25Cf Mt 5:17-20; Jn 8; Ga 4.+1:25Lit not a hearer of forgetfulness, but a doer of action/work. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 52). Cf Gdspd; NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:25μακάριος ἐν τῇ ποιήσει αὐτοῦ ( makarios en tē poiēsei autou) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:25Or in, or as a result of. Cf NLT; L-N, 89.26, 89.48.+1:26θρησκὸς ( thrēskos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:26Lit does not bridle. ME (see L-N, 8.85). Cf NIV.+1:26Cf Jr 17:9.+1:26μάταιος ( mataios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+1:26Lit is futile. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 133; translation and notes at Rm 1:21; Eph 4:17).+1:27Lit is this.+1:27ἄσπιλον ( aspilon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:27IT (see BDAG, 562, sv κόσμος 7.b.). Cf CEV; NCV. Cf also, eg, 2 Pt 2:20; Jud 23; Re 19:8.+2:1ἐν προσωπολημψίαις ( en prosōpolēmpsias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. Ἀδελφοί μου ( Adelphoi mou) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:1Lit not accepting face. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 22:16; L-N, 88.238, 88.239).+2:1Lit have, or hold. ME. Cf CJB, ISV.+2:1Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf most English translations.+2:2ἀνὴρ χρυσοδακτύλιος ἐν ἐσθῆτι λαμπρᾷ ( anēr chrusodaktulios en esthēti lampra) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject). γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+2:2Lit and comes in also.+2:2ῥυπαρᾷ ( rupara) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used give extra focus and emphasis to this element, which has been incorporated into ἐσθῆτι ( esthēti) in translation (cf CJB).+2:4Or shown favoritism among yourselves.+2:5ὁ θεὸς ( ho theos) is receiving thematic prominence here (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra prominence. Note that middle voice of the verb also stresses the role/interest of the subject here.+2:5ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mt 5:3). Cf, eg, Ps 34:6.+2:5The dative is interpreted as an ethical dative. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NIV; Brc, GeCL, REB, TNT in UBSHS (Jm), 67.+2:5Cf Re 2:9.+2:5Lit who love. ME (see notes at Mt 10:37; Lk 14:26; Jn 12:5; 1 Co 16:22; UBSHS [Jn], 406; UBSHS [Jm], 31). The meaning is the same here as at v 1:12, with affliction and trial assumed in the poverty (cf, eg, v 1:9 above; Re 2:9-11).+2:6Or have dishonored.+2:6οἱ πλούσιοι ( hoi plousioi) is receiving thematic prominence here (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra prominence to this element.+2:6αὐτοὶ ( autoi) is receiving thematic prominence here (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra prominence to this element.+2:7αὐτοὶ ( autoi) is receiving thematic prominence here (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra prominence to this element.+2:7καλὸν ( kalon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:7Lit the name that was called upon you. ME (see BDAG, 363, sv ἐπί 1.c.γ.; Ibid, 373, sv ἐπικαλέω 2; L-N, 11.28; NET Bible Notes, Jm 2:7).+2:8νόμον βασιλικὸν ( nomon Basilikon) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics and a comma have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:8Or law, or instruction. The Scripture quotation that follows indicates that a specific Torah command is in view here.+2:8Or according to. Cf REB and TNT in ESS (Jm), 78; HCSB, NIV, TEV.+2:8The futures in this verse and in v 11 are imperatival futures. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:8Lv 19:18+2:9Lit accept a face. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Mt 22:16; L-N, 88.238).+2:9Intentionality and willfulness are implied in the verb used here (lit “working sin”) (see UBSHS [Jm], 74).+2:9ἁμαρτίαν ( hamartian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:9The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of result. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB.+2:9Or the Law.+2:9Lit convicted by the Law as transgressors. ME (see BSL, Jm 2:9, sv ἐλέγχω; UBSHS [Ga], 48; UBSHS [Jm], 74; translation and note at Ga 2:18).+2:10A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+2:10Or the Law, or the written code.+2:10ὅλον τὸν νόμον ( holon ton nomon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. The phrase has also been rendered so as to give extra focus to ὅλον.+2:10Lit stumbles.+2:10πάντων ( pantōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:10Lit he has become guilty of all things. ME (see BDAG, 338, sv ἔνοχος 2.b.γ.).+2:11Ex 20:14; Dt 5:18+2:11Ex 20:13; Dt 5:17+2:11According to Wallace, the “first class condition indicates the assumption of truth for the sake of argument” (Wallace, Grammar, 690).+2:11Or the Law, or the written code.+2:11Lit If you don’t commit adultery, but commit murder, you have become a transgressor of the Law. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 76). Cf, eg, Gn 20:6, 39:9; 2 Sm 12:13; Ps 51:4.+2:12Lit like [people] going to be judged by the law of freedom. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 77; translation and note at v 1:25 above). The context (see vv 10-11, 13) makes it clear that those standing in court are already guilty and therefore in need of mercy. Cf Mt 5:7, 6:12-15; Lk 6:36; Rm 2. διὰ νόμου ἐλευθερίας ( dia nomou eleutherias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the key word in this constituent has been placed in clause-final within the ME for extra focus and stress.+2:13Or judgment, or verdict.+2:13Or over judgment, or over punishment.+2:14πίστιν ( pistin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:14ἔργα ( erga) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:14IT (see v 18). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+2:14In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+2:15Lit naked. ME (see ANLEX, 102, sv γυμνός 1.b.). Cf ESV, LEB, NET.+2:15γυμνοὶ καὶ λειπόμενοι τῆς ἐφημέρου τροφῆς ( gumnoi kai leipomenoi tēs ephēmerou trophēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the context) has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:16Lit do not give them the needful things of the body. ME (see BDAG, 383, sv ἐπιτήδειος; UBSHS [Jm], 86). Cf NIV, TEV.+2:17νεκρά ( nekra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:18πίστιν ( pistin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:18ἔργα ( erga) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:18IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 88). Cf CEV, NLT, REB, TEV.+2:18Lit Show me your faith without deeds. ME//IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 89).+2:18Lit I to you will prove by my deeds my faith. τὴν πίστιν ( tēn pistin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+2:19εἷς ( heis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:19Lit You do well. EFE. Cf REB in ESS (Jm), 97; CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:19καὶ τὰ δαιμόνια ( kai ta daimonia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element. An intensive pronoun has also been used to the same end.+2:20ἀργή ( argē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been rendered with an indefinite article for extra focus and stress.+2:21In English, new topics are often introduced by questions. Cf, eg, the NIV and TEV at Mt 16:15.+2:21Or forefather. Lit father.+2:21ἐξ ἔργων ( ex ergōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:21Cf Gn 22:12: “...for now I know that you fear God, seeing that you have not withheld your son” (ESV). Cf also Gn 22:16-17: “Because you have done this...I will surely bless you” (ESV).+2:21Cf Gn 22:12-18.+2:22According to BDAG, συνεργέω ( sunergeō) means to cooperate in such a way that faith “aids” the works (see BDAG, 969, sv).+2:22ἐτελειώθη ( eteleiōthē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:23Gn 15:6.+2:23Cf 2 Ch 20:7, Is 41:8. φίλος θεοῦ ( philos theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:24IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 95). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:24ἐξ ἔργων καὶ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως μόνον ( ex ergōn kai ouk ek pisteōs monon) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:25ἐξ ἔργων ( ex ergōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:25Cf Jsh 6:13: “But Joshua spared Rahab the prostitute...because she hid the men Joshua had sent as spies to Jericho” (NIV).+2:25Cf TEV.+2:25ἑτέρᾳ ὁδῷ ( hetera hodō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the implied time sequence) has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:26Or without spirit.+2:26ὸ σῶμα χωρὶς πνεύματος ( to sōma chōris pneumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:26ἡ πίστις χωρὶς ἔργων ( hotōs kai hē pistis chōris ergōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:1πολλοὶ ( polloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. ἀδελφοί μου ( adelphoi mou) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:1Or my brothers and sisters*.+3:1διδάσκαλοι ( didaskaloi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:1Cf Hort in UBSHS (Jm), 101.+3:1μεῖζον κρίμα ( meizon krima) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:1Lit will receive greater judgment. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 101). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NKJV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+3:2πολλὰ ( polla) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give this element extra focus and stress. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:2Lit stumble.+3:2IT. An adversative/contrastive relationship with the preceding clause is implied here contextually. Cf Brc, CEV, Mfft, TEV; UBSHS (Jm), 102.+3:2Lit not stumble.+3:2ἐν λόγῳ ( en logō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:2Lit able to bridle. ME (see L-N, 8.85). Cf NIV at Jm 1:26.+3:2Lit able to bridle the whole body, too. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 103).+3:3εἰς τὰ στόματα ( eis ta stomata) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:3καὶ ὅλον τὸ σῶμα αὐτῶν ( kai holon to sōma autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:4The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ASV, CJB, ESV, HCSB, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NKJV, NRSV, RSV.+3:4τηλικαῦτα ( tēlikauta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and comma have been used to give extra focus to this element. The adverb is also warranted on lexical grounds (see, eg, L-N, 79.128).+3:4Lit and being driven. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied, and/or where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, NRSV.+3:4ὑπὸ ἀνέμων σκληρῶν ( hupo anemōn sklērōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+3:4Lit and being driven by strong winds. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 105). Cf ISV, NRSV.+3:4ἐλαχίστου ( elachistou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion, an adverb, and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:5μικρὸν μέλος ( mikron melos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with μικρὸν ( mikron) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the embedded element.+3:5μεγάλα ( megala) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:5ἡλίκον ( hēlikon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective, adverb, and superlative form have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see note at “ablaze” below).+3:5ἡλίκην ὕλην ( hēlikēn hulēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ἡλίκην ( hēlikēn) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective and superlative form have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+3:5Lit Behold how much [ie, small] a fire ignites how much [ie, large] a forest. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 107).+3:6ἡ γλῶσσα ( hē glōssa) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:6Cf UBSHS (Jm), 110; Dibelius in ESS (Jm), 122.+3:6ὁ κόσμος τῆς ἀδικίας ( ho kosmos tēs adikias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:6Lit as the world. ME (see L-N, 59.55).+3:6Lit which (with “tongue” as the antecedent).+3:6ὅλον ( holon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:6Lit the whole body. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 110). Cf NIV, TEV.+3:6Lit to the wheel of origin/existence. ME (see BDAG, 192, sv γένεσις 2.b.; UBSHS [Jm], 111). Cf ESV, ISV, LEB, NAB, NASB, NET, NIV, NLT, REB, TEV.+3:6IT (see ANLEX, 96, sv γέεννα).+3:8ἀνθρώπων ( anthrōpōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used to allow this element to land in clause-final.+3:8Lit no one of men.+3:8Cf NCV. The NCV conveys the meaning of ἀκατάστατος ( akatastatos) in this context well in my opinion, and has thus been followed in translation here.+3:9Lit on men. ME.+3:9καθ’ ὁμοίωσιν θεοῦ ( kath’ homoiōsin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:10ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ στόματος ( ek tou autou stomatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:10Lit It is not fitting, my brothers, for these things to happen thus. ME (see Adamson in ESS [Jm], 131; UBSHS [Jm], 117).+3:11Drawing from ANLEX in translation here (see ANLEX, 94, sv βρύω).+3:11Lit sweet. ME. Cf ESV, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+3:11ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς ὀπῆς ( ek tou autou stomatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+3:11In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+3:12ἐλαίας ( elaias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:12In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+3:12γλυκὺ ὕδωρ ( gluku hudōr) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The phrase has been translated so as to give extra focus to preposed element.+3:13Lit Who is wise and understanding among you? ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 121). Cf NCV, TEV. V 14 makes it clear that a boastful/self-exalting attitude/claim is implied here. James’ challenge to “prove it” in the nextsentence also seems to imply a claim here.+3:13καλῆς ( kalēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the phrase has been translated so as to give this element extra focus and stress.+3:13Trying to maintain a measure of consistency with Jm 1:21 in translation here (ἐν πραΰτητι [ en prautēti] is used there as well).+3:13IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 122). Cf v 15.+3:14ζῆλον πικρὸν καὶ ἐριθείαν ( zēlon pikron kai eritheian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+3:14“Stop” is not inherent to the present imperative, but is determined from the context. Cf ISV; REB in ESS (Jm), 137.+3:14Lit don’t boast and lie against/be false to the truth. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 1:14; BSL, Jm 3:14, sv κατακαυχάομαι; UBSHS [Jm], 124).+3:15ἄνωθεν ( anōthen) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15Lit earthly. ME (see BDAG, 368, sv ἐπίγειος 1.a.).+3:15Lit natural. ME (see ANLEX, 414, sv ψυχικός 2; UBSHS [1 Co], 61). Jude 19 makes it clear what is meant by ψυχική ( psuchikē) here. Cf NIV, NCV, and TEV at 1 Co 2:14.+3:16Lit there/at that place is. Cf NLT, TEV.+3:16φαῦλον ( phaulon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:17ἄνωθεν ( anōthen) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:17ἁγνή ( hagnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18Lit The fruit of righteousness is sown in peace by/for those who make peace. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 129-31). Cf CEV, NLT, TEV. ἐν εἰρήνῃ ( en eirēnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME.+4:1Lit From where wars and from where fights among you? ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 134).+4:1Lit in/among your members.+4:2IT (see Blue in ESS [Jm], 150). In this clause οὐκ ἔχετε ( ouk echete) is used again in reference to asking things from God. This implies that some of the things that are strongly desired are not bad or illegitimate in and of themselves, but become a source of contention because of the evil in people’s hearts. However, because of the negative connotations connected with desire in this context (“sinful and selfish” in v 1; “covet” in v 2b), and because of the connotations of illegitimacy activated by “covet,” by the time we get to this statement it sounds a bit like James is giving the reason why their evil desires aren’t fulfilled, which is obviously not the case. Therefore “good” has been included in translation here.+4:2IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV+4:3Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied, and/or where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:3κακῶς ( kakōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME.+4:3Lit You ask and don’t receive, because you ask badly. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 139-40).+4:3Cf REB in UBSHS (Jm), 140.+4:3ἡδοναῖς ὑμῶν ( hēdonais humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:4ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ ( echthra tou theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus.+4:4A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+4:4φίλος τοῦ κόσμου ( philos tou kosmou) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore οὖν ( oun) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:4ἐχθρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ( echthros tou theou) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:4Cf Is 63:10.+4:5Lit that the Scripture says in vain. ME (see UBSHS [Jm]), 142.+4:5πρὸς φθόνον ( pros phonon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective (warranted also on lexical grounds; see, eg, BSL, Jm 4:5, sv ἐπιποθέω) has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:5Or that the Spirit that God caused to dwell in/among us yearns jealously? Or that God longs jealously for the spirit he caused to dwell in us? Cf Gn 6:5, 8:21; Ex 20:5, 34:14; Dt 4:24, 6:15; Ps 51:10; Ne 9:20; Is 63:10-14; Hg 2:5; Zc 8:2.+4:6μείζονα χάριν ( meizona charin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element within the ME (see following note). Cf TEV.+4:6Lit But he gives more grace. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Jn 1:14; BDAG, 1079, sv χάρις 2; LALS, sv χάρις; L-N, 88.66; UBSHS [1 Pt], 164).+4:6Lit gives grace. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Jn 1:14; BDAG, 1079, sv χάρις 2; LALS, sv χάρις; L-N, 88.66; UBSHS [1 Pt], 164).+4:6Pr 3:34+4:8IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 150).+4:8Lit your hearts. ME(H/OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mk 3:15 and Rm 1:21).+4:8Lit you double-minded. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 19). Cf NLT.+4:9εἰς πένθος ( eis penthos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:11A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+4:11νόμον ( nomon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:11Lit you are not a doer of the law/instruction/ordinance, but a judge. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 155).+4:12An adversative relation to the preceding clause is implied here. Cf NET.+4:12εἷς ( eis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:14Lit who do not know the thing/circumstance of tomorrow. ME. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, NRSV.+4:14ἀτμὶς ( atmis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective/downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:14πρὸς ὀλίγον ( pros oligion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:15Lit we will live (ie, remain alive).+4:16Lit you boast. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 162). Cf Mfft.+4:16Lit all such boasting.+4:16πονηρά ( ponēra) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:17καλὸν ( kalon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:17Following the lead of the CEV, TEV, and UBSHS (see UBSHS [Jm], 164) in the structuring of the clause here.+4:17ἁμαρτία ( hamartia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:2The perfect indicatives in vv 2-3 are functioning proleptically here. For this function of the perfect, see Robertson, Grammar, 898.+5:2Lit have become moth-eaten. Cf NCV, TEV.+5:3Lit the corrosion of them. Making the verbal information compressed in the genitive explicit in translation here.+5:3εἰς μαρτύριον ( eis marturion) is in P2 (see BART Display and L DGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:3Lit You have stored up [treasure/wealth]. Negative connotations are clearly present in this context. Cf NET, NIV.+5:3Or last.+5:4Lit who mowed, or who cut down. ME(H) (see L-N, 43.13).+5:4Cf Lv 19:13; Dt 24:14-15; Jr 22:13; Ml 3:5.+5:4ἀφ’ ὑμῶν ( aph’ humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+5:4εἰς τὰ ὦτα κυρίου σαβαὼθ ( eis ta ōta kuriou sabaōth) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective and intensive pronoun have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:5Or on the earth. Cf Is 5:8-9.+5:5Lit your hearts. In this context, “hearts” is most likely representative of the whole person (see UBSHS [Jm], 174). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:5Cf Is 34:6; Jr 12:3, 25:34, 46:10; Ezk 21:15.+5:6The verbs are functioning causatively/ergatively here (see UBSHS [Jm], 176). For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411.+5:6Or the righteous.+5:6Or He (ie, the innocent) doesn’t resist you, or He (ie, the innocent) can’t resist you. Cf TEV footnote.+5:7In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) is marked for continuity and new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a high boundary of the discourse. This is reflected in the translation. Cf, eg, Jm 1:2-12.+5:7The genitive here is a subjective genitive. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:7Lit Behold, the farmer awaits the precious crop of the earth, being patient concerning it until it receives the early [rains] and the later [rains]. ME(OTB/H)/IT (see ANLEX, 290, sv ὄψιμος; Ibid, 329, sv πρόϊμος; L-N, 14.13, 14.14; UBSHS [Jm], 180-1). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:8Lit Strengthen your hearts. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 181).+5:8ἤγγικεν ( ēngiken) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; note, though, the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. The focal prominence here is reinforcing the verbal pragmatics (see VCC [Mt 3:2]).+5:9Or judged.+5:9πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ( pro tōn thurōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:10ὑπόδειγμα τῆς κακοπαθίας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας ( hupodeigma tēs kakopathias kai tēs makrothumias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἀδελφοί ( adelophi) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+5:10Lit of suffering and patience. The coordinated genitives here are interpreted as a hendiadys (two coordinated words expressing a unified idea). This is reflected in the translation. Cf Gdspd, NIV, NLT, NEB, REB, TEV; UBSHS (Jm), 183.+5:11τὴν ὑπομονὴν Ἰὼβ ( tēn hupomonēn Yōb) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the context; cf NLT, UBSHS [Jm], 185), has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:11Cf Brc, TEV in UBSHS (Jm), 185.+5:11Translating the genitive as a subjective genitive. Cf TEV; NAB in ESS (Jm), 196; REB in UBSHS (Jm), 186. TEV.+5:11τὸ τέλος κυρίου ( to telos kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. τὸ τέλος has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+5:11πολύσπλαγχνός καὶ οἰκτίρμων ( polusplanchnos kai oiktirmōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:12Lit do not swear oaths. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 187). Cf NCV and TEV.+5:12Cf Lv 5:4; Mt 5:33-37.+5:12Lit not by.+5:12Lit by any other oath. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 187). Cf, eg, Mt 5:35, 23:16-22.+5:12ὑπὸ κρίσιν ( hupo krisin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:12Cf Jg 11:30-40.+5:15While σῴζω ( sōzō) does at times refer to bodily healing in the NT (see, eg, Mk 6:56), in Mt 1:21 it is also used with “sins” (“he will save his people from their sins”). Since both bodily healing and forgiveness of sins are mentioned in this context, a more general term that applies to both has been used in translation here.+5:15Lit will raise him up [from sickness]. ME (see BDAG, 272, sv ἐγείρω 8).+5:15ἁμαρτίας ( hamartias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:16Lit The petition of a righteous person has power much, being effective. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NRSV.+5:17IT (see UBSHS [Jm], 194).+5:17Lit he was a man of like nature/feeling/suffering to us. ME (see ANLEX, 281, sv ὁμοιοπαθής; UBSHS [Jm], 195).+5:17Lit and it did not rain. Cf TEV.+5:18πάλιν ( palin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:18Or heaven.+5:18ἔδωκεν ( edōken) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an auxiliary verb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:20Lit he. Restating the antecedent (see UBSHS [Jm], 197) in translation for the sake of clarity.+5:20Lit from the deceitful error/wandering of his path/way.+5:20Lit his soul. In the NT, ψυχή ( psuchē, “soul”) is often used to refer to the person as a whole, not just the inward self. Cf CJB; UBSHS (Jm), 197.+5:20Pr 10:12