12
“Consider Him Who Patiently Endured”
For that very reason, then, we, too, having around us so+ vast a crowd+ of witnesses, and stripping off every hindering+ weight and the sin that so easily hinders,+ must run the race set before us with patient endurance,+ keeping our eyes fixed on the one who pioneers+ and fully and finally consecrates faith,+ that is, on Jesus, who for the joy set before him patiently endured the cross, thinking nothing of the shame+ of that kind of death,+ and now sits at the very+ right hand of the throne of God. Yes, consider him who patiently endured at the hand of sinners such fierce+ hostility against himself, lest you grow weary and give up. It is+ not yet to the point of violent death+ that you have had to hold out+ in your fight+ with sin. And have you completely forgotten those strengthening+ words+ in which you are+ addressed as children+?
“My child,+ don’t make light of the LORD’s+ discipline,
and don’t give up when he brings correction.
It is+ those whom the LORD loves, you see, to whom he brings discipline;
he lays the rod on+ every child+ whom he accepts.”+
Endure trials and suffering+ as discipline; it is+ as a father does his children+ that God is dealing with you. What child,+ after all, is not disciplined by his father?+ If you don’t+ undergo discipline,+ however, something in which all children have shared,+ it means that you are illegitimate,+ not+ true children. We have all had human+ fathers,+ moreover,+ on the one hand, who shaped us through training and discipline,+ and we respected them. Should we not be even+ more willing,+ then, on the other hand, to submit ourselves to the Father of spirits, in which case+ we will live? 10 Whereas our human fathers,+ you see, for a short time,+ disciplined us as it was+ that they thought best,+ God+ does it for our benefit, so that we may become set apart in goodness just as he himself is holy.+ 11 Although no discipline seems pleasant, moreover,+ while it is happening,+ but painful, later on it yields back to those who have been trained by it a peaceful harvest of righteousness.+ 12 That is why you must “strengthen the hands that have become tired+ and the knees that have become weak”+ 13 and “keep walking on straight+ paths,”+ so that your lame legs may not grow worse,+ but be healed. 14 It is+ peace in your relations with everyone, as well as the holy life apart from which no one will see the Lord, that you are to continually pursue, 15 making sure that no one falls short of obtaining God’s gift of help;+ that there+ doesn’t spring up any “root that produces bitter fruit,”+ by whose poisonous influence many might become defiled;+ 16 that no one becomes sexually immoral, or irreverent+ like Esau, who gave up his inheritance rights as the firstborn son+ in exchange for one mere little+ meal! For you know that afterward, when Esau+ wanted to inherit the blessing, he was rejected. 17 He had no opportunity, you see,+ to repent,+ even though it was+ with tears that he sought the blessing.+
18 You have not come, after all, before a mountain+ that can be touched and which is burning with fire and which is covered in darkness and gloom and storm,+ 19 and to the blast of a trumpet+ and the sound of a voice so terrifying that the people begged not to hear another word.+ 20 Indeed, they couldn’t endure the command that was given: “If even+ an animal touches the mountain, it must+ be stoned to death.”+ 21 The scene+ was so terrifying, in fact,+ that Moses said, “I am so+ afraid as to tremble.”+ 22 You have come, rather, before Mount Zion and the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem, and before countless thousands+ of angels in festal gathering, 23 and before the assembly of those who are firstborn,+ whose names have been written in the heavens, and before the judge, who is God over all, and before the spirits of righteous people fully and finally consecrated for priestly service,+ 24 and before the intermediary of a new covenant,+ namely, Jesus, and before the sprinkled blood that lifts up a cry far+ more merciful than that of the blood of Abel.+ 25 Make sure that you don’t close your ears+ to the one who is speaking. If those people, you see, did not themselves+ escape punishment+ when they refused to listen+ to him who delivered the divine message+ on the earth,+ how much less will we escape if we turn our backs on him who does so from the heavens+?+ 26 It was merely+ the earth that his+ voice shook at that time. At present, however, he has promised, “Once more I will shake” not only “the earth,” but “heaven,”+ too. 27 Now this phrase “once more” clearly shows that God is going to move from their place the things+ that can be shaken+—that is, the things that have been made—so that the things that cannot be shaken may remain. 28 That is why, since+ it is+ an unshakable Kingdom that we are to receive,+ we must give thanks,+ through which we may offer acceptable service and worship to God, with reverence and awe. 29 For our “God is a consuming fire.”+
+1:1A contrast is implied in this context between v 1 and v 2 (cf CJB, ESV, LEB, NCV, NIV, NRSV, RSV, TEV). “While” has thus been used in translation here to signal the contrast, and to signal that v 1 is setting the backdrop for the foreground information in verse 2.+1:1Πολυμερῶς καὶ πολυτρόπως ( polumerōs kai polutropōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:1Or various times, or various portions, or little by little. Cf Jn 3:34.+1:1Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+1:2Or last.+1:3Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:3Or word.+1:3Lit Having made/performed purification of sins. ME(OTB)/IT (see JFB, 2:441; LALS, sv καθαρισμός; UBSHS [Heb], 10; translation and notes at 2 Pt 1:9) See also Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” (PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024). Cf, eg, Lv 4:20, 4:31, 6:7, 16:1-34; Nu 15:28; Jb 7:21.+1:3Lit of the majesty. ME (see L-N, 12.5).+1:4τοσούτῳ κρείττων τῶν ἀγγέλων ( tosoutō kreittōn tōn angelōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element within the ME (see following note). The preposed element has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:4Lit having becoming superior in rank to the angels. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 13).+1:4διαφορώτερον παρʼ αὐτοὺς ὄνομα ( diaphorōteron par’ autous onoma) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:4Or a name. Cf DuCL; UBSHS (Heb), 13.+1:5τῶν ἀγγέλων ( tōn anggelōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:5Lit he. Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:5υἱός μου ( huios mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:5Lit I today have fathered you, or I today have begotten you. ME(OTB/H) (see translation and notes at Ac 13:33).+1:5Ps 2:7+1:52 Sm 7:14+1:6Cf Ps 89:27; Col 1:15-18; Re 1:5.+1:6Dt 32:43 (LXX); cf Ps 97:7.+1:7τοὺς ἀγγέλους ( tous angelous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:7The Greek word used here can mean “wind,” “spirit,” or “breath.”+1:7Ps 104:4. Cf, eg, Jb 1-2; Ps 148:8; Ga 4:3, 9; Col 2:8, 20; Re 7:1, 14:18, 16:5.+1:8IT. Cf, eg, ISV, NET, NIV.+1:8ἡ ῥάβδος τῆς εὐθύτητος ( hē rabdos tēs euthutētos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:8Translating the genitive attributively here. Cf NET.+1:8The context of Ps 45:6 favors a futuristic interpretation of the implied copula here. Cf NCV, NIV.+1:8Lit that [will be] the scepter of. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 19). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT.+1:9Lit That is the reason why. ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mt 10:37, 22:32; Lk 14:26; Jn 12:5; 1 Co 16:22; Ga 3:6; Jm 1:12).+1:9Lit the God of you. ME(OTB)/IT. Covenantal connotations have been activated by “love” and “hate” in this context (see translation and notes at Mt 10:37, 22:32; Lk 14:26; Jn 12:5; 1 Co 16:22; Jm 1:12).+1:9Lit has anointed you with the oil of joy above your companions. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 20). Cf GeCL; TEV.+1:9Ps 45:6-7+1:10σὺ κύριε ( su kurie) is in P2, with κύριε split from σὺ (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:10ἔργα τῶν χειρῶν σού ( erga tōn cheirōn sou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+1:11ὡς ἱμάτιον ( hōs himation) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:12Or roll them up.+1:12ὡσεὶ περιβόλαιον ( hōs peribolaion) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:12ὁ αὐτὸς ( ho autous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:12Ps 102:25-27+1:13Lit he.+1:13Ps 110:1+1:14IT. Cf NCV.+1:14Or winds.+1:14Cf NRSV, TEV; TNT in ESS (Heb), 39.+1:14Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 230, sv διακονία 1). εἰς διακονίαν ( eis diakonian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:14διά ( dia) here is interpreted as a marker of benefaction (see, eg, L-N, 90.38). This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, NCV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+2:1περισσοτέρως ( perissoterōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:1Or have learned, or have heard. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:2Or word, or teaching. ME(H/OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 28). Cf Knox, TNT.+2:2διʼ ἀγγέλων ( di’ anggelōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:2Cf, eg, Ac 7:53.+2:2Following the lead of the JB and TNT in translation here (see UBSHS [Heb], 28).+2:3ἡμεῖς ( ēmeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:3For the rhetorical force of πῶς ( pōs) in this type of context, see BDAG, 901, sv 1.a.β-δ.+2:3IT. Cf NCV.+2:3The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+2:3τηλικαύτης σωτηρίας ( tēlikautēs sōtērias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb (warranted also on lexical grounds; see, eg, L-N, 78.36) has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:3Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+2:3Lit which a beginning having received to be spoken through the Lord. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 27-9). Cf NET. The argument here is a from-lesser-to-greater argument. Cf, eg, Jn 7:16-17, 8:28, 12:49, 14:10, 14:24.+2:3IT (see L-N, 28.44). Cf NCV, TEV.+2:3ὑπὸ τῶν ἀκουσάντων ( hupo tōn akousantōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective and italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:4πνεύματος ἁγίου ( pneumatos hagiou) is in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:4Cf NCV, TEV.+2:5ἀγγέλοις ( angelous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+2:5Lit he.+2:5See translation and notes at Jn 17:22-24 and Rm 8:28-30. The same applies here. Cf NCV, NLT.+2:6Lit But someone solemnly testifies somewhere. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 33). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:7παρʼ ἀγγέλους ( par’ angelous) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:7IT. An adversative relationship between this clause and the preceding clause is implied here. Cf ISV.+2:7See translation and notes at Jn 17:22-24 and Rm 8:28-30. Cf also 1 Co 2:7.+2:7Lit crowned him.+2:7δόξῃ καὶ τιμῇ ( doxē kai timē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:7Cf Jn 17:22-24; Rm 8:28-30; 1 Co 2:7.+2:8The aorist indicative is functioning proleptically here (from the vantage point of the speaker).+2:8πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:8Ps 8:5-7 (LXX)+2:8The article here (lit For in the to subject to him all things) is pointing us back to the quotation in v 8. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:8Cf NLT; UBSHS (Heb), 35.+2:8Lit he left nothing unsubjected to him. ME (see BDAG, 91, sv ἀνυπότακτος 1; UBSHS [Rm], 36).+2:8Lit to him.+2:8πάντα ὑποτεταγμένα ( panta hupotetagmena) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:9Lit we see. ME (see Heb 12:1-3). Cf UBSHS (Heb), 37.+2:9βραχύ τι ( Brachu ti) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:9διὰ τὸ πάθημα τοῦ θανάτου ( dia to pathēma tou thanatou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+2:9Lit because of the suffering of death. ME (see BDAG, 747, sv πάθημα 1). Cf TEV.+2:9The purpose clause here is logically connected to “made lower” (see UBSHS [Heb], 37-8), and therefore “made lower than the angels for a short time” has been restated in translation here for the sake of clarity. Cf TEV.+2:9Cf Is 53:9. ὑπὲρ παντὸς ( huper pantos) and χάριτι θεοῦ ( chariti theou) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that χάριτι θεοῦ is marked for focal ambiguity in the BART Display), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to χάριτι θεοῦ, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to ὑπὲρ παντὸς.+2:9Or for the sake of.+2:9Cf Is 53.+2:10Lit It was proper/appropriate/fitting for him.+2:10The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of purpose. This is reflected in the translation. Cf TEV.+2:10εἰς δόξαν ( eis doxan) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:10πολλοὺς υἱοὺς ( pollous huious) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:10διὰ παθημάτων ( dia pathēmatōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:10In this context, τελειόω ( teleiō) is referring to consecration and appointment for priestly service (see BDAG, 996, sv τελειόω 3; NBC, 1327; UBSHS [Heb], 39). Cf, eg, the LXX at Ex 29:9-35; Lv 8:33, 16:32, 21:10; Nu 3:3. Cf also Jn 17:17-19. The connotations of perfection, completeness, and ultimacy activated by this cognate family, however, are also relevant here within the overall context of Hebrews, in which a telic argument is sustained throughout on behalf of the perfection of the priesly service/cult renered by Jesus. Hence the inclusion of “perfect” here and throughout the translation of Hebrews.+2:10Or author, or leader, or founder, or source.+2:10τὸν ἀρχηγὸν τῆς σωτηρίας ( ton archēgon tēs sōtērias) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:11Lit who sanctifies. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+2:11ἐξ ἑνὸς ( ex henos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus.+2:11Or the same Father, or the same man, or the same origin. Lit from one thing, or from one man/person/being. Cf NJB, REB in ESS (Heb), 66.+2:11Lit he. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV.+2:11ἀδελφοὺς ( adelphous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:11Lit brothers and sisters, saying.+2:12ἐν μέσῳ ἐκκλησίας ( en mesō ekklēsias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:12Lit sing in praise of you. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 43). Cf TEV.+2:12Ps 22:22+2:13Is 8:13-18 was interpreted Messianically in the early church (see NAC [Heb], 218). Accordingly, Is 8:17 is referring to the Messiah, and v 18 is referring to the Messiah with his children (ie, his disciples; see the following note). Following the lead of the NLT in translation here, so that the connection between the Messiah and his disciples is clear.+2:13Lit children. ME (see L-N, 9.46, 36.39). Cf Is 8:16.+2:13Translating in a way similar to how I’ve translated at Jn 6:37 (see translation and notes there).+2:13Is 8:17-18+2:14Lit share in flesh and blood. ME(OTB/I/F) (see BDAG, 26, sv αἷμα 1.a.; Ibid, 915, sv σάρξ 3.a.; translation and notes at 1 Co 15:50; Php 2:7; Rm 8:3; FBT Chart F, G).+2:14παραπλησίως ( paraplēsiōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:14κράτος τοῦ θανάτου ( kratos tou thanatou) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb and an adjective (warranted also on lexical grounds; see, eg, LEH LXX Lex, sv κράτος) have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:14Lit who holds the power/might/control of death. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 45; translation and notes at Re 9:3). Cf Gn 3; Mt 6:13, 26:41; 1 Co 10:13; 2 Co 2:11, 11:3.+2:15ἔνοχοι δουλείας ( enochoi douleias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the split element.+2:15Cf, eg, Ps 3:5, 4:8, 6:5, 9:13, 13:3, 16:10, 18:4-5, 22:15, 30:3, 30:9, 33:19; 49:14-15, 68:20, 86:13, 88:3, 89:48, 116:3, 118:17-18, 139:8+2:16ἀγγέλων ( angelōn) and σπέρματος Ἀβραὰμ ( spermatos Abraam) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements, with the verb in the counterpoint left implicit in translation (cf NCV, NIV). γὰρ ( gar) and δήπου ( dēpou) have also been used as spacers to give these elements extra focus.+2:16Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 223, sv δήπου).+2:16Lit he. Cf NCV.+2:17κατὰ πάντα ( kata panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:17Or faithful, or reliable.+2:17ἐλεήμων καὶ πιστὸς ἀρχιερεὺς ( eleēmōn kai pistos archiereus) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:17Lit to make propitiation for/expiate the sins of the people. ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Lk 18:13, Rm 3:25, and 1 Jn 2:2).+2:18Lit he.+2:18πειρασθείς ( peirastheis) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:18The perfect tense here signals ongoing relevance at the time of the speaker. I’ve tried to bring this out in translation.+2:18τοῖς πειραζομένοις ( tois peirazomenois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:1Cf v 2:11.+3:1κλήσεως ἐπουρανίου ( klēseōs epouraniou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+3:1Or calling, or invitation.+3:1Cf Heb 1:9.+3:2πιστὸν τῷ ποιήσαντι αὐτὸν ( piston tō poiēsanti auton) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adverb has also been used to give extra focus and stress to the preposed element.+3:2Or reliable, or faithful, or loyal.+3:2Lit faithful to the one who appointed him. ME/IT (see FSB, Heb 3:1; NET Bible Notes, Nu 12:2; UBSHS [Heb], 52). Cf NLT, TEV.+3:2καὶ Μωϋσῆς ( kai Mōusēs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:2ME/IT (see FSB, Heb 3:1; NET Bible Notes, Nu 12:2; UBSHS [Heb], 52). Cf TEV.+3:2Lit his.+3:2Nu 12:7+3:3Lit This one. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, NIV.+3:3πλείονος δόξης παρὰ Μωϋσῆν ( pleionos doxēs para Mōusēn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. An adverb has also been used to give extra focus to the preposed constituent.+3:3ὁ κατασκευάσας αὐτόν ( ho kataskeuasas auton) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:3πλείονα τιμὴν ( pleinona timēn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:3Lit just as the builder of it has greater honor than the house.+3:4Lit Every house is built by someone. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+3:4Πάντα ( panta) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:5Nu 12:7+3:5IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:5Cf HCSB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+3:6IT. Cf most English translations.+3:6Lit his. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:6Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 533, sv κατέχω 2.b.). Cf NCV, TEV. In this context, κατέχω ( katechō) means the same thing as it means at v 14, where it is used with βεβαίαν ( bebaian). κατάσχωμεν ( kataschōmen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:6The genitive here is interpreted as an objective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NET, NIV, TEV.+3:7Or his summons, or his call. In the original context, the people are being compared to sheep. Cf Jn 10. τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ( tēs phōnēs autou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:8Lit according to the day. ME. Cf ISV, NIV.+3:9Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+3:10Or although they had seen my deeds for forty years. See UBSHS (Heb), 62.+3:10Lit They are always going astray in their hearts. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 63). Cf NCV, TEV.+3:10Lit have not known. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 63). Cf NLT, TEV.+3:11ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mk 8:12; ESS [Heb], 104).+3:11Ps 95:7-11+3:12Lit lest there be in someone of you an evil heart of unbelief/unfaithfulness in forsaking the living God. ME(OTB/H)/IT (see translation and notes at Mk 3:5; UBSHS [Heb], 59, 64). ἐν ( en) here is interpreted as a marker of result (see, eg, L-N, 89.48). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NLT, NET, TEV.+3:13For the range of meaning possible with παρακαλέω ( parakaleō), see translation and note at 2 Co 1:4.+3:13τὸ σήμερον ( to sēmeron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:13IT. Cf NLT.+3:14μέτοχοι τοῦ Χριστοῦ ( metochoi tou Christou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+3:14The perfect tense here is signaling a past action with ongoing effects, and in this context is also functioning proleptically (see UBSHS [Heb], 66). Hence the rendering here.+3:14μέχρι τέλους ( mechri telous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+3:15τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ( tēs phōnēs autou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:15Ps 95:7-8+3:16Lit all who came out of Egypt by Moses. ME. Cf NET.+3:16Cf 1 Co 10; Jud 5.+3:17Lit he.+3:17IT (see Miller and Guthrie in ESS [Heb], 115). A result is clearly implied her from the original story (see, eg, Nu 14:27-29).+3:17Lit whose bodies fell. ME (see BDAG, 815, sv πίπτω 1.b.α.א; L-N, 20.60, 23.105). A violent death is implied here.+3:17Cf Nu 14:22-29, 26:65; 2 Co 10; Jud 1:5.+3:18Lit he.+3:19Lit were not able. ME. Cf NCV. This is clearly the meaning here.+4:1Or since. The participle here is either temporal (cf, eg, ISV, NET) or causal (cf, eg, NCV, NIV).+4:1Lit remains. ME (see BDAG, 521, καταλείπω 4). Cf NET, NRSV.+4:1Cf NLT.+4:1Or lest any of you ever seem.+4:1Lit let us fear, lest perhaps/ever any of you should appear/be judged to have failed. ME (see BDAG, 1043, sv ὑστερέω 1; UBSHS [Heb], 73). Cf NLT, NIV, RSV, TEV.+4:2Lit We also are gospeled. ME. Cf TEV.+4:2The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+4:2Lit they were not united with those who heard it in faith. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 74). Cf Nu 14:6-9, 24-30. Since the quotation that follows in verse 3 doesn’t pertain directly to “those who obeyed,” but to those whom the message “didn’t help,” a semicolon has been used in translation here. Cf HCSB.+4:3οἱ πιστεύσαντες ( hoi pisteusantes) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:3Lit he.+4:3Ps 95:11+4:3IT. Cf TEV.+4:3ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου ( apo katabolēs kosmou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:4IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:4Lit For he has spoken somewhere about the seventh day thus. ME.+4:4Gn 2:2+4:5Lit And again in this place. ME. Cf NET.+4:6Cf REB in ESS (Heb), 127.+4:6Cf NRSV.+4:6τινὰς ( tinas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:6Lit enter it.+4:6πρότερον ( proteron) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:6IT.+4:7Lit he.+4:7τινὰ ἡμέραν ( tina hēmeran) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:7Cf TEV.+4:7ἐν Δαυὶδ ( en David) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore καθὼς προείρηται ( kathos proeirētai) has been used as a spacer (following the NLT in translation here) to give this element extra focus.+4:7τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ ( tēs phōnēs autou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:8Ἰησοῦς ( Yēsous) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as spacer to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+4:8Lit If them Joshua had caused to have rest. ME(OTB) (see, eg, Dt 1:38, 12:10; Jsh 1:6). Cf NCV, TEV.+4:8Lit after these things. ME/IT.+4:8περὶ ἄλλης ἡμέρας ( peris allēs hēmeras) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the preposed element.+4:9Cf NRSV at v 6.+4:10A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+4:10Lit his.+4:10Lit he.+4:10καὶ αὐτὸς ( kai autos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:10The aorist indicative is functioning proleptically here. Cf TEV.+4:11Or fail. Lit fall. ME (see BDAG, 815, sv πίπτω 2; L-N, 20-60). Cf 3:17 above.+4:11ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ ὑποδείγματι τῆς ἀπειθείας ( en tō auto hupodeigmati tēs apeitheias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adverb/spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+4:11Lit by the same example of disobedience. ME. Cf ISV, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV.+4:12Ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργὴς καὶ τομώτερος ὑπὲρ πᾶσαν μάχαιραν δίστομον καὶ διϊκνούμενος ἄχρι μερισμοῦ ψυχῆς καὶ πνεύματος, ἁρμῶν τε καὶ μυελῶν, καὶ κριτικὸς ἐνθυμήσεων καὶ ἐννοιῶν καρδίας ( zōn kai energēs kai tomōteros huper pasan machairan distomon kai diiknoumenous achri merismou puschēs kai pneumatos, harmōn te kai muelōs, kai kritikos enthmēseōn kai ennoiōn kardias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), an therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:12Lit joints. Cf GeCL; NCV.+4:12Lit penetrating as far as the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow. ME (see BDAG, 633, sv μερισμός 1.a.; UBSHS [Heb], 84).+4:12Lit of the heart. ME(OTB) (see translation and note at Mk 3:5; L-N, 26.3).+4:13Lit his.+4:13Lit naked. ME. Cf NIV.+4:15Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:16Cf Lv 16:1-3.+4:16Lit for timely help. ME. Cf most English translations.+4:16Lit grace. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 1:14; BDAG, 1079, sv χάρις 2; LALS, sv χάρις; L-N, 88.66; UBSHS [1 Pt], 164). Cf, eg, Mt 26:41; 2 Co 12:9. Including “gracious” here to maintain the connection with “throne of grace.” χάριν ( charin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:1The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ASV; Alford et al in ESS (Heb), 151.+5:1ἐξ ἀνθρώπων ( ex anthrōpōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:1Cf TEV.+5:1ὑπὲρ ἀνθρώπων ( huper anthrōpōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:1Lit on behalf of. ME. Cf NIV; NAB and REB in ESS (Heb), 150.+5:1Lit for the sake of sins. ME/IT (see BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.).+5:2Lit those who are ignorant and going astray. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 12, sv ἀγνοέω 4; UBSHS [Heb], 95). Cf Nu 15:27-31. The phrase here is interpreted as a hendiadys (the expression of a unified concept using coordination). This is reflected in the translation.+5:2Cf NET; L-N, 99.65. Cf also Heb 2:17. μετριοπαθεῖν ( metriopathein) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the key idea activated by this element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:2καὶ αὐτὸς ( kai autos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun (also warranted on lexical grounds; see, eg, L-N, 92.37) has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+5:3Lit because of it [with weakness as the antecedent]. ME. Cf TEV.+5:3Lit he. Cf NCV.+5:3IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV TEV.+5:3Cf HCSB.+5:3ME/IT (see BDAG, sv περί 1.g.).+5:3καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ ( kai peri autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+5:3Cf Lv 16.+5:4ἑαυτῷ ( heautō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:4Lit the honor. ME (see BDAG, 1005, sv τιμή 2.d.; UBSHS [Heb], 96).+5:4Lit but being called. ME (see BDAG, 503, sv καλέω 4).+5:5ἑαυτὸν ( heauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus (lit did not honor/glorify himself to become high priest; cf TEV). Italics have also been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:5ὁ λαλήσας πρὸς αὐτόν ( ho lalēsas pros auton) is in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ISV.+5:5Lit But [the one who bestowed the honor upon him is] the one who said to him. ME/IT. Cf ISV, NET, NIV.+5:5υἱός μου ( huios mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:5Lit I today have fathered you, or I today have begotten you. ME(OTB/H) (see translation and notes at Ac 13:33).+5:5Ps 2:7+5:6Lit just as he says. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:6καὶ ἐν ἑτέρῳ ( kai en heterō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+5:6Ps 110:4+5:7Lit who.+5:7Lit in the days of his flesh. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 26, sv αἷμα 1.a.; Ibid, 915, sv σάρξ 3.a.; translation and notes at 1 Co 15:50, Php 2:7, and Rm 8:3; FBT Chart F, G).+5:7δεήσεις τε καὶ ἱκετηρίας πρὸς τὸν δυνάμενον σῴζειν αὐτὸν ἐκ θανάτου μετὰ κραυγῆς ἰσχυρᾶς καὶ δακρύων ( deēseis te kai hiketērias pros ton dunamenon sōzein auton ek thanatou meta kraugēs ischuras kai dakruōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:7Lit been heard. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 9:31; UBSHS [Heb], 99).+5:7Cf NIV, NRSV, TEV; NEB in UBSHS (Heb), 99.+5:8Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:8τὴν ὑπακοήν ( tēn hupakoēn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:9αἴτιος σωτηρίας αἰωνίου ( aitios sōtērias aiōniou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:9αἰώνιος ( aiōnios) (typically rendered “eternal”) is built on its cognate αἰών ( aiōn), “age” (see, eg, NASB-Dic, #166). Cf, eg, Ga 1:5.+5:11Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, and/or where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here the relationship between the coordinated elements seems to be disjunctive in nature. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:11πολὺς καὶ δυσερμήνευτος λέγειν ( polus kai dusermēneutos legein) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject, an adverb, and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf NLT, TEV.+5:11Lit Concerning which the word to us is much. ME. Cf NET, ISV, NLT, TEV.+5:11νωθροὶ ταῖς ἀκοαῖς ( nōthroi tais akoais) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+5:11Lit since you have become lazy in the hearing. ME(I/F) (see BSL, Heb 5:11, νωθρός L-N, 32.47; UBSHS [Heb], 103; TLNT, 2:552, sv νωθρός).+5:12The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+5:12Lit again you have need for someone to teach you the elements/rudiments of the beginning of the oracles of God. ME (see ANLEX, 357, sv στοιχεῖον 2.a.; BDAG, 946, sv στοιχεῖον 1.c.; L-N, 58.19, 58.20). Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV.+5:12Lit you have become having need of milk, not solid food. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+5:13Lit Everyone partaking of milk. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 105).+5:13νήπιος ( nēpios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:13Or word, or message.+5:13The genitive is interpreted as an objective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, HCSB, NIV.+5:13Following the structuring of the CJB and TEV in translation here.+5:14τελείων ( teleiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. δέ ( de) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+5:14IT. Some sort of purpose or verbal information (“fed,” “given,” “intended,” etc) is compressed in the genitive here.+5:14τὰ αἰσθητήρια γεγυμνασμένα ( ta aisthētēria gegumasmena) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore διὰ τὴν ἕξιν ( dia tēn hexin) (which is itself marked for focal ambiguity in the BART Display), has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. An adverb and a comma have also been used to the same end.+6:1The NET captures the intended meaning well here, in my opinion, and has therefore been followed in translation.+6:1τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ ( tēs arches tou Christou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:1ἐπὶ τὴν τελειότητα ( epi tēn teleiotēta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:1θεμέλιον μετανοίας ἀπὸ νεκρῶν ἔργων καὶ πίστεως ἐπὶ θεόν, βαπτισμῶν διδαχῆς ἐπιθέσεώς τε χειρῶν, ἀναστάσεώς τε νεκρῶν καὶ κρίματος αἰωνίου ( themelion metanoias apo nekrōn ergon kai pisteōs epi theon, baptismōn didachēs epitheseōs te cheirōn, anastaseōs te nekrōn kai krimatos aiōniou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics and a colon have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element. The genitive here is either a genitive of content or appositional. This, too, is signaled in translation by means of the colon (cf NET, NRSV).+6:1Or from useless acts. Lit from dead works/acts. ME (see BDAG, 390, ἔργον 1.c.β.). Cf CEV, CJB, NCV, NIV, TNT.+6:2βαπτισμῶν ( baptismōn) is in an embedded focal position is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:2ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Ac 6:6 and 1 Ti 4:14; UBSHS [1 Ti], 105).+6:2This is a more literal rendering of αἰωνίου ( aiōniou) (see UBSHS [Jn], 88). Cf the translation at Mt 25:46.+6:4Lit tasted. ME (see BDAG, 195, sv γεύομαι; L-N, 90.78).+6:4μετόχους πνεύματος ἁγίου ( metochous pneumatos hagiou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore inversion and an intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:5καλὸν θεοῦ ῥῆμα ( kalon theou rhema) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDNT), and therefore inversion and an emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:5Lit tasted. ME (see BDAG, 195, sv γεύομαι; L-N, 90.78).+6:5Because of the device used to give extra focus to the focal element in this verse (see note at “very” above), the verb has been restated in translation here.+6:6Or act unfaithfully, or commit apostasy. Lit fall away. ME(OTB) (see DBL Hebrew, #5085; LALS, sv παραπίπτω; TWOT, 519, sv māʿal). Cf, eg, the LXX at Ezk 14:13, 15:8, 18:24, and 20:27.+6:6The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, HCSB, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NKJV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+6:6Or since they are crucifying to their own harm, or since they are crucifying in their own persons. Lit crucifying in/by/to themselves. Cf JB in UBSHS (Heb), 116. I disagree with the UBSHS’s statement that “it seems to go without saying that such a personal act would be ‘willful’” (see UBSHS [Heb], 116). The distinction between “high-handed” sins and unintentional sins is a critical issue within atonement theology (see, eg, Nu 15:27-31).+6:6Cf Ac 5:5; Re 2:21-23.+6:7ἐπʼ αὐτῆς ἐρχόμενον πολλάκις ( ep’ autēs erchomenon pollakis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+6:7Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, and/or where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here result is implied. Cf Miller in ESS (Heb), 192.+6:8The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Cf, ESV, HCSV, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+6:8Cf ISV, NIV.+6:9Lit the better things and having salvation. ME (see BDAG, 422, sv ἔχω 11.a.; UBSHS [Heb], 120). Cf Mfft. The article here seems to be pointing us back to verse 7 (cf Alford in ESS [Heb], 196).+6:10ἄδικος ( adikos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+6:10εἰς ( eis) here is interpreted as a marker of benefaction (see, eg, L-N, 90.41). This is reflected in the translation. Cf NRSV, RSV.+6:10Lit the holy ones/saints.+6:11τὴν αὐτὴν σπουδὴν ( tēn autēn spoudēn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and a comma have been used to give this element extra focus.+6:11Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 939 sv σπουδη 2). Cf the translation at 2 Co 7:11.+6:11Lit with, toward, or with a view to. Cf BDAG, sv πρός 3.c.+6:11IT (see L-N, 31.45).+6:11Lit toward/with a view to the full conviction/certainty of hope. ME (see L-N, 31.45; translation and notes at Col 2:2 and at Heb 3:6 and 3:14).+6:11The meaning here is similar to Heb 3:6 and 3:14.+6:12Cf ISV.+6:12νωθροὶ ( nōthroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+6:12Lit lazy. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 103; TLNT, 2:552, sv νωθρός). Maintaining consistency in translation with 5:11.+6:12Lit become imitators. ME. Cf NCV.+6:12διὰ πίστεως καὶ μακροθυμίας ( dia pisteōs kai makrothumias) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:13Τῷ Ἀβραὰμ ( tō Abraam) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+6:13μείζονος ( meizonos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:13Lit since he had by no one greater to swear an oath. ME(OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 125; UBSHS [Jm], 187).+6:13Gn 22:16. Lit swore an oath by himself. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 125). Cf NLT, TEV; NET and TEV at Gn 22:16.+6:14ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mk 8:12; ESS [Heb], 104).+6:14Gn 22:17. Lit blessing I will bless you and multiplying I will multiply you. ME (see NET Bible Notes, Heb 6:14). Cf NET, NLT.+6:15μακροθυμήσας ( makrothumēsa) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:15The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial participle of means (cf v 12). This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB, NET.+6:15Lit he.+6:16κατὰ τοῦ μείζονος ( kata tou meizonos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:16πάσης ἀντιλογίας πέρας ( pasēs antilogias peras) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adjectives have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+6:16Lit Men swear by the greater, and for them the oath is for confirmation an end of all argument. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 125-7; UBSHS [Jm], 187).+6:17Cf LEB, NASB, ISV, NET, NRSV.+6:17περισσότερον ( perissoteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+6:17Lit wanting more abundantly to demonstrate the unchangeableness of his plan. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 128). Cf NLT, TEV.+6:17Lit mediated by an oath. ME/IT (see L-N, 31.21; UBSHS [Heb], 128).+6:18Lit by two unchangeable matters/things in which it is impossible for God to lie. ME/IT (see BDAG, 859, sv πρᾶγμα 1; UBSHS [Heb], 128).+6:18ἰσχυρὰν παράκλησιν ( ischuran paraklēsin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+6:18For the range of meaning possible with παράκλησις ( paraklēsis), see translation and note at 2 Co 1:4.+6:19Lit which. Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+6:19ὡς ἄγκυραν τῆς ψυχῆς ( hōs ankuran tēs psuchēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:19Lit and entering into the inner of the curtain. ME(OTB/IT) (see BDAG, 294, sv εἰσέρχομαι 3; Ibid, 398, sv ἐσώτερος). Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+6:20πρόδρομος ( prodromos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+6:20Ps 110:4. κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ ἀρχιερεὺς ( kata tēn taxin Melchisedek archiereus) is in P2, with κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ in an embedded focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:1Lit For this Melchizedek. EFE/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 136). In Greek, γὰρ ( gar) is marked for continuity and strengthening/support (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 51-54).+7:2δεκάτην ἀπὸ πάντων ( dekatēn apo pantōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the implied sequence of the events involved; see Gn 14:20) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+7:2These phrases come from Gn 14:17-20.+7:2Lit first, being translated “king of righteousness.” ME(OTB)/IT (see ANLEX, 257, sv Μελχισέδεκ).+7:2Lit and then also “king of peace.” ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 136).+7:3Lit without father. ME (see ANLEX, 62, sv ἀπάτωρ).+7:3Lit without mother. ME (see ANLEX, 46, sv ἀμήτωρ).+7:3Lit without genealogy. ME (see ANLEX, 31, sv ἀγενεαλόγητος).+7:3μήτε ἀρχὴν ἡμερῶν μήτε ζωῆς τέλος ( mē archēn hēmerōn mēte zōēs telos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). Inversion has been used to give extra focus to ζωῆς τέλος, and to bring out the chiasmus in translation.+7:3Or resembling, or being like. Drawing from ANLEX in translation here (see ANLEX, 84, sv ἀφομοιόω).+7:3Lit he continues as priest.+7:4πηλίκος ( pēlikos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:4Ἀβραὰμ ὁ πατριάρχης ( Abraam ho patriarchēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and an intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ISV.+7:4It is possible that δεκάτην ( dekatēn) is a POD/Topical Frame (although Dr. Levinsohn favors it as such, the element is marked for focal ambiguity in the BART Display).+7:5Lit sons. ME (see L-N, 10.30). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, TEV.+7:5τὴν ἱερατείαν ( tēn yerateian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:5Lit have a command. ME (see BDAG, 340, sv ἐντολή 2.α.ג.). ἐντολὴν ( entolēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME.+7:5Lit that is, their brothers. ME (see BSL, Heb 7:5, sv ἀδελφός; L-N, 11.25). Cf NET, NLT, TEV.+7:5Lit although they come from the loins of Abraham. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.60). Cf ISV, NET, NLT, TEV.+7:6Lit the one.+7:6Lit from them. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:6τὸν ἔχοντα τὰς ἐπαγγελίας ( tas echonta tas epangelias) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:7ὑπὸ τοῦ κρείττονος ( hupo tou kreittonos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+7:7Lit Now it is beyond all argument that the inferior is blessed by the superior. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 141). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:8δεκάτας ( dekatas) is a POD/topical frame, and ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἄνθρωποι ( apothnēskontes anthrōpoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used in translation here, to allow δεκάτας to remain toward the beginning of the clause, and to allow ἀποθνῄσκοντες ἄνθρωποι to land in clause-final.+7:8Lit in the other. ME.+7:8IT. Cf TEV.+7:9Lit And as to speak a word. ME (see L-N, 33.139; UBSHS [Heb], 142). Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NCV, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:9Lit Levi. Here, Levi is being used metonymically for his descendants. Cf NLT.+7:9καὶ Λευὶ ὁ δεκάτας λαμβάνων ( kai Levi ho dekatas lambanōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+7:9IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+7:10Lit for he was still in the loins of his father when Melchizedek met him. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 8.43; UBSHS [Heb], 143). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:11In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes and a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a higher boundary of the discourse. This is reflected in the translation.+7:11Lit perfection, or completion, or fulfillment of purpose. Cf Heb 2:10-11, 5:9, 7:19, 7:25, and 9:11-14. Cf also Php 3:12. See note at Heb 2:10.+7:11διὰ τῆς Λευιτικῆς ἱερωσύνης ( dia tēs Leuitikēs yerōsunēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with Λευιτικῆς ( Leuitikēs) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). The embedded element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:11Lit on the basis of it. The antecedent has been restated in translation for the sake of clarity.+7:11νενομοθέτηται ( nenomothetētai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:11Lit to arise. ME (see BDAG, 83, sv ἀνίστημι, 9).+7:11κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ ἕτερον ἱερέα ( tēn taxin Melchisedek eteron yerea) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), with κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισέδεκ in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν ( kata tēn taxin Aarōn) is also in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). These elements also constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). The clause has therefore been structured so as to give extra focus to these elements.+7:12Or when. The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Cf, eg, CJB, NLT, Alford et al in ESS (Heb), 237. A temporal interpretation is also possible (cf, eg, HCSB, NET, NIV). The meaning is essentially the same either way.+7:12In this context, ἀνάγκη ( anankē) is signaling logical necessity (see BDAG, 61, sv ἀνάγκη 1; UBSHS [Heb], 146).+7:12καὶ νόμου μετάθεσις ( kai nomou metathesis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with νόμου ( nomou) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. A dummy subject has also been used to the same end.+7:13Lit Concerning whom.+7:13φυλῆς ἑτέρας ( phulēs hetera) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+7:13Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+7:14Cf CJB, TEV.+7:14ἐξ Ἰούδα ( ex Youda) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+7:14IT. Cf ISV.+7:15Cf L-N, 32.20; TEV.+7:15περισσότερον ἔτι κατάδηλόν ( perissoteron eti katadēlon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:15Lit if. Cf NCV. The meaning here is that clarity comes from the consideration of a premise.+7:15κατὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα Μελχισέδεκ ( kata tēn homoiotēta Melchisedek) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:15Lit according to the likeness of Melchizedek. ME (see BDAG, 707, sv ὁμοιότης).+7:16κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης ( kata nomon entolēs sarkinēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and κατὰ δύναμιν ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου ( kata dunamin zōēs akatalutou) in E-O (see LDGNT). Together these two elements constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). Therefore, the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+7:16Lit not according to a law of fleshly commandment. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 149). Cf HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:17Ps 110:4+7:18ἀθέτησις προαγούσης ἐντολῆς ( athetēsis proagousēs entolēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) and μὲν ( men) have been used as spacers to give extra focus to this element. A dummy subject has also been used to the same end.+7:18Drawing from BSL in the translation of ἀθέτησις ( athetēsis) here (see BSL, Heb 7:18, sv).+7:18Maintaining consistency in translation with v 16.+7:18Cf CJB; NRSV.+7:19Cf Heb 2:10-11, 5:9, 7:19, 7:25, and 9:11-14. Cf also Php 3:12. See note at Heb 2:10.+7:20IT. Cf NCV, TEV; UBSHS (Heb), 153.+7:20Lit And inasmuch as it was not without oath-taking. ME/IT (see translation and notes at Heb 6:13-17; BSL, Heb 7:22, sv ἔγγυος). The use of ἔγγυος ( enguos) in v 22 (where the correlative picks up) makes the intended meaning clear here.+7:20Lit they. Cf NLT.+7:20χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας ( choris horkōmosias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and ἱερεῖς ( yereis) in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to these elements.+7:20IT. Cf NCV, TEV; UBSHS (Heb), 153.+7:21Lit he. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+7:21Lit through the one who said to him. ME. Cf NIV, TEV.+7:21Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+7:21Lit will not change his mind. ME. Cf NLT, TEV; TNT and REB in ESS (Heb), 251.+7:21Ps 110:4+7:22κρείττονος διαθήκης ἔγγυος ( kreittonos diathēkēs enguos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+7:22Lit Jesus has become the guarantor of a better/superior/more effective covenant. ME(H) (see BSL, Heb 7:22, sv ἔγγυος; UBSHS [Heb], 154).+7:23πλείονές ἱερεῖς ( pleiones yereis) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). πλείονές ( pleiones) has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (within the ME; see note at “in office” below).+7:23θανάτῳ ( thanatō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:23Lit And they are become many priests because of the to be prevented to continue by death. ME (see BDAG, 769, sv παραμένω 2; Bloomfield et al in ESS [Heb], 253; UBSHS [Heb], 156).+7:24Lit he.+7:24Lit has the priesthood. ME. Cf NCV.+7:24ἀπαράβατον τὴν ἱερωσύνην ( aparabaton tēn yerōsunēn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:25σῴζειν εἰς τὸ παντελὲς ( sōzein eis to panteles) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. Repetition has also been used to give extra focus and emphasis to εἰς τὸ παντελὲς.+7:25Or save for all time.+7:25The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, HCSB, LEB, NASB, NET, NIV, NKJV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+7:25Lit lives always. ME (see vv 23-24). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV. Vv 23-24 make it clear that “lives always” here means to go on living without interruption because of death. πάντοτε ( pantote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME.+7:25It is sometimes difficult to tell whether an infinitive phrase is signaling purpose or result. Though both make good sense in this context, vv 23-24 cause me to lean in the direction of result. This interpretation is reflected in the translation.+7:26Τοιοῦτος ἀρχιερεύς ( Toioutos archiereus) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:26Cf HCSB, NCV, TEV.+7:26ὑψηλότερος τῶν οὐρανῶν ( hupsēlteros tōn ouranōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:26Lit and having become higher than the heavens. ME (see BDAG, 1044, sv ὑψηλός 1).+7:27καθʼ ἡμέραν ( kath’ hēmeran) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. Cf NRSV, NIV.+7:27IT.+7:27ME (OTB)/IT (see translation and note at Heb 1:3; BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.). Cf, eg, Lv 4:20-26.+7:27πρότερον ὑπὲρ τῶν ἰδίων ἁμαρτιῶν θυσίας ( proteron huper tōn idiōn hamartiōn thusias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ὑπὲρ τῶν ἰδίων ἁμαρτιῶν in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+7:27The verbal information is implied here from the preceding clause.+7:27Lit This one.+7:27Lit did [this].+7:27ἑαυτὸν ( heauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:28ME(OTB)/IT. See note at Mt 19:26.+7:28ἀνθρώπους ἔχοντας ἀσθένειαν ( anthrōpous echontas astheneian) is in a split focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. A comma and adverbs (see note at Mt 19:26.) have also been used to give to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+7:28Lit who have weakness. ME (see BDAG, 142, sv ἀσθένεια 2.b.; ESS [Heb], 261; UBSHS [Heb], 161). The context indicates that both moral weakness (see v 27) and mortality (see vv 23-24) are included within the scope of “weakness” here.+7:28Lit The word of the oath.+7:28εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ( eis ton aiōna) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective and repetition have been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:1τοιοῦτον ἀρχιερέα ( toiouton archierea) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element, with ἀρχιερέα left in clause-final.+8:1Lit the majesty. ME (see L-N, 12.5).+8:2τῶν ἁγίων καὶ τῆς σκηνῆς τῆς ἀληθινῆς ( tōn hagiōn kai tēs skēnēs tēs alēthinēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:2IT (cf v 5). Cf NLT.+8:2The second of the two coordinated elements here is interpreted as explanatory of the first. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NCV, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+8:2Lit true. Cf CJB at Heb 8:5. The context indicates that “true” here is meant to be understood not in the sense of “real” (the tabernacle under Moses was, obviously, an actual thing), but in the sense of “original” and “antitype” (ie, the opposite of “sketch” [or “copy”; cf, eg, HCSB, ISV] and “shadow” in v 5). While I agree with the NET Bible Notes at Heb 8:5 (namely, that there is “temporal progression between the earthly and heavenly sanctuaries,” and that it is better to interpret these verses within a Biblical/Hebraic, rather than a Hellenistic, framework), it is clear from the context that the earthly tabernacle and temple were patterned after an already existing sanctuary (cf v 5), originally set up when the heavens were created (cf the relative clause in this verse), in which Jesus presently serves as priest (cf v 1). There is no need to pit the two against each other here. The earthly tabernacle was “sketched” based on the original, and as such, it is also an “example” and foreshadow of the future reality that will be experienced on the earth (see Re 21:1-4).+8:2ὁ κύριος ( ho kurios) and οὐκ ἄνθρωπος ( ouk anthrōpos) are in E-O, and constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint (with the main point placed at the end of the clause; cf CJB, RSV) to give extra focus to these elements.+8:2Lit by man. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+8:3εἰς τὸ προσφέρειν δῶρά τε καὶ θυσίας ( eis to propherein dōra te kai thusas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the verse has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element.+8:3IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+8:3Lit this one.+8:4Lit if he were on earth. ME. Cf NCV, NLT.+8:4Cf TEV.+8:4The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+8:4Lit being those presenting. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT.+8:4κατὰ νόμον ( kata nomon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:5Or imitation, or copy, or example, or model, or pattern. Cf LEB, NET.+8:5Lit a sketch and foreshadow of the heavenly things. ME. Cf ISV, NET, RSV. ὑποδείγματι καὶ σκιᾷ τῶν ἐπουρανίων ( hupodegmati kai skia tōn epouraniōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The clause has been structured so as to allow the preposed element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:5Or warning.+8:5Lit just as Moses was divinely warned/instructed. Following the interpretation of Bloomfield et al in translation here (see ESS [Heb], 273).+8:5Ex 25:40+8:6Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 681, sv νῦν 2.a.; cf Ibid, 682, sv νυνί 2).+8:6διαφορωτέρας λειτουργίας ( diaphorōtera leitourgias) is in a split focal positon (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:6κρείττονός διαθήκης μεσίτης ( kreittonos diathēkēs mesitēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+8:6Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+8:6ἐπὶ κρείττοσιν ἐπαγγελίαις ( epi kreittosin epangelias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:7Lit a place would not have been sought for. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 169). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+8:7δευτέρας ( deuteras) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:8Lit with them. Cf Jr 31:32; the rest of this verse. I have used “his” in translation (see HCSB, ISV, NCV, TEV), instead of “the” (cf NIV, NLT), to avoid the impression that leaders were excluded from those with whom God found fault.+8:8Lit he.+8:8Lit days. ME (see BDAG, 438, sv ἡμέρα 4.b.). Cf NCV, NIV. ἡμέραι ( hēmerai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed at the end of the clause for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy-subject).+8:8Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+8:8Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, or/or where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf most English translations.+8:8Lit with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah. ME(I/F/H/OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 481, sv Ἰσραήλ 1; L-N, 11.58).+8:8διαθήκην καινήν ( diathēkēn kainēn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:9Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+8:9Lit in the day. ME. Cf ISV.+8:9The CJB’s rendering of αὐτός ( autos) and ἐγώ ( egō) in this covenantal context is excellent, in my opinion, and therefore something similar has been used in translation here.+8:9Lit did not continue in. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 172).+8:9Lit and I. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis, and/or where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here a result is implied. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+8:9Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+8:10As the UBSHS points out, here it is “the nature of the covenant and not the fact of the covenant which is in focus” (see UBSHS [Heb], 172).+8:10Or people. Lit house. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 11.58).+8:10Lit after those days. ME. Cf NCV, NIV.+8:10Or laws, or Torah.+8:10ἐπὶ καρδίας αὐτῶν ( epi kardias autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+8:11Or fellow-Jews. Lit brother. ME (see L-N, 11.25, 11.57; UBSHS [Heb], 174).+8:11Lit And they will certainly not teach each one his neighbor and each his brother, saying. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+8:11Following the MT in translation. Cf NLT.+8:11πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:11Or from the youngest of them to the oldest.+8:12ἵλεως ( hileōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:12Jr 31:31-34+8:13Lit In/by the to say, “new.” ME. Cf, eg, CJB, ISV, NET, NIV.+8:13Lit he.+8:13Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+8:13Lit is near of disappearing. Cf CJB. The author here is making logical conclusions from the passage he just quoted—from the perspective of the time when the word was first spoken.+9:2σκηνὴ ( skēnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:2Lit For a tent was prepared/furnished/set up, the first, in which were. ME(OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 178). Here and in v 3, “tent/tabernacle” is being used to refer to the different sections of the tabernacle. In 8:2, however, it is used to describe the tabernacle as a whole. Therefore, “sections” and “section” have been used in translation here. Cf ESV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+9:2Lit which.+9:3Lit Behind the second curtain was a tent/tabernacle. ME(OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 178).+9:4χρυσοῦν θυμιατήριον ( chrusoun thumiatērion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:4Lit in which, or inside which.+9:5ME(OTB)/IT (see Ex 25:17-21). Cf NLT, TEV.+9:5νῦν ( nun) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note). Cf NET.+9:5Lit concerning which it is not now to speak according to part. ME (see L-N, 63.16; UBSHS [Heb], 182). Cf CJB, NET, NJB, TEV.+9:6εἰς τὴν πρώτην σκηνὴν ( eis tēn prōtēn skēnēn) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus.+9:6Lit the first tabernacle/tent. See note at “located” in v 2 above.+9:6διὰ παντὸς ( dia pantos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+9:6Or as they. The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of purpose (though a temporal interpretation also makes good sense here; cf, eg, LEB, NET, NLT). This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NIV, NRSV.+9:6τὰς λατρείας ( tas latreias) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:7Lit But into the second [tent]. See note at “located” in v 2 above.+9:7εἰς τὴν δευτέραν ( eis tēn deuteran) is a POD (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used in translation here in order to allow this element to occupy clause-initial.+9:7Lit not without. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 184). Cf TEV; REB in ESS (Heb), 302.+9:7Lit not without blood, which he offers. ME(OTB)/IT (see Lv 16). Cf also UBSHS (Heb), 184.+9:7Lit for himself. ME (see BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.; NLT).+9:7τοῦ λαοῦ ( tou laou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:8Cf CJB, TEV.+9:8τῶν ἁγίων ( tōn hagiōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:8Or into the holy of holies, or into the original sanctuary. Lit into the way of the holies. τῶν ἁγίων ( tōn hagiōn) here is referring to the heavenly/original sanctuary of 8:2 (cf 9:3, 11), of which the Holy of Holies was representative (cf 9:3).+9:8Cf CJB, NCV, TEV.+9:8Or as long as the first section remained in use. Lit the first tabernacle yet having continuance/standing. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 185; note at “located” in v 2). Cf CEV, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+9:9Or The first section of the tabernacle. Lit which. Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+9:9Or The first tabernacle was a parable for the time then present, or The first section of the tabernacle is symbolic of the present age.+9:9δῶρά τε καὶ θυσίαι μὴ δυνάμεναι κατὰ συνείδησιν τελειῶσαι τὸν λατρεύοντα ( dōra te kai thusiai mē dunamenai kata suneidēsin teleiōsai ton latreuonta) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The clause has been structured so as to allow the split element to land in clause-final for primary focus and stress. Cf ESV, HCSB, NET, NRSV, RSV, NASB.+9:9κατὰ συνείδησιν ( kata suneidēsin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:10Lit regulations/requirements of flesh. ME (see BDAG, 915, sv σάρξ 2.a.; FBT Chart, C, D). Cf ESV, NASB, NRSV, RSV.+9:10Lit until the appointed time of the establishing an improved/reformed order. ME (see ANLEX, 212, sv καιρός 2; BSL, Heb 9:10, sv διόρθωσις; BDAG, 251, sv διόρθωμα and διόρθωσις; LN, 62.5, 62.6). Cf Heb 8:6. μέχρι καιροῦ διορθώσεως ( kairou diorthōseōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress.+9:11Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 760, sv παραγίνομαι 2).+9:11Translating the genitive here as a genitive of reference. Cf LSGNT Notes, Heb 9:11, sv ἀγαθῶν.+9:11γενομένων ( genomenōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed at the end of the clause for extra stress.+9:11Lit not of this creation. ME (see BDAG, 573, sv κτίσις 2.b.). Since the heavens themselves technically are a part of “creation” (cf Heb 8:2), a partitive interpretation of the genitive (see, eg, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV) is unlikely here. Cf Ex 26.+9:12διʼ αἵματος τράγων καὶ μόσχων διὰ τοῦ ἰδίου αἵματος ( di’ haimatos tragōn kai moschōn dia tou idiou haimatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:12αἰωνίαν λύτρωσιν ( aiōnian lutrōsin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:12Cf Jb 33:24; Heb 5:9. αἰώνιος ( aiōnios) (typically rendered “eternal”) is built on its cognate αἰών ( aiōn), “age” (see, eg, NASB-Dic, #166). Cf, eg, Ga 1:5.+9:13Cf Nu 19.+9:13Vv 9-10 indicate that πρὸς ( pros) here is most likely functioning as a marker of reference (cf, eg, BDAG, 874, sv 3.e.).+9:13Lit the flesh. Translating according to “Flesh” C, D (see FBT Chart). Cf v 10 above. τῆς σαρκὸς ( tēs sarkos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:14IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 195). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:14διὰ πνεύματος αἰωνίου ( dia pneumatos aiōniou) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:14Or from useless acts. Lit from dead works/acts. ME (see BDAG, 390, ἔργον 1.c.β.). Cf CEV, CJB, NIV, TNT.+9:15διαθήκης καινῆς μεσίτης ( diathēkēs kainēs mesitēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:15διαθήκης καινῆς ( diathēkēs kainēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis (“new” seems to be the key word here; cf the clause that follows).+9:15θανάτου ( thanatou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject has been used to give this element extra focus.+9:15Lit a death having taken place for redemption of the transgressions. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Lk 1:68 and Jn 9:41; BSL, Heb 9:12, sv λύτρωσις; L-N, 88.310). Cf, eg, the NET at Lv 5:6-7.+9:15ἐπὶ τῇ πρώτῃ διαθήκῃ ( epi tē prōtē diathēkē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis (“first” seems to be the key word here; cf the preceding clause).+9:15Or called, or invited.+9:15Translating the genitive as a genitive of apposition. Cf ESS (Heb), 323. τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν τῆς αἰωνίου κληρονομίας ( tēn epangelian tēs aiōniou klēronomias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the appositional marker has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+9:15The article is functioning anaphorically here, pointing readers back to the promises of the Abrahamic covenant. Cf, eg, Gn 13:15.+9:15Cf, eg, Gn 13:15.+9:16θάνατον ἀνάγκη φέρεσθαι τοῦ διαθεμένου ( thanaton tou diathemenou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:16Or In the case of a will, it is necessary for the death of the one who made it to be established. There are a number of serious challenges involved in interpreting, and therefore translating, the author’s use of διαθήκη ( diathēkē) and διατίθημι ( diathithēmi) in Heb 9:16-17, which are aptly summarized and evaluated by Allen (see NAC [Heb], 477-81). Following the interpretation of Lane, Kilpatrick, et al (see ESS [Heb], 324-6; NAC [Heb], 477-81) in translation here, although not too dogmaticially. Though both interpretations have problems, I find the “will” interpretation less convincing.+9:17ἐπὶ νεκροῖς ( epi nekrois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:17Lit dead ones/things. Following the interpretation of F. Gardiner in translation here (see NAC [Heb], 479).+9:17Lit is firm. ME (see BDAG, 172, sv βέβαιος 1; L-N, 28.43). In the ancient world, covenants were put into effect not by a sacrifice, but by the swearing of an oath. The accompanying sacrifices were a ritual enactment depicting the solemn consequences of violating the covenant. See, eg, LBD, sv covenant.+9:17Or Indeed, a will: It is only at death that it is in force, since it never takes effect while the one who made it is still alive. See note at “presented” in v 16.+9:18οὐδὲ ἡ πρώτη ( oude hē prōtē) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore οὐδὲ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+9:19Lit he.+9:19Lit taking the blood of young bulls with water and scarlet wool and hyssop. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 201). Cf NLT, TEV.+9:19αὐτό τὸ βιβλίον καὶ πάντα τὸν λαὸν ( to biblion kai panta ton laon) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:19Or book. Cf CJB.+9:19Cf Ex 24:6-8.+9:20Lit saying.+9:20Ex 24:8+9:21καὶ τὴν σκηνὴν καὶ πάντα τὰ σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας ( kai tēn skēnēn kai panta ta skeuē tēs leitourgias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:22σχεδὸν πάντα ( schedon panta) is in P2, with πάντα split from σχεδὸν (see BART Display), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+9:22Cf, eg, Lv 5:11.+9:22Lit And nearly everything is cleansed with blood according to the Law. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 202).+9:22Lit and without the shedding of blood. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 37, sv αἱματεκχυσία; BSL, Heb 9:22, sv αἱματεκχυσία; UBSHS [Heb], 203).+9:22Cf Lv 17:11+9:23τούτοις ( toutois) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:24εἰς χειροποίητα ἅγια ( eis cheiropoiēta hagia) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν οὐρανόν ( eis auton ton ouranon) in E-O (see LDGNT). Together they make up a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). Therefore, a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+9:24Or so that now he may appear. See note at Heb 7:25. The same ambiguity between purpose and result is also present in the infinitive here. Cf HCSB, NET, TEV. Cf HCSB, NET, TEV.+9:24Lit before the face of God. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 85.26). Cf most English translations.+9:25Lit Nor so that. ME. Cf REB in ESS (Heb), 337.+9:25IT. Cf NLT, TEV.+9:26A contrary-to-fact condition is implied here (see UBSHS [Heb], 207).+9:26IT. Cf CJB.+9:26Cf ESV, NRSV, RSV.+9:26ἅπαξ ( hapax), ἐπὶ συντελείᾳ τῶν αἰώνων ( epi sunteleia tōn aiōnōn), and εἰς ἀθέτησιν [τῆς] ἁμαρτίας διὰ τῆς θυσίας αὐτοῦ ( eis athetēsin [tēs] hamartias dia tēs thusias autou) are in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to these elements.+9:26Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 97, sv ἅπαξ 2).+9:26Lit he.+9:26IT (see L-N, 88.310; UBSHS [Heb], 208).+9:27The meaning of ἀπόκειμαι ( apokeimai) in this context (see, eg, BDAG, 113, sv 3), indicates that the correlative of degree/extent (καθʼ ὅσον [ kath’ hoson]) is here most likely signaling degree of certainty.+9:27ἅπαξ ( hapax) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:27Lit and after this, judgment. Cf NET, NIV.+9:28ἅπαξ ( hapax) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:28πολλῶν ( pollōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:28Is 53:12+9:28ἐκ δευτέρου ( ek deuterou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:28Lit without connection to sin. ME (see BDAG, sv 1095, sv χωρίς 2.b.δ.).+9:28ἀπεκδεχομένοις ( apekdechomenois) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:1The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, HCSB, NASB, NRSV, RSV.+10:1Σκιὰν τῶν μελλόντων ἀγαθῶν ( skian tōn mellontōn agathōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and adverb have been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+10:1μελλόντων ( mellontōn) is in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn), and therefore a stop (ie, the spacer; see preceding note) has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:1Translating the verb here as an indefinite plural. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+10:1Cf ISV, NLT.+10:1κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ( kat’ eniauton) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. Repetition has also been used to give this element extra focus.+10:1τελειῶσαι ( teleiōsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore the main information activated by this element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:2Lit they.+10:2In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+10:2Lit Otherwise would they not have ceased being offered, because of the worshipers to have any longer no conscience/consciousness of sins…? ME/IT (see NAC [Heb], 494; UBSHS [Heb], 214). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+10:2Lit having been cleansed. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Pt 2:9). A perfect participle is used here, signaling ongoing effects at the time of the speaker. I have tried to bring this out in translation.+10:2Drawing from BDAG (see BDAG, 97, sv ἅπαξ 2) and BSL in translation (see BSL, Heb 10:2, sv ἅπαξ). The point of contrast is with “regularly year after year” in v 1. Cf Heb 10:26. ἅπαξ ( hapax) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:3Lit in them.+10:4αἷμα ταύρων καὶ τράγων ( haima taurōn kai tragōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used in translation in order to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra stress. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:5Lit he.+10:5Cf TEV.+10:5σῶμα ( sōma) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:7τὸ θέλημά σου ( to thelēma sou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore ὁ θεὸς ( ho theos) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:7Lit in a little head/roll of a scroll/book. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 128). Cf NIV. ἐν κεφαλίδι βιβλίου ( en kepahlidi bibliou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:7Ps 40:6-8 (LXX)+10:8Lit says above. Cf ISV.+10:8κατὰ νόμον ( kata nomon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+10:8Lit which are offered according to the Law. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 219). Cf Brc, GeCL, NIV, NJB, NLT, REB, TEV.+10:9τὸ δεύτερον ( to deuteron) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:10ἡγιασμένοι ( hēgiasmenoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion (with the IT made explicit in translation; see, eg, L-N, 53.44) has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+10:11IT.+10:11Lit every priest. Cf NCV.+10:11καθʼ ἡμέραν ( kath hēmeran) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma and repetition have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:11Cf HCSB.+10:11IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 222).+10:11τὰς αὐτὰς θυσίας ( tas autas thusias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+10:12Lit this one.+10:12Lit for the sake of sins. ME (see BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.). μίαν θυσίαν ( mian thusian) is in a split focal P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν ( huper hamartiōn) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:12Ps 110:1+10:13IT (see, eg, BDAG, 422, sv ἕως 1).+10:13Or the rest patiently awaiting until. Cf Robertson, WPNT, Heb 10:13. Cf also Ps 110:3, 5-7.+10:13Ps 110:1+10:14“Continues” is drawn from the perfect tense here.+10:14The point of the perfect tense here is to convey the ongoing work of the Messiah based on a previous act in the past (the cross). Cf, eg, Jn 17:17-19; Php 1:10; Col 1:22; 1 Th 3:13, 1 Th 5:23; Jud 24.+10:14Lit those who are being sanctified. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+10:16Or laws, or Torah.+10:16ἐπὶ τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν ( epi tēn dianoian autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:16Jr 31:33+10:17IT. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, TEV.+10:17Jr 31:34+10:18IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 226). Cf NCV, NLT.+10:18Lit an offering for/concerning sin. ME/IT (see BDAG, 1030, sv περί 1.g.).+10:19In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals continuity with what precedes, as well as a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at high boundary of the discourse. This is reflected in the translation.+10:19The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NRSV, RSV.+10:19Lit have confidence/fearlessness for the entering. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 228). Cf, eg, Rm 5:2, Eph 2:18, 3:12; Heb 4:16.+10:20The antecedent here is εἴσοδος ( eisodos) from v 19, which here means “coming in, access, entrance” ( ANLEX, 133, sv). The right/privilege of access is primarily in view here (see UBSHS [Heb], 228).+10:20Or living. Cf BDAG, 426, sv ζάω 5; NLT.+10:20Cf Ga 3:21.+10:20Lit that is, of his flesh. ME/IT (see NET Bible Notes, Heb 10:20). Translating “flesh” here according to “Flesh” C (see FBT Chart). Cf NCV, TEV.+10:21The information activated by the participle in v 19 is implied here. Cf most English translations.+10:22The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NCV, NET.+10:22Lit sprinkled [with respect to] the hearts.+10:22Lit a conscience of evil. ME (see BDAG, sv 851, sv πονηρός 1.a.β.).+10:22Lit washed [with respect to] the body.+10:23Or trustworthy, or reliable. πιστὸς ( pistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:25Cf ESV, ISV, NRSV, RSV.+10:25IT. Cf most English translations.+10:25For the range of meaning possible with παρακαλέω ( parakaleō), see translation and note at 2 Co 1:4.+10:25IT. Cf CJB, NCV.+10:25Lit and by so much more to the degree that you see the Day drawing near. The idea being conveyed by the correlative of degree here is that the closer we come to the Day, the more we need to strengthen and encourage one another.+10:26The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+10:26Ἑκουσίως ( Hekousiōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:26οὐκέτι ( ouketi) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+10:26Lit there no longer remains a sacrifice for sins. ME (see ANLEX, sv ἀπολείπω 3; BDAG, 115, sv ἀπολείπω 2; Ibid, 1030, sv περί 1.g.; UBSHS [Heb], 234).+10:27The verb from v 26 is implied here.+10:27φοβερὰ τις ( phobera tis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a strong lexeme has been used in translation to give this element extra focus and strength.+10:27The author uses a chiastic structure here.+10:27This statement applies to “fire.” Since the chiasm has been brought out in translation, I have restated “fire” here to make this clear.+10:27ἐσθίειν ( esthiein) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:28The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of condition. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB. The participle could also be attributive (ie, “anyone who turns his back”; cf, eg, ISV). The meaning is the same either way.+10:28χωρὶς οἰκτιρμῶν ( chōris oiktirmōn) and ἐπὶ δυσὶν ἢ τρισὶν μάρτυσιν ( epi dusin ē trisin martursin) are in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+10:28IT. Cf most English translations.+10:28Dt 17:6+10:28Lit that he dies. Cf CJB, NET, NLT, TEV.+10:29πόσῳ χείρονος ( posō cheironos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb, italics, and a spacer (cf TEV) have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:29IT. Cf TEV.+10:29τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ θεοῦ ( ton huion tou theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective/amplifier and an intensive pronoun have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:29κοινὸν ( koinon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+10:29Lit regarded as common. ME (see ANLEX, 233, sv κοινός; L-N, 65.15).+10:29Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+10:29τὸ πνεῦμα τῆς χάριτος ( to pneuma tēs charitos) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an emphatic adjective and adverbs have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:29Lit the Spirit of grace. ME (see translation and notes at Heb 4:15). Heb 4:15, as well as v 26 above, make it clear that “grace” here is referring to the help and strength that was freely available to people so that they could resist temptation and sin. Cf also Rm 8:26-27; 2 Co 6:1-2; 1 Th 4:1-8.+10:30ἐμοὶ ( emoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:30ἐγὼ ( egō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:30Dt 32:35+10:30Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+10:30Dt 32:36+10:32πολλὴν ἄθλησιν παθημάτων ( pollen athlēsin pathēmatōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+10:32Lit you endured much struggle/contest of sufferings. ME (see BDAG, 1039, sv ὑπομένω 1; UBSHS [Heb], 241).+10:33ὀνειδισμοῖς τε καὶ θλίψεσιν ( oneidismois te kai thlipsesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:33κοινωνοὶ τῶν οὕτως ἀναστρεφομένων ( koinōnoi tōn houtōs anastrephomenon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+10:33Lit at other times having become partners/sharers of those thus being treated. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 242).+10:34τοῖς δεσμίοις ( tois desmiois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+10:34μετὰ χαρᾶς ( meta charas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:34Lit had/possessed a possession. Cf NCV, NRSV, TEV.+10:34κρείττονα καὶ μένουσαν ( kreittona kai menousan) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore adverbs and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, NRSV, TEV, TEV.+10:35ὑπομονῆς ( hupomonēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf NLT.+10:36Heb 10:7, Ps 40:8 (LXX). Cf, eg, 2 Co 4:7-10; Php 3:10; Heb 2:10. The meaning here is that we share in Christ’s suffering by following the Messiah’s example and yielding our own bodies to God as living sacrifices through the Spirit’s power.+10:36The idea of “reward” or “recompense” is activated by κομίζω ( komizō) in the middle voice (see ANLEX, 234, sv). This is fully in keeping with OT covenantal theology (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Ps 106:31). Cf v 35.+10:36Cf Re 2-3.+10:37Is 26:20, Hg 2:6+10:38ἐκ πίστεως ( ek pisteōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:38See translation and note at Ga 3:11. The same applies here.+10:38Hab 2:3-4 (LXX)+10:39ὑποστολῆς εἰς ἀπώλειαν ( hupostolēs eis apōleian) and πίστεως εἰς περιποίησιν ψυχῆς ( pisteōs eis peripoiēsin psuchēs) are in E-O, and constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+10:39Cf Re 21:8.+10:39Lit We are not of shrinking back resulting in destruction/ruin, but of faith resulting in preserving/keeping of the life/soul. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 247). Cf ISV.+11:1Cf TEV.+11:1ἐλπιζομένων ( elpizomenōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:1πραγμάτων οὐ βλεπομένων ( pargmatōn ou blepomenōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The split element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:2ἐν ταύτῃ ( en tautē) is thematically prominent (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra stress. Cf CJB, TEV.+11:2Lit because of/by this. “Faith” is the antecedent. Cf NCV, TEV.+11:3μὴ ἐκ φαινομένων ( mē ek phainomenōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus.+11:3Lit what is seen. ME. Cf NCV, NLT.+11:4πλείονα θυσίαν παρὰ Κάϊν ( pleinona thusian para Kain) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:4Lit by which [faith].+11:4τοῦ θεοῦ ( tou theou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf ISV, NRSV, TEV.+11:4Making the verbal information compressed in the genitive explicit in translation here.+11:4ME/IT (see ESS [Heb], 419; UBSHS [Heb], 255). Cf NLT.+11:4The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+11:4Lit he. Cf NLT, TEV.+11:5Gn 5:24 (LXX)+11:5Gn 5:22 (LXX)+11:6The new development here seems to be explanatory in a nature (see Lane, Montefiore, et al in ESS [Heb], 422), and/or moving from a specific example to a general principle (see Alford et al in ESS [He], 422). Hence the rendering here. Cf also BDAG, 213, δέ 2.+11:6The direct object is implied here.+11:6πιστεῦσαι ὅτι ἔστιν ( pisteusai hoti estin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element. An adverb has also been used to give extra focus to the split element within the ME (see following note).+11:6Lit that he is. ME(OTB) (see NET Bible Notes, Ps 10:4; UBSHS [Ps], 99).+11:6τοῖς ἐκζητοῦσιν αὐτὸν μισθαποδότης ( tois ekzētousin auton misthapodotēs) is in P2 (see BART Display), with μισθαποδότης in an embedded focal position, and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to τοῖς ἐκζητοῦσιν αὐτὸν, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to μισθαποδότης.+11:7Since “Noah” is not a POD (see BART Display), I have decided to use a cleft-construction in translation here. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:7Lit about the things not yet being seen. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 257).+11:7Lit by which [faith].+11:7τῆς κατὰ πίστιν δικαιοσύνης κληρονόμος ( tēs kata pistin dikaosunēs klēronomos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore commans have been used to give extra focus to τῆς κατὰ πίστιν δικαιοσύνης, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to κληρονόμος.+11:7κατὰ πίστιν ( kata pistin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:8Since “Abraham” is not a POD (see BART Display), I have decided to use a cleft-construction in translation here. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:8Or called.+11:8The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NIV.+11:9Cf CJB; UBSHS (Heb), 259.+11:9IT.+11:9ἐν σκηναῖς ( en skēnais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:10The article is functioning anaphorically here, pointing readers to Is 54:11-14.+11:10τοὺς θεμελίους ἔχουσαν ( tous themelious exousan) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+11:10An allusion to Is 54:11-14. Cf Re 21:14, 19.+11:11Lit was barren. ME (see L-N, 23.56). Cf NCV, TEV.+11:11Lit even beyond the time of age. ME (see BDAG, 436, sv ἡλικία 2.a.). δύναμιν εἰς καταβολὴν σπέρματο ( dunamin eis katabolēn spermato) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ παρὰ καιρὸν ἡλικίας ( kai para kairon ēlikias) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+11:11Lit the ability to establish seed. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.49; UBSHS [Heb], 261). Cf NIV, TEV.+11:11Or By faith even Sarah herself, even though she could not have children, received the ability, past the normal age though she was, to conceive, because she regarded the one who had made the promise as faithful. πιστὸν ( piston) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:12Lit That is why also/indeed from one many were begotten, and these things from one dead. ME (see BDAG, 668, sv νεκρόω; UBSHS [Heb], 262). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NIV, RSV, TEV.+11:13Κατὰ πίστιν ( kata pistin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:13πάντες ( pantes) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore repetition has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:13πόρρωθεν ( porrōthen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:13Gn 23:4, 1 Ch 29:15. Cf Ps 39:12, 119:19.+11:13ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοί ( xenoi kai parepidēmois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:13Or on the earth.+11:14πατρίδα ( patrida) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:14Cf Lane and TNT in ESS (Heb), 444.+11:14Cf the translation at Mt 6:33.+11:15Or And.+11:15ἐκείνης ἀφʼ ἧς ἐξέβησαν ( ekeinēs aph’ hēs exebēsan) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a reversed wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:15Lit they would have had good occasion to return. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 265).+11:16κρείττονος ( kreittonos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:16Cf Re 19-22.+11:16θεὸς αὐτῶν ( theos autōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis (through personal correspondence, Dr. Stephen Levinsohn has told me that “their” is the DFE in this situation).+11:16Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Heb], 265).+11:17Since “Abraham” is not a POD (see BART Display), I have decided to use a cleft-construction in translation here. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:17τὸν μονογενῆ ( ton monogenē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and an amplifier have been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:17τὰς ἐπαγγελίας ( tas epangelias) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective and intensive pronoun have been used to give this element extra focus and stress. To allow for this, a passive verb has been used in translation.+11:18ἐν Ἰσαὰκ ( en Isaak) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:18Gn 21:12+11:19Or to raise people.+11:19ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγείρειν ( ek nekrōn egeirein) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ἐκ νεκρῶν ( ek nekrōn) in an embedded focal positon (see BART Display). An emphatic adverb has been used to give extra focus to the embedded focal element. To allow for this, “pit of death” has been used in translation here. In the OT, “pit” is sometimes used to refer to Sheol, the place of the dead (see NET Bible Notes at Ps 28:1).+11:19Lit he.+11:19καὶ ἐν παραβολῇ ( kai en parabolē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+11:20καὶ περὶ μελλόντων ( kai peri mellontōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+11:20Cf Heb 11:1.+11:21ἕκαστον τῶν υἱῶν Ἰωσὴφ ( hekaston tōn huiōn Yōsēph) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:21Gn 47:31 (LXX)+11:22περὶ τῆς ἐξόδου τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ( peri tēs exodou tōn huiōn Yisraēl) and περὶ τῶν ὀστέων αὐτοῦ ( peri tōn osteon autou) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+11:22Lit the exodus of the sons. Making the information compressed in the genitive explicit in translation here. The point here is that the exodus will still future, and therefore unseen, at the time Joseph spoke. Cf Heb 11:1.+11:22Lit sons. ME (see L-N, 11.58).+11:22IT. Cf NLT. Connotations of “confidence” are present in this context because of πίστις (see, eg, BDAG, 818, sv 2).+11:22IT (see Gn 50:25).+11:22IT. See note at “confidently” above.+11:22Cf Heb 11:1.+11:23“Moses” is a POD/Topical frame (see BART Display and LDGNT). The expression of faith expounded upon in the comment, however, is that of Moses’ parents. Hence the rendering here.+11:23ἀστεῖον ( asteion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+11:23Lit saw that he was beautiful. ME/IT (see translation and notes at Ac 7:20; UBSHS [Heb], 270). Cf NIV, NLT.+11:23IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:24Lit denied to be called. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 271).+11:25πρόσκαιρον ἁμαρτίας ἀπόλαυσιν ( proskairon hamartias apolausin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), with ἁμαρτίας in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore commas and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to πρόσκαιρον, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to ἀπόλαυσιν and ἁμαρτίας.+11:26τὸν ὀνειδισμὸν τοῦ Χριστοῦ ( ton oneidismon tou Christou) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:26μείζονα πλοῦτον ( meizona plouton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:26Lit greater riches/wealth. ME. Cf ISV, NIV, NJB, TEV.+11:26Cf CJB, NET, TEV.+11:27τὸν ἀόρατον ὡς ὁρῶν ( ton aoraton hōs horōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with τὸν ἀόρατον in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+11:27Lit because he persisted as seeing the unseen one. ME (see BDAG, 510, sv καρτερέω). Cf NLT.+11:28The verb here is functioning causatively/ergatively (although Moses himself did also keep the Passover). For more on causative/ergative actives (in which the subject is the ultimate source behind the action), see Wallace, Grammar, 411. Cf NLT, TEV; UBSHS (Heb), 275.+11:28Lit so that the one destroying the firstborn might not touch them. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 198, sv θιγγάνω; BDAG, 703, sv ὀλοθρεύω; UBSHS [Heb], 275). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+11:29Since “Israelites” (lit they) is not a POD (see BART Display), I have decided to use a cleft-construction in translation here. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:29Lit they.+11:29Or of the same ground. Lit of which. Restating the antecedent (see ESS [Heb], 467) in translation for the sake of clarity.+11:29πεῖραν ( peiran) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion (with the antecedent restated in translation; see preceding note) has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:29IT. An adversative/contrastive relationship with the preceding clause is implied here. Cf, eg, ESV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+11:30τὰ τείχη Ἰεριχὼ ( ta teichē Yerichō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:30Lit having been encircled/marched around for seven days. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+11:31The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, ISV, LEB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+11:32Lit For the time will fail me telling about. ME (see L-N, 13.41; UBSHS [Heb], 278). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+11:34παρεμβολὰς ἀλλοτρίων ( parembolas allotriōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective (cf NLT) has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+11:35Lit Women received by resurrection their dead. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 280). Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+11:35Lit not accepting the release. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 117, sv ἀπολύτρωσις 1). Cf NLT.+11:35Translating in a way similar to how I have translated at Php 3:11 (see translation and notes there, and also at Lk 20:35).+11:35κρείττονος ἀναστάσεως ( kreittonos anastaseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. The IT (see following note) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+11:35IT (see BDAG, 71, sv ἀνάστασις 2.b.). As BDAG points out, the resurrection mentioned in v 35 is superior to the resurrections to which the author alludes in v 34 because it is not followed by death.+11:36ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων πεῖραν ( emppaigmon kai mastigōn peiran) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ἐμπαιγμῶν καὶ μαστίγων in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+11:36Lit Others received a trial/testing of mocking and flogging.+11:38IT. The same verb governs all of the datives in this verse, which makes it a bit difficult to translate and still convey the effect intended by a string of coordinated items. Both the immediate context, and the OT passages most likely being activated here (see, eg, 1 Sm 22:1-5 and 1 Ki 18:4), indicate that people were hiding in these places. Including “hiding” here (cf NLT) allows for the following elements to be rendered in rapid succession.+11:38ἐπὶ ἐρημίαις καὶ ὄρεσιν καὶ σπηλαίοις καὶ ταῖς ὀπαῖς τῆς γῆς ( epi erēmiais kai oresin kai spēlaiois kai tais opais tēs gēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). A comma has been used to give extra focus to the pre-posed element.+11:38Lit of whom the world was not worthy. ME (see Alford et al in ESS [Heb], 478; UBSHS [Heb], 282). Placing this information here to avoid giving the information in 38b the effect of an anti-climax (a concern raised in the UBSHS). Cf CJB.+11:39πάντες ( pantes) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thefore the negative particle has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:40The participle is interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NASB, NET, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+11:40Cf Lane, REB, and TNT in ESS (Heb), 481.+11:40Or had provided, or had planned, or had foreseen. According to BSL, προβλέπω ( problepō) in this context means “to provide or take measures in preparation for” (see BSL, Heb 11:40, sv).+11:40κρεῖττόν τι ( kreitton ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:40χωρὶς ἡμῶν ( chōris hēmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:40Or be made perfect.+12:1τοσοῦτον νέφος μαρτύρων ( tosouton nephos marturōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb (warranted also on lexical grounds; see, eg, L-N, 59.6) has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for extra focus.+12:1Or host. Lit cloud. ME (see BDAG, 670, sv νέφος; sv L-N, 11.3; UBSHS [Heb], 287). Cf NLT, TEV.+12:1IT (see BDAG, 689, ὄγκος).+12:1ὄγκον πάντα καὶ τὴν εὐπερίστατον ἁμαρτίαν ( onkon panta kai tēn euperistaton hamartian) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). I have tried to bring out the chiasmus in translation here, trying, too, in the process, to this element some extra focus.+12:1διʼ ὑπομονῆς ( di’ hupomonēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:2Or founds, or is the source of.+12:2Or on whom our faith depends from beginning to end. Cf TEV.+12:2αἰσχύνης ( aischunēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:2ME(H)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 291). Cf SpCL.+12:2ἐν δεξιᾷ τοῦ θρόνου τοῦ θεοῦ ( en dexia tou thronou tou theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:3τοιαύτην εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἀντιλογίαν ( toiautēn eis hauton antilogian) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:4μέχρις αἵματος ( mechris haimatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+12:4Lit to the point of blood. ME (see L-N, 23.107; UBSHS [Heb], 292).+12:4Drawing from the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Heb], 292).+12:4ἀνταγωνιζόμενοι ( antagōnizomenoi) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:5Or encouraging. For the range of meaning possible with παράκλησις ( paraklēsis), see translation and note at 2 Co 1:4.+12:5Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:5ὑμῖν ( humin) is a POD/Topical Frame (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a passive construction has been used in translation here.+12:5Lit as sons. ὡς υἱοῖς ( hōs huiois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:5Lit my son. Cf NCV, NLT.+12:5Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+12:6ὃν ἀγαπᾷ κύριος ( hon agapa kurios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+12:6Or he whips, or he scourges. Cf Montefiore in ESS (Heb), 497; NEB in UBSHS (Heb), 295.+12:6Lit son.+12:6Pr 3:11-12+12:7IT. The direct object is implied here. Cf, eg, HCSB, NET, NRSV.+12:7ὡς υἱοῖς ( hōs huiois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:7Lit as with sons.+12:7Lit son.+12:7Lit What son is there whom a father does not discipline? ME. Cf CJB, NIV.+12:8χωρίς παιδείας ( chōris paideias) is in a split focal position P2 (see BART Display; LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+12:8Lit If you are without discipline. ME. Cf CJB, NET, NIV.+12:8Lit of which all have become partakers/sharers. ME. Cf NET.+12:8νόθοι καὶ οὐχ υἱοί ( nothoi kai ouk huioi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and a comma have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis (the comma is also used to signal the explanatory function of the coordinated element; see following note).+12:8The second of the two coordinated elements is interpreted as explanatory of the first. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NIV (2011 edition).+12:9τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν ( tēs sarkos hēmōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:9Lit the fathers of our flesh. ME (see FBT Chart, M, N; UBSHS [Heb], 296).+12:9τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας ( tous tēs sarkos hēmōn pateras) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore εἶτα ( eita) and μὲν ( men) have been used as spacers to give extra focus to this element.+12:9Lit We had the fathers of our flesh as discipliners/instructors. ME. Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT. Cf also this translation of παιδεία with the translation of its cognate παιδεύω at Tit 2:12.+12:9οὐ πολὺ [δὲ] μᾶλλον ( ou polu [de] mallon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element (cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NLT, NRSV). The IT (cf NCV, TEV; the argument here is a from-lesser-to-greater argument) and the implied δὲ (in some manuscripts it is explicitly included the text) have also been used as spacers to the same end.+12:9Cf NRSV.+12:9Lit and. Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where some sort of hypotactic relationship is implied, and/or where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Here a protasis or a result is implied. Cf NCV.Cf NCV.+12:10Lit they.+12:10Lit for a few days. ME. Cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+12:10κατὰ τὸ δοκοῦν αὐτοῖς ( kata to dokoun autois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:10Or at their discretion, or as they were disposed. Lit according to the thing seeming to them. ME ( L-N, 25.7; BDAG, 255, sv δοκέω 2.b.α.).+12:10Lit he.+12:10Lit share his holiness. ME(OTB) (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]). Cf NCV.+12:11πρὸς τὸ παρὸν ( pros to paron) is in P2 (see BART Display), and χαρᾶς ἀλλὰ λύπης ( charas alla lupēs) in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display). The two elements also constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). Therefore, δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to these elements.+12:11Lit at the [time] being present. ME. Cf NLT.+12:11καρπὸν εἰρηνικὸν δικαιοσύνης ( karpon eirēnikon dikaiosunēs) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:12τὰς παρειμένας χεῖρας καὶ τὰ παραλελυμένα γόνατα ( tas pareimenas cheiras kai ta paralelumen gonata) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with παρειμένας and παραλελυμένα in an embedded focal position (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Stephen Levinsohn). The embedded elements have been placed at the end of their respective phrases in translation for extra focus and stress.+12:12Is 35:3+12:13τροχιὰς ὀρθὰς ( troxias orthas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+12:13Pr 4:26. Lit make for your feet straight paths. ME (see NET Bible Notes, Heb 12:13; UBSHS [Heb], 302). Cf TEV.+12:13Lit lest the lame be wrenched/dislocated. ME (see BDAG, 1093, sv χωλός; UBSHS [Heb], 301). Cf ISV.+12:14Εἰρήνην καὶ τὸν ἁγιασμόν, οὗ χωρὶς οὐδεὶς ὄψεται τὸν κύριον ( eirēnēn kai ton hagiasmon hou chōris oudeis opsetai ton kurion) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:15Lit the grace of God. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 1:14 and Heb 4:16; BDAG, 1079, sv χάρις 2; LALS, sv χάρις; L-N, 88.66; UBSHS [1 Pt], 164). People “fall short” of obtaining God’s gracious help by failing to approach the throne of grace in their time of need and temptation (see Heb 4:16).+12:15τις ῥίζα πικρίας ( tis riza pikrias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+12:15Dt 29:18. Lit any root of bitterness. ME (see BDAG, 813, sv πικρία 2).+12:15Lit lest some root of bitterness springing up may cause trouble, and by it many be defiled. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 304).+12:16Or worthless, or profane, or godless.+12:16Lit his birthright. ME (see L-N, 10.44). Cf NIV, NLT.+12:16ἀντὶ βρώσεως μιᾶς ( anti Brōseōs mias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore downtoners have been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+12:16Lit he.+12:17μετανοίας τόπον ( metanoias topon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with μετανοίας in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+12:17Or For it was impossible for him to change his father’s mind. Lit For he did not find a place for repentance. ME (see BDAG, 412, sv εὑρίσκω 3; Ibid, 1012, sv τόπος 4; UBSHS [Heb], 305).+12:17μετὰ δακρύων ( meta dakruōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:17Lit sought it. Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity.+12:18IT (see Ex 19:12-25, 20:18; Dt 4:11, 5:22). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+12:18Cf Ex 19:12-25, 20:18; Dt 4:11, 5:22.+12:19σάλπιγγος ( salpingos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:19Lit and the sound/voice of words, which those having heard begged a word not to be added to them. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. The gap in languages here is obvious.+12:20θηρίον ( thērion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore κἂν ( kan) has been translated ascensively to give extra focus to this element.+12:20The future indicative here is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, LEB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+12:20Ex 19:12, 13+12:21Lit That which appeared. ME. Cf NET.+12:21οὕτω φοβερὸν ( houtō phoberon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καί ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+12:21ἔκφοβός καὶ ἔντρομος ( ekphobos kai entromos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element within the ME (see following note).+12:21Dt 9:19. Lit I am terrified and trembling. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 310).+12:22Lit myriads. ME (see L-N, 60.8; UBSHS [Jud], 42). Cf NLT.+12:23Lit of firstborn ones.+12:23Or made perfect.+12:24διαθήκης νέας ( diathēkēs neas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:24κρεῖττον παρὰ τὸν Ἅβελ ( kreitton para ton Abel) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element within the ME (see following note).+12:24Lit that speaks a better thing than Abel. ME(OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 313). Cf NLT, RSV.+12:25Lit that you don’t decline, or that you don’t refuse. ME/IT (see L-N, 36.27; UBSHS [Heb], 314).+12:25ἐκεῖνοι ( ekeinoi) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+12:25The direct object is implied from the context here. Cf NJB. Cf also translation and note at Heb 2:3.+12:25Lit whey they declined, or when they refused. ME/IT (see L-N, 36.27; UBSHS [Heb], 314).+12:25Drawing from BSL in the translation of χρηματίζω ( chrēmatizō) here (see BSL, Heb 12:25, sv). Cf TEV.+12:25ἐπὶ γῆς ( epi gēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:25τὸν ἀπʼ οὐρανῶν ( ton ap’ ouranōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:25Cf Jn 16:12-15.+12:26τὴν γῆν ( tēn gēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and an adverb (determined from the context; see the quotation that follows in this verse) have been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:26Lit whose.+12:26Hg 2:6+12:27τῶν σαλευομένων ( tōn saleuomenōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final within the ME (see following note) for extra focus and stress.+12:27Lit clearly shows the moving from place of the things that can be shaken. ME (see BSL, Heb 12:27, sv μετάθεσις). God/God’s voice is the implied actor here (see v 26). Cf NCV, TEV.+12:28The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+12:28βασιλείαν ἀσάλευτον ( basileian asaleuton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:28Or are about to receive, or are going to receive. The participle is functioning futuristically in this context. The “kingdom” here is referring to the promised inheritance mentioned throughout Hebrews. Cf 1 Co 6:9-10, 15:50; Ga 5:21; Eph 5:5.+12:28Or must have grace.+12:29Dt 4:24, 9:3