Ephesians 5 (BHT-FTN)

+1:1Lit the saints/holy ones. ME(OTB)/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:2“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NLT, TEV at 1 Ti 6:21.+1:2Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:2χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ( charis kai eirēnē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus commas and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:3Or among the heavenly things. Cf Jb 1-2; Is 11:1-2; Ezk 1:4-28; Eph 1:17, 3:14-19; Col 1:9-11; Heb 9:11-14; Re 4:4-8.+1:3Cf, eg, Rm 5:10, 6:3-23, 7:4, 8:2; Ga 2:20-21.+1:4See note at Rm 8:29. The same applies here. Cf also translation and notes at Jn 17:22.+1:4“For himself” is drawn from the middle voice here.+1:4Cf Rm 8:28-30; 1 Co 2:6-14.+1:4Lit holy. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:5Or in his sight in love, deciding. Cf Eph 5:27; Col 1:22; 1 Th 3:13, 5:23; Jud 24.+1:5Cf Rm 8:29-30 (see translation and notes there). The prefix points back to the time when God made the plan, ie, before creation (cf 1 Co 2:7).+1:5Lit in/because of love pre-appointing for adoption to sonship through Jesus the Messiah to himself. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Rm 8:15, 8:23, 9:4; Gal 3:5). In this section, Paul is addressing believing Jews (cf v 13). It isn’t entirely clear whether “in love/because of love” is to be grouped with this clause or the preceding clause.+1:6Or the glory.+1:6Lit praise the glory/greatness of his grace/gift.+1:6In the LXX, “the beloved” is used to translate “Jeshurun” (cf Dt 33:5; Is 44:2).+1:7Lit in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of transgressions. ME(OTB)/IT (see L-N, 90.65; UBSHS [Eph], 16; translation and notes at Lk 1:68; Ga 4:5-6; Rm 3:24-25, 8:23-25). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:8Cf Eph 3:1-6; Col 1:25-26.+1:9Cf Is 53:10; 1 Pt 1:19-20.+1:9Maintaining consistency in translation with Rm 3:21.+1:9Lit in him. Cf Rm 3:21-31. Here Paul is making shorthand references to the same types of ideas that are expressed in Rm 3:21-31.+1:10Lit for a stewardship/management/administration. ME (see BDAG, 698, sv οἰκονομία 2.b.; BSL, Eph 1:10, sv οἰκονομία; L-N, 30.68; UBSHS [Eph], 19-20).+1:10Lit fullness/completion/fulfillment of the appointed times. Cf Mk 1:15; Ac 14:16, 17:30; Rm 3:25-26; Ga 4:4. πλήρωμα ( plērōma—“fullness,” “completion,” “carrying out”) here is simply the noun form of πληρόω ( plēroō—“fulfill,” “complete,” “carry out”). Straight verbal constructions, because they are less compressed, are often more clear than verbal nouns with respect to their intended meaning. Throughout the NT, when πληρόω is used with a temporal lexeme, the temporal lexeme always functions as the subject (see, eg, Mk 1:15; Lk 21:24; Jn 7:8; Ac 7:23, 7:30, 9:23). Consequently, τῶν καιρῶν ( tōn kairōn) here is most likely functioning as a subjective genitive. Cf NCV. V 9 is almost certainly a reference to the cross (cf Rm 3:25).+1:10Or to renew the whole creation in the Messiah, or to sum up the whole creation in the Messiah. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. For a summary of the primary interpretative options with regard to ἀνακεφαλαιόω ( anakephalaioō) here, see ESS (Eph), 42, and NET Bible Notes, Eph 1:10. The broader context of Ephesians (cf 1:20-23, 2:6-7, 3:7-11), and many other statements in the NT (cf, eg, Mt 28:18-19; Jn 3:35, 13:3, 17:2; Ac 2:36; Rm 14:9; Php 2:9, 10; Col 2:10; Heb 1:2, 2:8; 1 Pt 3:22), favor the interpretation included in the text.+1:11Or have been chosen as God’s special possession. Cf Jn 8:34; Rm 8:17. Some interpreters understand the verb here in the sense of “receive the inheritance,” but that is unlikely here (unless the aorist is interpreted as functioning proleptically), since the inheritance is future (cf v 18).+1:11See note at v 5 (the same verb is used there).+1:11Cf Rm 8:28.+1:12A concrete expression is most likely in view here (see BDAG, 357, sv ἔπαινος 1.b.). Also, the idiom “to be for [something]” means to function as/to serve as (cf, eg, the HCSB, NCV, NET, and NIV at Gn 1:14-15). Here, the idea of function transfers more naturally into English through a simple verb form (cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV). Hence the translation here. Paul is providing the grounds (a common receipt of mercy) for united praise between Jew and Gentile. Cf v 14; Rm 11:28-12:1, 15:6-8.+1:12Or glory.+1:12Cf Ex 19:6, 33: 2 Ch 5:14, 7:1; Ps 29:9; Jr 31:35-36, 33:19-22; Ezk 40-48; Mt 10:6, 15:24; Ac 1:8, 10:36; Rm 1:16, 11:5-6, 11:28-32.+1:13Looking to several passages (Lk 24:41; Ac 13:46-48, 14:27, 28:28; Rm 11:11) for clarity as to the verbal information compressed in the genitive here.+1:13Cf Lk 24:41; Ac 13:46-48, 14:27, 28:28; Rm 11:11.+1:14Here the second person plural pronoun is inclusive (in contrast to v 12). Cf Eph 2:18-22, 3:6.+1:14Lit who is the down payment of our inheritance [to come], until/toward/for the redemption of the purchased possession. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Lk 1:68; Ga 4:5-6; Rm 8:23). The full payment comes at the Second Coming, when the saints receive their resurrected bodies.+1:14Or glory. Cf Rm 15:7-13.+1:15Lit the holy ones.+1:16Lit making mention of you. ME (see BDAG, 654, sv μνεία 2).+1:17IT. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NRSV.+1:17Or the glorious Father, or the Father of the glory.+1:17Lit may give you the Spirit/a spirit of wisdom and revelation in/through/so that knowledge of him. ME (see BDAG, 112, sv ἀποκάλυψις 1.a.; ESS [Eph], 71-2; L-N, 89.48, 89.80; NET Bible Notes, Eph 1:17; UBSHS [Eph], 30-31; Robertson, Word Pictures, 1 Jn 2:15; TWOT, 366, sv yāda‘; cf Jn 14:17, 15:26, 16:13 Col 1:9-12). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV. The language in this verse is highly compressed. While an attributed genitive is grammatically possible here (ie, “spiritual wisdom”; see Wallace, Grammar, 90-1; NET Bible Notes, Eph 1:17; cf NET, NLT), Is 11:2, which is almost certainly where Paul is drawing from in his prayers related to the work of the Spirit (cf Eph 3:14 and Col 1:9-11), makes it clear that the quality attributed is related to the Holy Spirit as the source of wisdom, or the means through which wisdom is imparted (cf 1 Co 2:10; 12:8; Eph 3:16), ie, Spirit-produced/supplied wisdom (cf interpretation 1 in ESS [Eph], 71). If the Holy Spirt is in fact what Paul is referring to here, as is likely, the context makes it clear (see Eph 1:14 above) that it isn’t the initial receiving of the Spirit that is in view, but the ongoing work of the Spirit, which results in increased knowledge (the ongoing/increasing/further development of the knowledge being signaled in a highly compressed way through the attachment of the prefix ἐπί [ epi] to γνωσις [ gnōsis]). The Spirit as the source/producer of wisdom and understanding is more naturally expressed in English with a marker of means (cf 1 Co 2:10; Eph 3:16). All of these factors have been taken into consideration in translation here.+1:18ME(H) (see translation and notes at Mk 3:5; Rm 1:21).+1:18Lit the hope of the calling/summoning/invitation of him. Cf translation and notes at 1 Th 1:12 and 2 Th 1:11; BDAG, 549, sv κλῆσις 1; UBSHS (Eph), 32; NCV, NEB, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+1:18Cf 1 Th 1:12; 1 Co 2:6-13.+1:18Or the riches of his glorious inheritance. Though a possessive genitive is possible here (cf Eph 1:14 above; cf also, eg, Dt 9:28, 32:9; Ps 2:8, 28:9), other passages in Paul indicate that the genitive is most likely functioning in the source/subjective range (cf, eg, Rm 2:7, 4:13-14, 8:17; 1 Co 2:8-10; Ga 3:18, 3:29; Eph 1:11 [see translation and notes above], 3:6; Col 1:12, 27; 1 Th 2:12; 2 Th 2:14; cf also 1 Pt 1:4). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV; ESS (Eph), 80 (interpretation 2); UBSHS (Eph), 33.+1:18Or with, or in, or in the case of. Cf Eph 2:19, 3:6; Col 1:12.+1:18Lit the holy ones/saints. Cf Ezk 47:21-23; Jn 17:20-26; Ac 10:44-47; Rm 8:16-17; Ga 4:1-7; Eph 1:12-14, 2:19, 3:6; Col 1:12.+1:19Or toward, or with reference to. Cf Eph 1:20, 3:20; CJB, TEV.+1:19The second person plural pronoun is inclusive here. Cf Ga 4:1-7. Here Paul is continuing to make highly compressed yet nuanced statements about the “mystery.”+1:19Cf Jn 17:20-26; Ac 10:44-47; Ga 4:1-7.+1:20Lit according to the working of the might of the strength of him, which he put to work. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 34). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+1:20Or among the heavenly things. Cf Jb 1:6, 2:1; 1 Ki 22:19-22; 2 Ch 18:18-21; Ps 82; 103:20-22; Zc 3:1-5; Re 4-5.+1:21Or every name that is given. Lit every name that is named. In this context, “to name” most likely means to call upon an authority (see BDAG, 714, sv ὀνομάζω 2), and in this context focuses on the lesser spiritual authorities over creation. Cf Mt 28:18-19; Jn 3:35, 13:3, 17:2; Ac 2:36; Rm 14:9; 1 Co 8:4-7; Eph 1:9-10; Php 2:9-10; Col 2:10; Heb 1:2, 2:8; 1 Pt 3:22.+1:22Lit he.+1:22πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:22Ps 8:6+1:22Lit him.+1:22The dative here is interpreted as a dative of advantage. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Rm 8:26-30; Eph 5:22-29; 1 Th 2:12, 3:11-13, 4:4-8, 5:23-24; 2 Th 1:5, 11.+1:23Lit his.+1:23Cf Eph 5:29-32.+1:23“Himself” is drawn from the middle voice here.+1:23Or in all things, or through all things, or among all human beings.+1:23Or to completion, or to fulfillment. The meaning here is most likely focused on God bringing the creation toward its final goal as defined according to his plan. Cf Rm 8:26-38; Eph 1:9-14. πληρουμένου ( plēroumenou) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow part of this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:1Lit and you, or including you. Καὶ ( kai) here indicates that the information in this verse is to be processed in connection with what precedes (see ESS [Eph], 103; ESS [Col], 69; cf NLT at Col 1:21-22 [although there, a verb is explicit]).+2:1“You” here is in the accusative case, indicating that it is most likely connected to an implied verb (possibly “reconcile”; cf Col 1:21-22). However, Paul never actually uses an explicit main verb amidst the series of clauses here, and therefore the participle itself has been rendered as a finite verb for more natural transference into English. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV.+2:2Lit according to [the standard] of the age of this world system. ME (see BSL, Eph 2:2, sv κόσμος; BDAG, 562, sv κόσμος 7.b.). Cf Ga 1:4.+2:2IT. A standard is implied by the preposition used here.+2:2Lit the ruler of the authority of the air. ME (see L-N, 12.445; UBSHS [Eph], 41). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV. According to the interpretation reflected in the translation, “authority” is a metonymy for the beings who are exercising it (cf ESS [Eph], 108).+2:2Cf Dn 7:1-27, 10:18-11:1; 2 Th 2:1-7; Re 12:1-13:4, 17:9-14.+2:2Or in. Cf 2 Co 4:4.+2:2Lit the sons of disobedience. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 9.4; NET Bible Notes, Eph 5:6; UBSHS [Eph], 41).+2:3πάντες ( pantes) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been segmented with commas for extra focus.+2:3Cf TEV.+2:3Lit in the desires of our flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” O (see FBT Chart).+2:3Lit doing the will of the flesh and of the thoughts. ME. Cf translation and notes at Rm 1:21, 8:5-6, 13:14; Ga 5:16; Eph 4:18. The meaning is the same here.+2:3Lit we were children by nature of wrath. ME (see BDAG, 1069, sv φύσις 1; ESS [Eph], 118; UBSHS [Rm], 43). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV. Cf also Col 3:6.+2:4πλούσιος ἐν ἐλέει ( plousious en eleei) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; LDGNT). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element.+2:4Lit because of his great love with which he loved us. This is a cognate accusative, and as such, may be giving more emphasis to the clause. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, TEV.+2:5χάριτί ( chariti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:5Lit by grace/gift.+2:5Or delivered.+2:6IT (see UBSHS [Rm], 113; UBSHS [Eph], 45). Cf Rm 6:1-5; Col 2:12. The aorist tense is used here, and in this context refers either to a past event, or the certainty of a future event (ie, it is functioning proleptically). Because this phrase is closely connected with “seated us with him,” it is most likely not functioning proleptically here. If that is in fact the case, then, as the UBSHS points out (see UBSHS [Eph], 45; cf also ESS [Eph], 125), “raised” is being employed figuratively (obviously, believers haven’t actually been raised from the dead yet; cf 2 Ti 2:18). Col 2:12 (note the many parallels and the similarity of language between Eph 2 and Col 2:6-15) makes it clear that the figurative language is being used in reference to baptism: “...having been buried with him in baptism, in which [“baptism” being the antecedent] you were also raised to life with him” (ESV, parenthetical comment mine).+2:6The figurative language here (see preceding note) isn’t being used to describe a spiritual “rule in the heavenly world” (TEV), but simply means that the Messiah is in the Father’s presence interceding on behalf of those who are united with him through the Holy Spirit. Cf Jb 33:23-28; Rm 6:10-11, 8:26-34; Eph 1:18-22, 2:18, 3:12; Heb 4:16. The saints only begin to reign with the Messiah at the Second Coming (see, eg, 1 Co 4:8-13, 6:1-3; Re 2:25-29; 19:11-20:6).+2:6Or among the heavenly things.+2:7Cf NIV, TEV.+2:7Or in, or because of.+2:7Cf Rm 3:21-26, 5:1-11, 8:28-29; 1 Co 2:6-10.+2:8ἐξ ὑμῶν ( ex humōn) and θεοῦ τὸ δῶρον ( theou to dōron) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements. Also, θεοῦ ( theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore the main point has been structured to give primary focus to this element, which has also been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:9Lit so that someone may not boast. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 1:14).+2:10αὐτοῦ ποίημα ( autou poiēma) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The DFE has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:10Cf, eg, Ps 28:5, Ps 92:4 (91:5 in the LXX); Is 29:23; Ac 7:48; Eph 2:11, Col 2:11.+2:10IT (see UBSHS [Eph], 47; cf 2 Co 5:16). Cf NLT.+2:10Cf Rm 9:23 (the same verb is used here). Cf also ISV, NLT.+2:10Lit for good deeds, which God prepared beforehand, that in them we may walk. ME (see BDAG, 8903, περιπατέω 2; ESS [Eph], 136; UBSHS [Eph], 48). Cf ISV. That this is in line with Paul’s intended meaning is confirmed by passages such as Rm 6:4, 8:28-30; 1 Th 4:2-8; and 2 Th 2:13-15 (cf translation and notes at these places). περιπατήσωμεν ( peripatēsōmen) is in a DFE position, and therefore the information activated by this element has been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress.+2:11Cf NJB.+2:11Lit Gentiles in flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” M (see FBT Chart). Cf L-N, 10.1.+2:11Lit in flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C (see FBT Chart).+2:12Lit you were apart from the Messiah. ME (see interpretation 2 in ESS [Eph], 143; UBSHS [Eph], 52). Since τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ ( tō kairō ekeinō) is most likely referring to the era of history prior to the Messiah’s actual arrival at the First Coming (cf, eg, Mt 28:19-20; Lk 24:46-49; Ac 14:16, 17:20; Rm 3:25-26; Eph 1:9-10; 1 Pt 4:3), “the Messiah” here is being used here as a metonymical reference to Israel’s knowledge about, and hope in, the Messiah, based on the oracles with which she had been entrusted (see Rm 3:2). Cf “having no hope” later in the verse.+2:12Or from the commonwealth, or from the citizenship, or from the polity, or from the system of government. πολιτεία ( politeia) here refers to a socio-political/socio-religious entity, characterized and united by a particular way of life (see BDAG, 845, sv 2, 3; L-N, 11.67). Cf, eg, 2 Mac 8:17 (“the government of their fathers” [Brenton]; “ancestral citizenship” [LES]; “ancestral way of life” [NRSV]); 4 Mac 8:7 (“your national ordinance” [Brenton]; “ancestral laws of your nation” [LES]; “the ancestral tradition of your national life” [NRSV]). In the case of Israel, the culture and national “way of life” was shaped by the interpretation and application of the Law of Moses, in context to Israel’s advantages and privileged status as God’s chosen nation (cf Rm 3:1-2). The religious and cultural aspect of the polity is significant, because it provided the context in which the knowledge of the true God (including knowledge of his promises concerning the Messiah; see translation and note in the preceding clause), was fostered, articulated, and passed on from one generation to the next.+2:12Lit strangers to. ME (see BDAG, 684, sv ξένος 1.b.). Cf NLT.+2:12μὴ ἔχοντες ( mē echontes) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:12 Lit without God in the world. ME (see BDAG, 24, sv ἄθεος 1; L-N, 12.2; DBL Greek, #117; UBSHS [Eph], 53). Cf NLT.+2:13Cf Is 57:19.+2:14Lit who made the two one. ME (see translation and notes at Ga 3:28; cf also BDAG, 291, sv εἷς 1.b.). Cf NLT.+2:14τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ ( to mesotoichon tou phragmou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+2:14Lit the dividing wall of the fence/partition. ME. Cf CJB, NLT. This may be a reference to the wall in the temple precincts that divided the court of the Gentiles (the outside court) from the Jewish areas (see FSB, Eph 2:14; Robertson, Word Pictures, Eph 2:14; UBSHS [Eph], 55). Cf Ac 21:28.+2:15Or having abolished, or having brought to an end. Cf HCSB.+2:15Lit in/through his flesh. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 55). Cf Rm 7:4. Commentators are divided as to where ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ αὐτοῦ ( en tē sarki autou—“in/through his flesh”) should be grouped (see ESS [Eph], 159). Rm 7:4 is what causes me to favor grouping it with καταργήσας ( katargēsas). Cf NET, NIV, RSV. Also, τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐντολῶν ἐν δόγμασιν ( ton nomon tōn entolōn en dogmasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ αὐτοῦ ( en tē sarki autou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:15Lit the Law of the commandments in decrees/regulations/ordinances. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 118, sv δόγμα 118; BSL, Eph 2:15, sv νόμος; BDAG, sv δόγμα 1.a.; ESS [Eph], 161; UBSHS [Eph], 56). Cf CSB. Cf Rm 2:20, 2:26, 3:27-28, 7:1-6, 8:4, 13:10; 1 Co 9:20-21; Ga 3:19-25, 5:3.+2:15Cf Jn 17.+2:16IT. Cf NLT; UBSHS (Eph), 58.+2:16Cf 2 Co 5:16-21.+2:16Lit on it. Or through it, or through himself.+2:17Lit he.+2:17Cf Is 57:19; Mt 28:16-20; Lk 24:46-49; Ac 1:8.+2:18Or namely, that (appositional ὅτι); or so that (consecutive ὅτι).+2:18Trying to maintain some measure of consistency in translation here with Rm 5:3 (see translation and notes there).+2:18Cf Ac 10:44-48; Ga 4:1-7.+2:19IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:19Lit aliens. ME (see BSL, Eph 2:19, sv πάροικος; L-N, 11.77; UBSHS [Eph], 60).+2:19Lit the holy ones/saints. Cf Ezk 47:21-23.+2:21πᾶσα οἰκοδομὴ ( pasa oikodomē) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:22IT. Cf NLT.+2:22Cf NCV.+3:1Cf NLT, REB.+3:1Lit the prisoner of Messiah Jesus. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 67, 93). Making the information compressed in the genitive explicit in translation.+3:2The genitive is interpreted here as functioning appositionally. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Rm 1:5; 2 Co 10:8.+3:2Lit the grace of God. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 1:5; cf 2 Co 10:18; Ga 2:7). Cf ESS (Eph), 197.+3:2Cf Rm 1:5; 1 Co 4:1-2.+3:3κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν ( kata apokalupsin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:3Lit just as I wrote above in little. ME (see BDAG, 867, sv προγράφω; UBSHS [Eph], 70).+3:4Lit in reference to which/in accordance with which you can, reading.... ME. Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, NET, NLT.+3:5ἑτέραις ( heterais) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:5Lit the sons of men. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 9.2). Cf CJB, ISV, TEV.+3:6Cf Ac 10:44-48, 11:17-18, 15:6-17; Ga 4:1-7.+3:7Lit according to the gift of the grace of God which was given to me according the working of his power. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 1:5; 1 Co 1:1; Ga 1:15, 2:8; Eph 1:19; UBSHS [Eph], 75; cf also 1 Ti 1:11-16).+3:8Ἐμοὶ τῷ ἐλαχιστοτέρῳ πάντων ἁγίων ( emoi tō elachistoterō pantōn hagiōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been use to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:8Lit the holy ones.+3:8Lit that this grace. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 1:5; v 3:2 above).+3:8τοῖς ἔθνεσιν ( tois ethnesin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:9Lit the stewardship/management/administration. ME (see translation and notes at Eph 1:9-10; the meaning is the same here).+3:9Or kept hidden from the spiritual powers.+3:9IT (see ESS [Eph], 220; cf Brc). Cf Rm 11:33-34; 1 Co 2:16.+3:9κτίσαντι ( ktisanti) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:10ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ θεοῦ ( hē polupoikiloa sophia tou theou) is receiving thematic (or possibly focal) prominence here (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra prominence (with the help of a dummy subject).+3:10Or heavenly things.+3:10Cf Re 7:9-12. πολυποίκιλος ( polupoikilos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore adjectives (“many” is also warranted also on lexical grounds; see, eg, ANLEX, 321, sv πολυποίκιλος) have been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed at the end of the phrase to the same end.+3:10Or in all its rich variety. Cf Jb 11:5-9, 28:12-28, 33:23-28. Cf also Re 7:9-12.+3:11Cf 1 Co 2:7.+3:12Lit in whom we have the boldness/fearlessness and right to approach [God] to address [him] in confidence. “Boldness” and “right to approach” here are likely functioning as a hendiadys (ie, the use of coordination to express a unified concept).+3:12Or through his faithfulness, or through faith in him.+3:13Or That is why I ask you not to give up.+3:13The antecedent has been restated in the translation for clarity.+3:13The meaning here is similar to 2 Co 4:12 (see translation and notes there). Cf Rm 2:10; 2 Co 1:4-8, 3:18; Col 1:27, 3:4.+3:14Lit I bend my knees. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 83).+3:15Cf Gn 6:2-4; Dt 32:8; Jb 1:6, 2:1, 38:7.+3:15πᾶσα πατριὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς καὶ ἐπὶ γῆς ( pasa patria en ouranois kai epi gēs) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+3:15Cf Ps 87; Ga 4:1-7.+3:16The clause here is dependent on vv 14 (see UBSHS [Eph], 83). Cf NCV, TEV.+3:16δυνάμει ( dunamei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore κατὰ τὸ πλοῦτος τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ( ploutos tēs doxēs autou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:16ἔσω ( esō) in an embedded focal position (confirmed with Stephen Levinsohn through personal correspondence), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:17The following clause is interpreted as a contemplated purpose or result (see note at “hearts” below). The phrase here most likely means something similar to Col 3:16 (cf “richly” there and “riches” in v 16 above). Also, κατοικέω ( katoikeō) means to “live or dwell in a place in an established or settled matter” ( L-N, 85.69).+3:17ME(H)/IT (see notes at Mk 3:5; Rm 1:21).+3:17The participles here are interpreted as signaling contemplated purpose and resultant state (cf ESS [Eph], 252, interpretation 1.1). This is reflected in the translation. Cf Rm 16:25; 2 Co 1:21; 1 Th 3:2, 3:11-13, 2 Th 2:17, 3:3-5; Col 2:7.+3:17ἐρριζωμένοι καὶ τεθεμελιωμένοι ( errizōmenoi kai tethemeliōmenoi) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; note, however, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion and adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:18IT. Cf NCV.+3:18Lit the holy ones.+3:18Or of his love. The object of the dimensions is not explicitly stated in the text, and must therefore be inferred from the context. The implied object is most likely the love of God or the wisdom of God (see NET Bible Notes, Eph 3:18; UBSHS [Eph], 87). This type of language is common in the wisdom literature (see, eg, Jb 11:7-9, 28:1-28). In the NET Bible Notes on this verse, it is claimed that the immediate context favors the “love of God” interpretation. I disagree. καταλαμβάνω ( katalalambanō—“to grasp/understand”) clearly activates the concept of knowledge/wisdom (wisdom and knowledge are frequently paralleled in the wisdom literature; see, eg, Pr 2:6), and it is just as good a candidate as the love of God (cf Rm 11:33). Besides having the OT background on its side, the broader context of Ephesians also favors the wisdom/plan of God (which of course includes the love of God). Cf also Col 2:3.+3:19ὑπερβάλλουσαν τῆς γνώσεως ( huperballousan tēs gnōseōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:19Lit filled to/until/to the point of/up to all the fullness of God. ME (see BDAG, 829, sv 3.b.; UBSHS [Eph], 88). Cf NLT, TEV. In this context, πλήρωμα ( plērōma) means a “sum total,” or a “full measure” ( BDAG) relating to the divine nature (cf Col 2:9-10). Cf Rm 15:13-14, 5:18; Ga 5:22-23; Php 1:11; Col 1:9, 2:9-10; 1 Th 2:12; 1 Pt 1:15-16; 2 Pt 1:3.+3:20ὑπὲρ πάντα ὧν αἰτούμεθα ἢ νοοῦμεν ( huper panta hōn aitoumetha ē nooumen) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore κατὰ τὴν δύναμιν τὴν ἐνεργουμένην ἐν ἡμῖν ( kata tēn energoumenēn en hēmin) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+4:1In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals both continuity with what precedes, as well as a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of the discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). Here it is interpreted as functioning at a high boundary of the discourse. This is reflected in the translation.+4:1Lit the prisoner in the Lord. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 67, 93).+4:1ἀξίως τῆς κλήσεως ἧς ἐκλήθητε ( axiōs tēs klēseōs hēs eklēthēte) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to emphasize the pre-posed element.+4:1Or invitation, or calling.+4:1Lit to walk worthily/suitably/appropriately of the calling/summons by which you were called/summoned. Cf. 1 Th 2:12, 4:1-8; Php 1:27).+4:3Or through.+4:3Cf Eph 2:14-17.+4:4Lit just as you were called with regard to/one hope of your calling. ME (see translation and notes at Eph 1:18, 1 Th 1:12, and 2 Th 1:11). Cf TNT.+4:6Or of all things.+4:6Cf Brc.+4:6The “alls” here relate to the different peoples that make up humankind, who are being offered the gospel. Cf Rm 3:2-30; Eph 3:7-13; Col 3:10-11.+4:6Cf CJB, NAB, TEV, TNT.+4:7Ἐνὶ δὲ ἑκάστῳ ( heni hekastō) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τῆς δωρεᾶς τοῦ Χριστοῦ ( kata to metron tēs dōreas tou Christou) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:7Lit To each of us grace was given according to the measure of the gift of the Messiah. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 97; translation and notes at Rm 1:5, 12:6; 1 Co 3:10).+4:8Lit took captivity captive. ME (see BDAG, 31, αἰχμαλωσία 31; L-N, 55.24).+4:8Ps 68:18 (LXX)+4:9Lit Now the “he ascended,” what is it, except that also he descended into the lower parts of the earth? ME/EFE (see UBSHS [Eph], 99). Cf NCV, NLT, REB, TEV. The discrepancy in languages here is obvious.+4:9Or to the lower regions of the earth.+4:10Lit he himself is the one who. Though the pronoun is technically intensive, its function here is to stress continuity with the one who “ascended.” Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:10Maintaining consistency in translation with Eph 1:20 (see translation and notes there).+4:11The verb here relates back to v 8, but with application to these particular groups, who are his “gift.” Cf TEV.+4:12Lit the holy ones.+4:12Or to equip the saints, or to prepare the saints. Cf 1 Co 1:10; 2 Co 13:9-11 (where the verbal cognate is used).+4:12Lit for [the purpose of] a work of ministry/service. ME (see BDAG, 230, sv διακονία 3). If this punctuation is adopted (cf ASV, KJV, LEB, ISV), διακονία ( dikaonia) means to “function in the interest of a larger public” ( Ibid). Cf 21 Th 5:12-13; Ti 4:5; 1 Pt 5:1-5; Heb 13:7, 17.+4:13Or until we arrive at unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God. Lit arrive at the unity of the faith/of faith and the knowledge of the Son of God. Commentators are divided here as to whether faith and knowledge are referring to experience or doctrine and the content of the faith (see, eg, ESS [Eph], 313). While sound doctrine is certainly implied here throughout the context (see vv 14-15), v 3 (the only other place in the NT where ἑνότης [ henotēs—“unity”] is used; “the unity of the Spirit”), causes me to favor the former interpretation here. In v 13, the genitive is almost certainly functioning in the subjective/source/production range (see ESS [Eph], 280; UBSHS [Eph], 94-5; cf CJB, TEV), and means “the unity that comes as the Spirit does his work in and through and among us.” In Pauline theology, new life through the Spirit and “knowing Christ” are inseparable concepts, and it is highly possible that Paul is referring to the same thing here. If this is in fact what Paul means, then on a practical level, the “unity” takes the form of what Paul describes in places like Rm 14 and 1 Co 8, where believers, under the Spirit’s leadership as he guides their consciences, lay down their own lives for one another in conformity with Jesus’ example on the cross, as a result of which stumbling blocks are removed and unity is produced. Again, the experiential interpretation assumes sound, cross-centered teaching (cf, eg, 1 Co 4:8-17).+4:13Cf Eph 2:15.+4:13Lit to the measure of the stature of the fullness of the Messiah. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 104). Cf NEB, TEV.+4:14Lit by clever scheming in/in accordance with/with a view to the craftiness of deceit.+4:15Or speaking the truth.+4:15Lit let us grow up into him in all respects, who is the head, the Messiah. ME (see BDAG, 151, sv αὐξάνω 2.b.; UBSHS [Eph], 106).+4:16“For its own good” is drawn from the middle voice of the verb here.+4:16τὴν αὔξησιν τοῦ σώματος ( tēn auxēsin tou sōmatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore κατ’ ἐνέργειαν ἐν μέτρῳ ἑνὸς ἑκάστου μέρους ( kat’ energeian en metrō henos hekastou merous) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+4:16Lit from whom the whole body, being joined together and held together through every joint of supply/support, according to the working in measure of each single part, makes the growth of the body for/resulting in the building up of itself in love. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 107). The gap in languages is obvious here. Cf most English translations.+4:17Lit I say this and warn. Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Th 2:11 (see translation and notes there). Cf Eph 5:5; 1 Th 4:1-7.+4:17ME/IT (see translation and notes at 1 Th 4:1). Cf NLT.+4:17καὶ τὰ ἔθνη ( kai ta ethnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:17Lit in the futility of their thoughts/minds. ME (see translation and notes at Rm 1:21). The meaning is the same here.+4:18ἐσκοτωμένοι τῇ διανοίᾳ ( eskotōmenoi tē dianoia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:18Or in their mind, or in their understanding.+4:18The same verb is used here as is used in v 2:12.+4:18Lit because of the ignorance that is in them, because of the hardness of their hearts. See translation and notes at Mk 3:5.+4:19ἑαυτοὺς ( heautous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, however, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:19πάσης ( pasēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:19Or with an insatiable desire for more.+4:20οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun, definite article, and emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+4:20 You did not thus learn the Messiah. ME (see BDAG, 615, sv μανθάνω 1; UBSHS [Eph], 112). As BDAG points out, “Messiah” here is being used as a reference to Christian teaching. Cf Col 3:5-10; Eph 5:1-5; 1 Th 4:1-8.+4:21ἠκούσατε ( ēkousate) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:21Lit in him. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 113). Cf NEB, TEV, TNT.+4:21ἐδιδάχθητε ( edidachthēte) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:22προτέραν ( proteran) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:22IT. The picture here is of taking off clothing (see BSL, Eph 4:22, sv ἀποτίθημι). Cf Ga 3:27.+4:22παλαιὸν ( palaion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:22Or self, or humanity. Lit man.+4:22Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Co 4:16 (see translation and notes there).+4:23The middle/passive infinitive is interpreted as functioning permissively (for the same reasons discussed by the UBSHS at 2 Co 13:11; see UBSHS [2 Co], 244; cf BDAG, 68, sv ἀνανεόω 1; UBSHS [Rm], 235). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NLT.+4:24καινὸν ( kainon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:24Or self, or humanity. Lit the new man. Cf 2 Co 5:16.+4:24κατὰ θεὸν ( kata theon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:24Cf 1 Th 2:12; 1 Pt 1:15.+4:25Zc 8:16+4:25Lit we are members/parts of one another. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. ἀλλήλων ( allēlōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis. Cf Rm 12:5.+4:26A concession is implied in the imperative here (see BDF, §387; UBSHS [Eph], 117). Cf NLT, TEV.+4:26Ps 4:4. Cf TEV.+4:26Cf CJB, NET.+4:28A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+4:29πᾶς λόγος σαπρὸς ( pas logos sapros) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress (with the help of a dummy subject).+4:29Lit it (ie, your speech/talk). Cf TEV.+4:29Lit so that it may give grace. ME (see BDAG, 1079, sv χάρις 3.a.; UBSHS [Eph], 119). Cf NAB, NCV, NEB, NIV, NLT, NJB, TEV, TNT.+4:30Lit of redemption. ME(OTB) (see at Lk 1:68). Cf 2 Co 1:22; Eph 1:13.+4:31The passive imperative is interpreted as functioning permissively (for the same reasons discussed by the UBSHS at 2 Co 13:11; see UBSHS [2 Co], 244; cf BDAG, 68, sv ἀνανεόω 1; UBSHS [Rm], 235). This is reflected in the translation.+4:31Lit from you.+4:31πᾶσα πικρία καὶ θυμὸς καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ κραυγὴ καὶ βλασφημία ( pasa pikria kai thumos kai orgē kai kraugē kai blasphēmia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:31Or blasphemy.+4:32Or through, or because of.+4:32ἐν Χριστῷ ( en christō) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:1Lit Be imitators of God. ME. Cf, eg, 1 Th 1:6.+5:2Or on our behalf, or in our place, or for our sake. See notes at Ga 1:4. When the Messiah’s death is used as an example of behavior that is to be emulated, benefaction is primarily in view (though the substitutionary and representative aspects are always implied even in these cases).+5:2Cf LXX at Ex 29:18.+5:3Πορνεία καὶ ἀκαθαρσία πᾶσα ἢ πλεονεξία ( porneia kai akatharsia pasa ē pleonexia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and dashes have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:3πᾶσα ( pasa) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:3Lit let not immorality...be named among you. ME (see L-N, 33.93; UBSHS [Eph], 126).+5:3Lit saints/holy ones. ME(OTB)/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+5:4Lit and. This verse is dependent on the verb in the main clause of v 3.+5:4Lit but rather thanksgiving.+5:6Μηδεὶς ( mēdeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:6Lit the sons of disobedience. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at Eph 2:2). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:7Lit So don’t become sharers with them. ME. BSL defines συμμέτοχος ( summetochos) here as “a person who partakes of the same object as another.” The object jointly partaken of is made clear by the context here (cf interpretation 1.1 in ESS [Eph], 430). Cf 1 Th 4:1-8.+5:8Here, “light” and “darkness” are being used metonymically for the persons themselves, and therefore something stronger than simply “in the darkness” may be meant here (see ESS [Eph], 432). Hence the rendering here. Cf NCV, NLT.+5:8ὡς τέκνα φωτὸς ( hōs tekna phōtos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+5:8Lit as children of light. ME(I/F) (see translation and notes at 1 Th 5:5).+5:9Lit the fruit/harvest of the light consists in. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 130). Cf NLT, TEV.+5:12κρυφῇ ( kruphē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:12αἰσχρόν καὶ λέγειν ( aischron kai legein) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). καὶ has been rendered ascensively to give extra focus to the split element.+5:13ME/IT (see ANLEX, 396, sv φανερόω 2.b.; UBSHS [Eph], 132). Cf TEV.+5:14Lit is light. ME (see BDAG, 1073, sv φῶς 3). φῶς ( phōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:15ὡς ἄσοφοι ( hōs asophoi) and ὡς σοφοί ( hōs sophoi) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint in order to give extra focus to these constituents.+5:16Lit days. ME (see BDAG, ἡμέρα 4.b.). Cf NCV.+5:16πονηραί ( ponērai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:23Lit he.+5:24Or in everything.+5:25Or on her behalf, or in her place, or for her sake. See notes at Ga 1:4. When the Messiah’s death is used as an example of behavior that is to be emulated, benefaction is primarily in view (though the substitutionary and representative aspects are always implied even in these cases).+5:25ἑαυτὸν ( heauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been rendered with an emphatic adjective for extra focus and stress. The element has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+5:25Cf NLT, TEV.+5:26Lit sanctify her. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+5:26IT (see BDAG, 603, sv λουτρόν; ESS [Eph], 487; UBSHS [Eph], 142). The “washing” here refers to a ritual washing (ie, baptism).+5:26Or with a message, or in connection with the gospel. Lit in/with a word. ME (see BDAG, 905, sv ῥῆμα 1; ESS [Eph], 489-90, interpretations 1.1 and 3.2). The “washing of water” is a reference to the rite of baptism (see BDAG, 603, sv λουτρόν; ESS [Eph], 487; UBSHS [Eph], 142), and therefore ῥῆμα ( rēma) here is most likely referring to a profession or to the gospel. Cf Rm 10:9.+5:27ἔνδοξον ( endoxon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+5:27Lit as glorious. ME. Cf CJB, NCV.+5:27Cf NRSV.+5:27Lit be holy. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+5:27Cf Re 19:7-8.+5:28ἑαυτὸν ( heauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:29ποτε ( pote) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and ἐμίσησεν ( emisēsen) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give these elements extra focus and emphasis.+5:29Lit flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C (see FBT Chart).+5:30μέλη τοῦ σώματος αὐτο ( melē tou sōmatos auto) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra emphasis to the pre-posed element.+5:31Gn 2:24+5:32μέγα ( mega) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:33Lit you also the according to one, each.+5:33οὕτως ( houtōs) here is functioning as a forward pointing device (see LDGNT; cf BDAG, 742, sv οὕτως 2), and is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ὡς ἑαυτόν ( hōs heauton) in a split focal position (see BART Display) as the target (see LDGNT). A colon has thus been used to give extra focus to the target.