Ephesians 1 (BHT-FTN)

“To: Those Who Are Set Apart to God as a Special Holy Possession in Ephesus”

1 From: Paul, an apostle of Jesus the Messiah by the will of God.

To: Those who are set apart to God as a special holy possession+ in Ephesus and are faithful in union with Messiah Jesus.

2 To all of+ ᵖyou+ grace,+ and peace, from God our Father and the Lord Jesus the Messiah.

“Blessed Be the God and Father of Our Lord Jesus the Messiah”

3 Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, who has blessed us with every blessing of the Spirit among the heavenly ones+ through union with the Messiah,+

4 just as he planned+ to choose us for himself+ in union with the Messiah before the foundation of the world,+ so that we would be his special holy posession+ and without blemish in his sight,

5 in love deciding+ before the ages+ to deliver us in the greater exodus of the firstborn son through Jesus the Messiah,+ in accordance with his glad decision and will, 6 so that we would praise the greatness+ of his gift,+ which he has so graciously given to us in union with his beloved Son;+

7 in union with whom we have experienced paid release from slavery through his blood, the forgiveness of our offenses,+ 8 in accordance with the riches of his gift, which he lavished on us along with all wisdom and understanding,+ 9 having made known to us the mystery of his will, in accordance with his glad decision,+ which he placed on public display+ in the Messiah,+ 10 in order to tend to his plan of salvation+ when the appointed times had been completed,+ to put the whole creation under the authority of the Messiah,+ the things in the heavens and the things on the earth, under him;

11 in union with whom we have also been appointed heirs,+ having been chosen before the ages+ according to the plan of the one who causes all things to work out in conformity with his purpose and will,+ 12 so that we would sing in praise+ of his greatness,+ we who were the first to place our hope in the Messiah;+

13 in union with whom you, too, when you heard the message of truth, the gospel about the salvation that has come+ to you;+ in union with whom, when you also believed, you were marked with God’s seal of ownership, the promised Holy Spirit, 14 who is a down payment toward the inheritance all+ of us will receive at the final slavery-ending release of those whom God has purchased to be his own,+ so that we would sing in praise of his greatness.+

“I Pray That He Would Give Light to the Eyes of Your Hearts and Minds”

15 That is the reason why I, too, since the time I first heard about your faith in the Lord Jesus and your love for all the Lord’s holy people,+ 16 have not stopped thanking God for you, continually bringing you before him+ in my prayers. 17 I pray+ that the God of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, the Father of glory,+ through his Spirit, would give you wisdom and continue to reveal truth to you so that you may grow in your knowledge of him.+ 18 I pray that he would give light to the eyes of your hearts and minds,+ so that you may understand the hope to which he has summoned you,++ the riches of the glorious inheritance he has promised+ you among+ the Lord’s holy people,+ 19 and the vast and extraordinary power he has put to work in+ all+ of us who are placing our faith in him.+ That power is the same mighty power and strength that he 20 put to work+ in the Messiah when he raised him from the dead and seated him at his right hand among the heavenly ones,+ 21 high above every ruler and authority and power and dominion and every name that is called upon,+ not only in this age, but also in the one to come. 22 God+ has “subjected under his feet the whole creation+”;+ he has appointed the Messiah+ as head over all creation to help and to prepare+ the assembly, 23 which is the Messiah’s+ body, the completion+ of the one who is himself+ bringing the whole creation, in all respects,+ toward its final goal.+

+1:1Lit the saints/holy ones. ME(OTB)/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:2“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NLT, TEV at 1 Ti 6:21.+1:2Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:2χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ( charis kai eirēnē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus commas and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:3Or among the heavenly things. Cf Jb 1-2; Is 11:1-2; Ezk 1:4-28; Eph 1:17, 3:14-19; Col 1:9-11; Heb 9:11-14; Re 4:4-8.+1:3Cf, eg, Rm 5:10, 6:3-23, 7:4, 8:2; Ga 2:20-21.+1:4See note at Rm 8:29. The same applies here. Cf also translation and notes at Jn 17:22.+1:4“For himself” is drawn from the middle voice here.+1:4Cf Rm 8:28-30; 1 Co 2:6-14.+1:4Lit holy. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:5Or in his sight in love, deciding. Cf Eph 5:27; Col 1:22; 1 Th 3:13, 5:23; Jud 24.+1:5Cf Rm 8:29-30 (see translation and notes there). The prefix points back to the time when God made the plan, ie, before creation (cf 1 Co 2:7).+1:5Lit in/because of love pre-appointing for adoption to sonship through Jesus the Messiah to himself. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Rm 8:15, 8:23, 9:4; Gal 3:5). In this section, Paul is addressing believing Jews (cf v 13). It isn’t entirely clear whether “in love/because of love” is to be grouped with this clause or the preceding clause.+1:6Or the glory.+1:6Lit praise the glory/greatness of his grace/gift.+1:6In the LXX, “the beloved” is used to translate “Jeshurun” (cf Dt 33:5; Is 44:2).+1:7Lit in whom we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of transgressions. ME(OTB)/IT (see L-N, 90.65; UBSHS [Eph], 16; translation and notes at Lk 1:68; Ga 4:5-6; Rm 3:24-25, 8:23-25). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:8Cf Eph 3:1-6; Col 1:25-26.+1:9Cf Is 53:10; 1 Pt 1:19-20.+1:9Maintaining consistency in translation with Rm 3:21.+1:9Lit in him. Cf Rm 3:21-31. Here Paul is making shorthand references to the same types of ideas that are expressed in Rm 3:21-31.+1:10Lit for a stewardship/management/administration. ME (see BDAG, 698, sv οἰκονομία 2.b.; BSL, Eph 1:10, sv οἰκονομία; L-N, 30.68; UBSHS [Eph], 19-20).+1:10Lit fullness/completion/fulfillment of the appointed times. Cf Mk 1:15; Ac 14:16, 17:30; Rm 3:25-26; Ga 4:4. πλήρωμα ( plērōma—“fullness,” “completion,” “carrying out”) here is simply the noun form of πληρόω ( plēroō—“fulfill,” “complete,” “carry out”). Straight verbal constructions, because they are less compressed, are often more clear than verbal nouns with respect to their intended meaning. Throughout the NT, when πληρόω is used with a temporal lexeme, the temporal lexeme always functions as the subject (see, eg, Mk 1:15; Lk 21:24; Jn 7:8; Ac 7:23, 7:30, 9:23). Consequently, τῶν καιρῶν ( tōn kairōn) here is most likely functioning as a subjective genitive. Cf NCV. V 9 is almost certainly a reference to the cross (cf Rm 3:25).+1:10Or to renew the whole creation in the Messiah, or to sum up the whole creation in the Messiah. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. For a summary of the primary interpretative options with regard to ἀνακεφαλαιόω ( anakephalaioō) here, see ESS (Eph), 42, and NET Bible Notes, Eph 1:10. The broader context of Ephesians (cf 1:20-23, 2:6-7, 3:7-11), and many other statements in the NT (cf, eg, Mt 28:18-19; Jn 3:35, 13:3, 17:2; Ac 2:36; Rm 14:9; Php 2:9, 10; Col 2:10; Heb 1:2, 2:8; 1 Pt 3:22), favor the interpretation included in the text.+1:11Or have been chosen as God’s special possession. Cf Jn 8:34; Rm 8:17. Some interpreters understand the verb here in the sense of “receive the inheritance,” but that is unlikely here (unless the aorist is interpreted as functioning proleptically), since the inheritance is future (cf v 18).+1:11See note at v 5 (the same verb is used there).+1:11Cf Rm 8:28.+1:12A concrete expression is most likely in view here (see BDAG, 357, sv ἔπαινος 1.b.). Also, the idiom “to be for [something]” means to function as/to serve as (cf, eg, the HCSB, NCV, NET, and NIV at Gn 1:14-15). Here, the idea of function transfers more naturally into English through a simple verb form (cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV). Hence the translation here. Paul is providing the grounds (a common receipt of mercy) for united praise between Jew and Gentile. Cf v 14; Rm 11:28-12:1, 15:6-8.+1:12Or glory.+1:12Cf Ex 19:6, 33: 2 Ch 5:14, 7:1; Ps 29:9; Jr 31:35-36, 33:19-22; Ezk 40-48; Mt 10:6, 15:24; Ac 1:8, 10:36; Rm 1:16, 11:5-6, 11:28-32.+1:13Looking to several passages (Lk 24:41; Ac 13:46-48, 14:27, 28:28; Rm 11:11) for clarity as to the verbal information compressed in the genitive here.+1:13Cf Lk 24:41; Ac 13:46-48, 14:27, 28:28; Rm 11:11.+1:14Here the second person plural pronoun is inclusive (in contrast to v 12). Cf Eph 2:18-22, 3:6.+1:14Lit who is the down payment of our inheritance [to come], until/toward/for the redemption of the purchased possession. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Lk 1:68; Ga 4:5-6; Rm 8:23). The full payment comes at the Second Coming, when the saints receive their resurrected bodies.+1:14Or glory. Cf Rm 15:7-13.+1:15Lit the holy ones.+1:16Lit making mention of you. ME (see BDAG, 654, sv μνεία 2).+1:17IT. Cf HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NRSV.+1:17Or the glorious Father, or the Father of the glory.+1:17Lit may give you the Spirit/a spirit of wisdom and revelation in/through/so that knowledge of him. ME (see BDAG, 112, sv ἀποκάλυψις 1.a.; ESS [Eph], 71-2; L-N, 89.48, 89.80; NET Bible Notes, Eph 1:17; UBSHS [Eph], 30-31; Robertson, Word Pictures, 1 Jn 2:15; TWOT, 366, sv yāda‘; cf Jn 14:17, 15:26, 16:13 Col 1:9-12). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, TEV. The language in this verse is highly compressed. While an attributed genitive is grammatically possible here (ie, “spiritual wisdom”; see Wallace, Grammar, 90-1; NET Bible Notes, Eph 1:17; cf NET, NLT), Is 11:2, which is almost certainly where Paul is drawing from in his prayers related to the work of the Spirit (cf Eph 3:14 and Col 1:9-11), makes it clear that the quality attributed is related to the Holy Spirit as the source of wisdom, or the means through which wisdom is imparted (cf 1 Co 2:10; 12:8; Eph 3:16), ie, Spirit-produced/supplied wisdom (cf interpretation 1 in ESS [Eph], 71). If the Holy Spirt is in fact what Paul is referring to here, as is likely, the context makes it clear (see Eph 1:14 above) that it isn’t the initial receiving of the Spirit that is in view, but the ongoing work of the Spirit, which results in increased knowledge (the ongoing/increasing/further development of the knowledge being signaled in a highly compressed way through the attachment of the prefix ἐπί [ epi] to γνωσις [ gnōsis]). The Spirit as the source/producer of wisdom and understanding is more naturally expressed in English with a marker of means (cf 1 Co 2:10; Eph 3:16). All of these factors have been taken into consideration in translation here.+1:18ME(H) (see translation and notes at Mk 3:5; Rm 1:21).+1:18Lit the hope of the calling/summoning/invitation of him. Cf translation and notes at 1 Th 1:12 and 2 Th 1:11; BDAG, 549, sv κλῆσις 1; UBSHS (Eph), 32; NCV, NEB, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+1:18Cf 1 Th 1:12; 1 Co 2:6-13.+1:18Or the riches of his glorious inheritance. Though a possessive genitive is possible here (cf Eph 1:14 above; cf also, eg, Dt 9:28, 32:9; Ps 2:8, 28:9), other passages in Paul indicate that the genitive is most likely functioning in the source/subjective range (cf, eg, Rm 2:7, 4:13-14, 8:17; 1 Co 2:8-10; Ga 3:18, 3:29; Eph 1:11 [see translation and notes above], 3:6; Col 1:12, 27; 1 Th 2:12; 2 Th 2:14; cf also 1 Pt 1:4). Cf CJB, NCV, TEV; ESS (Eph), 80 (interpretation 2); UBSHS (Eph), 33.+1:18Or with, or in, or in the case of. Cf Eph 2:19, 3:6; Col 1:12.+1:18Lit the holy ones/saints. Cf Ezk 47:21-23; Jn 17:20-26; Ac 10:44-47; Rm 8:16-17; Ga 4:1-7; Eph 1:12-14, 2:19, 3:6; Col 1:12.+1:19Or toward, or with reference to. Cf Eph 1:20, 3:20; CJB, TEV.+1:19The second person plural pronoun is inclusive here. Cf Ga 4:1-7. Here Paul is continuing to make highly compressed yet nuanced statements about the “mystery.”+1:19Cf Jn 17:20-26; Ac 10:44-47; Ga 4:1-7.+1:20Lit according to the working of the might of the strength of him, which he put to work. ME (see UBSHS [Eph], 34). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+1:20Or among the heavenly things. Cf Jb 1:6, 2:1; 1 Ki 22:19-22; 2 Ch 18:18-21; Ps 82; 103:20-22; Zc 3:1-5; Re 4-5.+1:21Or every name that is given. Lit every name that is named. In this context, “to name” most likely means to call upon an authority (see BDAG, 714, sv ὀνομάζω 2), and in this context focuses on the lesser spiritual authorities over creation. Cf Mt 28:18-19; Jn 3:35, 13:3, 17:2; Ac 2:36; Rm 14:9; 1 Co 8:4-7; Eph 1:9-10; Php 2:9-10; Col 2:10; Heb 1:2, 2:8; 1 Pt 3:22.+1:22Lit he.+1:22πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:22Ps 8:6+1:22Lit him.+1:22The dative here is interpreted as a dative of advantage. This is reflected in the translation. Cf Rm 8:26-30; Eph 5:22-29; 1 Th 2:12, 3:11-13, 4:4-8, 5:23-24; 2 Th 1:5, 11.+1:23Lit his.+1:23Cf Eph 5:29-32.+1:23“Himself” is drawn from the middle voice here.+1:23Or in all things, or through all things, or among all human beings.+1:23Or to completion, or to fulfillment. The meaning here is most likely focused on God bringing the creation toward its final goal as defined according to his plan. Cf Rm 8:26-38; Eph 1:9-14. πληρουμένου ( plēroumenou) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow part of this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.