2 Corinthians 9 (BHT-FTN)

+1:2Lit the saints/holy ones. ME(OTB)/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:2“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+1:2Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:2χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ( charis kai eirēnē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus commas and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:3Lit the God of all exhortation/help/encouragement/consolation. ME. Cf TEV.+1:4In Greek, the word παρακαλέω ( parakaleō) and its cognates have a wide range of meaning (console, encourage, exhort, urge, help, strengthen, etc; see, eg, NASB-Dic, 3870; L-N, 12.19), depending on the context. In this section, I have tried to give English readers a more wholistic sense of what Paul has in mind here. Cf 1 Th 3:2 and notes there.+1:4See notes at 1 Th 3:2.+1:5Lit For just as the sufferings of the Messiah abound to us. ME (see BDAG, 805, sv περισσεύω 1.a.β.)+1:5Lit so through the Messiah the strength/help/encouragement of us abounds, too. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 15).+1:6Or for your encouragement and deliverance.+1:6Lit for the of you encouragement/help, which is at work/which is effective/which produces. ME. Cf, eg, Php 1:12-13; 1 Th 1:6-10, 3:7. Paul is referring here to the effect his example (ie, how God has given him strength to endure) has on the other believers.+1:6καὶ ἡμεῖς ( kai hēmeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+1:7Lit And our hope is firm concerning you. ME (see BDAG, 172, sv βέβαιος 1; Ibid, 319, ἐλπίς 1.a.; UBSHS [2 Co], 16). The content of the hope (“that the Corinthian Christians will continue in their faith despite the afflictions and suffering that they experience” [ UBSHS (2 Co), 16]; cf Php 1:6,1 Th 3:1-5) is signaled by the demonstrative pronoun in translation here.+1:7Or our, or his. The articles in this clause and the following clause are functioning anaphorically. The Messiah (see v 5a) and Paul and his companions (see vv 5-7) are both good contextual candidates for the anaphoric references here.+1:7κοινωνοί τῶν παθημάτων ( koinōnoi tōn pathēmatōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore inversion and an auxiliary verb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent, with the pre-posed element landing in clause-final.+1:7Or our, or his. See previous note.+1:8Cf translation and note at 1 Co 10:1; TEV.+1:8IT. Cf NET.+1:8καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὑπὲρ δύναμιν ( kath’ huperbolēn huper dunamin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:9τὸ ἀπόκριμα τοῦ θανάτου ( to apokrima tou thanatou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective and intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:9Lit we have had the sentence of death in ourselves. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 19). Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV.+1:9Cf REB. An ongoing relevance at the time of the speaker is signaled by the perfect tense.+1:9πεποιθότες ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῖς ( pepoithoest eph’ hautois) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and ἀλλ’ ἐπὶ τῷ θεῷ τῷ ἐγείροντι τοὺς νεκρούς ( all’ epi tō theō tō egeironti tous nekrous) in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT). The negative particle has thus been placed before the counterpoint to give extra focus to the split element and the main point.+1:9Or who is going to raise the dead.+1:10Lit who.+1:10ἐκ τηλικούτου θανάτου ( ek tēlikoutou thanatou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:10Lit so great a death. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 20).+1:10Lit in whom.+1:11ἐκ πολλῶν ( ek pollōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see final note of this verse).+1:11τὸ εἰς ἡμᾶς χάρισμα διὰ πολλῶν ( to eis hēmas charisma dia pollōn) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+1:11Lit so that thanks are (or may be) given by many faces on our behalf for the gracious gift to us through many. ME (see BDAG, 1081, sv χάρισμα a; L-N, 9.9; UBSHS [2 Co], 21). The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Cf CEV, CJB, ISV, NAB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, REB, TEV.+1:12Lit the testimony/witness of our conscience.+1:12ἐν ἁπλότητι καὶ εἰλικρινείᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ, [καὶ] οὐκ ἐν σοφίᾳ σαρκικῇ ἀλλ’ ἐν χάριτι θεοῦ ( en aplotēti kai eilikrineia tou theou [kai] ouk en sophia sarkikē all’ in chariti theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:12Lit fleshly. ME (see ANLEX, 346, sv σαρκικός 2, 3; BDAG, 914, σαρκικός 2; notes at 1 Co 3:1). Cf NAB.+1:12Cf 1 Th 2:1-8.+1:12The NIV and TEV capture the meaning well here, in my opinion, and have thus been followed in translation.+1:13ἄλλα ἀλλ’ ἢ ἃ ἀναγινώσκετε ἢ καὶ ἐπιγινώσκετε ( alla all’ ē ha anaginōskete ē kai epiginōskete) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The negative particle has thus been placed directly before the preposed element to give it extra focus, with an indefinite article also used to the same end.+1:13The presence of γὰρ ( gar) here (which signals that this information is being used to give strength and support to the preceding statements) makes Hughes’ interpretation (that Paul is referring to the Corinthians’ firsthand knowledge of his character; see ESS [2 Co], 44) more likely than that represented in some of the other examples offered in the UBSHS and ESS (see ESS [2 Co], 44; UBSHS [2 Co], 26). Paul isn’t making a random point about how he writes understandable letters. He is saying that when his readers hear the things he has been writing about in reference to his character and integrity, they would acknowledge the truth of what he is saying based on their firsthand experience of his life. This is similar to 1 Th 1:5 and 2:1-10. BSL defines ἐπιγινώσκω ( epiginōskō) in this context as “to discern something clearly and distinctly, or as true or valid; often with a personal acquaintance that necessitates a reaction” ( BSL, 2 Co 1:13, sv).+1:13ἐλπίζω ( elpizō) here does not mean wishful thinking (see, eg, BSL, 1 Co 1:13, sv; BDAG, 319, sv 1, 2).+1:13Cf NCV; TEV.+1:13ἕως τέλους ( heōs telous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:14Cf 1 Co 4:1-5.+1:14Or For. Following CEV, NCV, NLT, TEV in the interpretation of ὅτι ( hoti) in this context (see ESS [2 Co], 45). Paul is referring here to the age to come, when each person’s life and work will be brought into the light (see 1 Co 4:1-5).+1:14Lit for we are your boast, even as we too are yours. ME (see DBL Greek, #3016; L-N, 33.368; cf also the parallel ideas in places like Ps 34:1-6, Ps 44:8). The copula here is functioning futuristically. Cf ESV, NLT, NIV, TEV.+1:14Cf 1 Th 2:19-20.+1:15Lit with this confidence. ME. Cf CJB, NAB, NCV.+1:15πρότερον ( proteron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:15δευτέραν χάριν ( deuteran charin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent within the ME (see following note) extra focus and emphasis.+1:15Lit a second gift/grace. ME (see ANLEX, 407, sv χάρις 3.b.; BDAG, 1080, sv χάρις 3.a.).+1:16Or through your city. Lit through you (ie, either by way of Corinth, or with the assistance of the Corinthians; see ESS [2 Co], 51).+1:16The infinitive here is connected with “intended/planned” (translated as “my plan”) in v 15.+1:16Lit by you be sent on my way. ME. Cf HCSB, TEV. In this context, προπέμπω ( propempō) means to help someone with the provisions needed for a trip (see BDAG, 873, sv 2).+1:17τῇ ἐλαφρίᾳ ( tē elaphria) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+1:17Lit When planning this, therefore, surely not then did I use the vacillation? ME/IT (see BDAG, 314, sv ἐλαφρία). In Greek, the particle οὖν ( oun) signals an inference from what precedes, as well as a new development, and can operate on various levels and boundaries of discourse (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 43-8). In this case, the inference is drawn partly from the IT (ie, “I made these plans [and as you know, and I didn’t come back to Corinth]. Therefore, was I being fickle?”). The IT has been made explicit in translation for the sake of clarity. Cf REB, UBSHS (2 Co), 29.+1:17κατὰ σάρκα ( kata sarka) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the sentence has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following two notes). An adverb has also been used to the same end.+1:17Lit according to the flesh. ME. Cf NIV, REB.+1:17Lit Or the things that I plan/decide, do I decide according to the flesh, so that there may be with me the “Yes, yes” and the “No, no”? ME (see BDAG, 665, sv ναί e.; ESS [2 Co], 54-5; UBSHS [2 Co], 30). Cf CEV, ESV, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NRSV, TEV+1:17In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+1:18πιστὸς ( pistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:18IT. Cf Barrett in UBSHS (2 Co), 30.+1:18Lit our word to you. In this context, λόγος ( logos—“word,” “message,” “statement,” “instruction,” etc) encompasses communications concerning plans, as well as the gospel message itself (see ESS [1 Co], 56; UBSHS [2 Co], 30).+1:18Cf NLT.+1:19υἱὸς ( huios) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:19δι’ ἡμῶν ( di hēmōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give this element extra focus and stress (the clause has been rendered actively to allow for this).+1:19Lit Silvanus. Silvanus and Silas are the same person (see UBSHS [2 Co], 31). Cf NIV, TEV.+1:19IT. This is the opposite of the certain affirmation of “Amen” (see L-N, 72.6).+1:19Cf Ac 14:3, 1 Co 1:4-9, 2:1-5; 1 Th 1:5.+1:19ναὶ ( nai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective (cf NLT) has been used to give extra focus and stress to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+1:20ὅσαι ἐπαγγελίαι θεοῦ ( hosai epangeliai theou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+1:20Translating the genitive as a subjective genitive. Cf CJB, NIV.+1:20ME/IT (see L-N, 69.1, 72.6).+1:20ME/IT (see L-N, 69.1, 72.6).+1:21Cf 1 Co 1:8.+1:22IT/ME(H) (see BDAG, 980, sv σφραγίζω 3; UBSHS [2 Co], 33). Cf NIV, TEV.+1:22Cf NIV, REB, TNT, TEV; L-N, 57.170.+1:22The genitive here is interpreted as functioning appositionally. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NET, NLT, NIV, NRSV, TEV.+1:23μάρτυρα ( martura) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:23φειδόμενος ὑμῶν ( phidomenos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:24Lit not that we lord it over your faith. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 35). Cf CEV, NLT, TEV.+1:24συνεργοί τῆς χαρᾶς ὑμῶν ( sunergoi tēs charas humōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a wh-construction and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:24Or in the faith.+1:24ἑστήκατε ( hestēkate) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:1ἐν λύπῃ ( en lupē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and repetition (a synonym) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:1Lit I judged for myself this, the to not again come to you in grief. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 70; UBSHS [2 Co], 34). Cf ESV, HCSB, NET, NRSV, RSV.+2:2Lit If I grieve you, then who is the one going to cheer me/make me glad, except the one being grieved by/because of/from me? ME/EFE (see L-N, 25.131; UBSHS [2 Co], 37). Cf CJB, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:3IT (see UBSHS [2 Co], 37). Cf TEV.+2:3λύπην ( lupēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:3πάντων ὑμῶν ( pantōn humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+2:3Lit having confidence about you all, that my joy is [the joy] of all of you. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 38). Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+2:4ἐκ πολλῆς θλίψεως καὶ συνοχῆς καρδίας ( ek pollēs thipseōs kai sunochēs kardias) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:4τὴν ἀγάπην ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς ( tēn agapēn hēn echō perissoterōs eis humas) is in a split focal position (see BART Display). Italics have been used to give the preposed element extra focus and stress.+2:5ἐμὲ ( eme) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:5Lit in order not to burden/weigh down. ME (see ANLEX, 162, sv ἐπιβαρέω; BDAG, 368, sv ἐπιβαρέω).+2:6ἱκανὸν ( hikanon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:7χαρίσασθαι καὶ παρακαλέσαι ( charisasthai kai parakelsai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to the main information activated by this element.+2:7τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ ( tē perissotera lupē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+2:7Lit lest he be swallowed up with more abundant grief. ME (see L-N, 25.285).+2:8Drawing from ANLEX in translation here (see ANLEX, 240, sv κυρόω 2). Cf UBSHS (2 Co), 43.+2:9IT. Cf TEV.+2:9εἰς πάντα ὑπήκοοί ( eis panta hupēkooi) is in P2 (see BART Display), with εἰς πάντα ( eis panta) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adverb/spacer has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:10χαρίζεσθε ( charizesthe) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore τι ( ti) has been left implicit in translation, to allow for the verb to land in clause-final for extra stress. Cf CJB, ESV, NRSV, RSV.+2:10τι ( ti) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:10Cf NCV.+2:10δι’ ὑμᾶς ( di’ humas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:10Lit in the face of. ME (I/F) (see L-N, 85.26).+2:11αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ( autou ta noēmata) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+2:12IT. Cf NLT.+2:12The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, NET.+2:12θύρας ( thuras) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:12IT (see BDAG, 462, sv θύρα 1.b.γ.; UBSHS [2 Co], 46). Cf NCV, NET, NLT.+2:13Lit I did not have relief in my spirit. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 47).+2:13IT (see UBSHS [2 Co], 47). Cf NLT.+2:14Τῷ θεῷ ( tō theō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:14ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 459, sv θριαμβεύω 1, 5, 6; BSL, 2 Co 2:14; UBSHS [2 Co], 49).+2:14πάντοτε ( pantote) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+2:14τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ ( tēn osmēn tēs gnōseōs autou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+2:15Χριστοῦ εὐωδία ( christou euōdia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft and a comma have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+2:15The genitive has been interpreted as a subjective genitive (cf UBSHS [2 Co], 50). This is reflected in the translation.+2:15Cf Mt 10:40, Lk 9:48, Lk 10:16, Jn 13:20+2:15Translating in the same way as at 1 Co 1:18 (see translation and notes there).+2:15Translating in the same way as at 1 Co 1:18 (see translation and notes there).+2:16The datives in this verse have been interpreted as ethical datives. This is reflected in the translation. Cf 1 Co 1:18.+2:16Here Paul makes a switch to a bad odor, though the word for a sweet aroma was used in v 15. “More like” has been used to aid the switch in English. Metaphorical usage is implied here.+2:16Lit from death to death. ME (cf 2 Co 3:18; Ps 83:8 in the LXX). Contra L-N (see L-N, 78.48) and the UBSHS (see UBSHS [2 Co], 51), other examples of ἐκ ( ek) with εἰς ( eis) in both the OT and NT (see, eg, Ps 84:5 [83:8 in the LXX]; 2 Co 3:18) argue against an exclusively idiomatic usage here; it is likely that degree is meant. Cf NAC (2 Co), 149; CJB, HCSB.+2:16Lit from life to life. ME (see preceding note).+2:16Lit And with respect to these things. ME. Cf REB in ESS (2 Co), 94.+2:16 BSL defines ἱκανός ( hikanos) here as “meeting adequate standards for a purpose” (see BSL, 2 Co 3:5, sv). The following verse (note the presence of γάρ [ gar], which signals strength and support for what precedes), confirms the interpretation reflected in the translation here. Cf 2 Co 11-12; 1 Th 1-2.+2:17ὡς ἐξ εἰλικρινείας ( hōs ex eilikrineias), ἀλλ’ ὡς ἐκ θεοῦ ( hōs ek theou), κατέναντι θεοῦ ( katenanti theou), and ἐν Χριστῷ ( en christō) are in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to these constituents.+2:17Lit as from God. ME. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV.+2:17Lit before, or in the presence of. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 97; UBSHS [2 Co], 51). Cf ISV.+2:17Lit but as from sincerity, but as from God, before God, in Christ we speak. ME. Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:1Lit Do we again ourselves commend? ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 55). Cf TEV.+3:1Lit Or do we need letters of commendation to you or from you? ME(H) (see UBSHS [2 Co], 55). Cf Ac 18:27, Rm 16:1-2. Cf CEV.+3:2ὑμεῖς ( humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:3Cf HCSB, TEV.+3:3Lit having been ministered by us. ME. Cf NIV (the UBSHS points to the NIV as the best model here [see UBSHS (2 Co), 57]).+3:3μέλανι ( melani) and πνεύματι θεοῦ ζῶντος ( pneumati theou zōntos) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+3:3IT. Cf NCV.+3:3ἐν πλαξὶν λιθίναις ( en plaxin lithinais) and ἐν πλαξὶν καρδίαις σαρκίναις ( en plaxin kardiais) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+3:3Cf Ezk 36:26-27.+3:4Πεποίθησιν τοιαύτην ( pepoithēsin toiautēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the sentence has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent (cf CJB, ESV, ISV, NRSV, RSV).+3:4Or before, or toward.+3:5IT (see UBSHS [2 Co], 58). Cf NCV.+3:5ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν ἱκανοί ( ap’ heautōn hikanoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ἀφ’ ἑαυτῶν in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). A cleft-construction has thus been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see note at “source in us” below).+3:5Cf NCV, TEV.+3:5Lit Not that we are able/competent/qualified from ourselves to consider anything as if of ourselves. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 58). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. ἱκανός ( hikanos) and its cognates touch both on the enabling of God and the sufficiency/adequacy/ability that results from it. In v 2:16 above, the focus seems to be on the standard/quality of life/integrity of witness that results from the (there implied) divine enabling, whereas here the focus is more on the divine enabling itself. Cf the LXX at Ex 4:10: “But Moses said to the Lord, ‘I beseech you, O Lord, I am not adequate...’ ” (LES). Cf 2 Co 11:16-12:10.+3:6Cf REB. The REB captures Paul’s intended meaning best here, in my opinion (cf, eg, Rm 5:12-21, 7:7-25, 8:1-11), and has therefore been followed in translation. Cf Lv 26; Dt 27-28.+3:7IT/ME(H). Paul is making a from-the-lesser-to-the-greater argument here (see UBSHS [2 Co], 60). This has been signaled for English readers in translation by means of an adverb.+3:7IT/ME(OTB) (cf vv 3, 9; Ex 31:18). Cf CJB, NET, TEV.+3:7ἐν γράμμασιν ( en grammasin) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:7Lit sons. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 11.58).+3:7Or unable to continue looking at. Cf HCSB.+3:7Lit the glory of his face. A reference to Ex 34:29-34.+3:7Cf CJB, NLT.+3:8ἡ διακονία τοῦ πνεύματος ( hē diakonia tou pneumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun and italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:8Cf CJB.+3:9Lit If glory was in... ME(OTB)/IT (see, eg, Ex 24:16; cf FSB, sv δόξα, 2 Co 3:7). Cf NLT at v 7.+3:9τῇ διακονίᾳ τῆς κατακρίσεως ( tē dikonia tēs katakriseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:9Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 805, sv περισσεύω 1.a.γ).+3:10ὑπερβαλλούσης ( huperballousēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+3:10Lit What has been glorified has not been glorified in this part because of the surpassing glory. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 118; UBSHS [2 Co], 63). The mismatch in languages is obvious here. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT.+3:11τὸ καταργούμενον ( to katargoumenon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:11Or that which was fading away, or that which fades away. Cf NAB. There is a switch to the neuter gender here. Cf v 13.+3:11In this context, μένω ( menō) means the opposite of καταργέω ( katargeō).+3:11Cf translation at v 8.+3:12The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ESV, ISV, LEB, NET, NIV, NKJV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+3:12πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ ( pollē parrēsia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:12Lit we proceed/act/behave with great boldness/courage. Looking to the context (vv 2:12-3:10) for Paul’s intent with χράομαι ( chraomai) here. Though speaking is certainly included in Paul’s purview here (see UBSHS [2 Co], 64; cf CEV, NAB, NJB, TNT, REB), the context indicates that the example and conduct of the apostles (cf NET; L-N, 41.14), the power of the Spirit, etc, are also in view. Hence the rendering here.+3:13Lit sons. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 11.58).+3:13Or end, or outcome, or purpose, or significance, or termination.+3:13Or of that which was fading away, or of that which fades away. Cf Mt 13:43; Ga 3:21; Col 1:27, 3:4; Heb 8-9; 1 Jn 3:2; Re 1:16.+3:14See translation and notes at Mt 13:12-15; Mk 3:5.+3:14ἐπὶ τῇ ἀναγνώσει τῆς παλαιᾶς διαθήκης ( epi tē anangnōsei tēs palaias diathēkēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:14ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 61, sv ἀνάγνωσις; BSL, 2 Co 3:14; UBSHS [2 Co], 66). This isn’t referring to personal devotional reading, but to public reading in the synagogue.+3:14ἐν Χριστῷ ( en christō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and cleft have been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NET, NIV.+3:15IT. Cf NLT.+3:15Lit over their heart. ME(H/OTB) (see translation and notes at Mt 13:12-15; Mk 3:5; 1 Th 2:4; UBSHS [2 Co], 67). Cf NAB. ἐπὶ τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν ( epi tēn kardian autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis within the ME.+3:16Lit he. Cf Ex 34:34 (LXX); TEV.+3:16Or Yet when one turns to/returns to the Lord, the veil is removed. A reference/loose quotation of Ex 34:34 (see LXX). Cf TEV. Following Brenton and LES at Ex 34:34 in translation here. In Greek, neuter subjects and objects have the same form, and therefore τὸ κάλυμμα [ to kalumma] could be understood as either. In Ex 34:34, it functions as an object, with the verb functioning as a middle. The same has been followed here, therefore, in keeping with the interpretation adopted in the translation.+3:17Cf Ex 40:34-35; Lv 16:2; Nu 9:15; Is 63:10-12. τὸ πνεῦμά ( to pneuma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18πάντες ( pantes) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been segmented with commas for extra focus.+3:18ἀνακεκαλυμμένῳ ( anakekalummenō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18κατοπτριζόμενοι ( katoptrizomenoi) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:18Or the glory of the Lord reflecting as in a mirror. Cf Ex 33:11, 34:34-35; Nu 12:8; Dt 34:10.+3:18Lit from glory to glory. Cf translation and notes at 2 Co 2:16. Cf also CJB, ESV, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+3:18τὴν αὐτὴν εἰκόνα ( tēn autēn eikona) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been rendered with an emphatic adjective for extra focus (cf CJB). The element has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+3:18Or likeness.+3:18Lit just as from the Lord. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 70). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, and TEV at Mt 21:42.+3:18The genitive has been interpreted as an appositional genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB, NASB, and NRSV.+4:1IT (see BDAG, 421, sv ἔχω 7.a.δ.; cf the use of δίδωμι [ didōmi] with διακονία [ diakonia] at 2 Co 5:18, used in the sense of “entrust” [cf BDAG, 242, sv δίδωμι 5]). Cf CEV. Paul is referring here to his obligation as a steward entrusted with the ministry of the gospel. Cf Rm 16:25-26; 1 Co 2:1-7, 4:1; Eph 3:5; Col 1:26; 1 Th 2:4.+4:2Lit the secret things of shame. ME. Cf NAB, NET, NIV, NLT. The genitive has been interpreted as functioning attributively. This is reflected in the translation.+4:2Lit commending ourselves. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 3:1-2).+4:2Lit before God. ME. Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Co 2:17 (see translation and notes there; cf ISV at 2:17). Cf, eg, 1 Th 1:5-6, 2:1-12.+4:3ἐν τοῖς ἀπολλυμένοις ( en tois apollumenois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf CJB, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+4:3Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 1:18 and 2 Co 2:15 (see translation and notes there).+4:4Lit the god. ME(OTB)/IT (see notes at 1 Co 8:5). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:4The genitive has been interpreted as an objective genitive. This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:5ἑαυτοὺς ἀλλὰ Ἰησοῦν Χριστὸν κύριον ( heautous alla Christon kurion) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:5Lit We don’t preach/proclaim ourselves. ME. “Ourselves” doesn’t transfer very naturally into English as the direct object of a verbal lexeme like “preaching” (cf UBSHS [2 Co], 75), and therefore an ME (based on the noun cognate of κηρύσσω; see L-N, 33.258) has been used in translation.+4:5Or because of Jesus. Cf Mt 20:25-27.+4:6φῶς ( phōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:6A reference to Gn 1:3.+4:6Lit our hearts. ME(H/OTB) (see translation and notes at v 3:15 above). Cf Eph 1:16-18; Col 1:9-13.+4:6Cf Dn 2:20-23; Eph 1:7-10, 3:1-11.+4:7See note at v 4:1 above. Maintaining consistency in translation here.+4:7Lit Yet we have this treasure in earthen vessels. ME/IT (see UBSHS [2 Co], 77). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:7Cf Ac 9:15-16.+4:7Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:7The article here is functioning anaphorically, pointing readers to the treasures of light, glory, etc, present in Paul’s ministry (described and defined in the previous discussion). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NLT.+4:7Cf, eg, Ac 19:11-20.+4:8θλιβόμενοι ( thlibomenoi) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:10Cf CEV. In this context, “bearing about” or “carrying about” (περιφέροντες [ peripherontes]) means something similar to Col 1:24 (see translation and notes there; see also translation and notes at 1 Co 16:17). Note the parallel with φανερόω [ phaneroō] in the next clause; cf the translation of the cognate at v 4:2 (φανέρωσις [ phanerōsis]; cf HCSB at v 4:2).+4:10τὴν νέκρωσιν τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ( tēn nekrōsin tou yēsou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:10ἡ ζωὴ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ ( hē zōē tou yēsou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. καὶ ( kai) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+4:10IT. See v 11 (note the presence of γὰρ [ gar]) in v 11. The IT has been made explicit so as to make it clear that Paul is referring here to the resurrected Messiah’s life and power made known in context to Paul’s ministry and the weakness of his frail and beaten body, rather than to the future resurrected body to which the manifestations of power point (which Paul discusses in vv 13-14).+4:11εἰς θάνατον ( eis thanaton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:11Lit in our mortal flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C, G (see FBT Chart). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT.+4:12ἐν ἡμῖν ( en hēmin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+4:12Lit death is constantly being put to work in us, but life in you, or death is constantly at work in us, but life in you. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 82). Cf NLT.+4:13Lit having the same spirit of faith according to what is written. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 82; ESS [2 Co], 166). Cf CEV, NET, NLT, TEV.+4:13Ps 116:10+4:13καὶ ἡμεῖς ( kai hēmeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+4:14καὶ ἡμᾶς σὺν Ἰησοῦ ( kai hēmas sun yēsou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and commas have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:14Or in union with Jesus. Following the interpretation of Harris et al, Barrett, and Bratcher in translation here (see ESS [2 Co], 167-8).+4:14Cf 1 Th 2:19-20, 3:11-13, 4:13-18.+4:15Lit all things. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 168; UBSHS [2 Co], 84).+4:15Lit so that grace, as it increases. ME. In this context, “grace” is referring to the “outworking” of God’s kindness and benevolence (see BSL, Ac 11:23, sv χάρις). Though this certainly seems to include people’s initial turning to the Lord (cf BDAG, 1080, sv 3.b.), it is not necessarily limited to that (cf, eg, Rm 1:13; Php 1:6-11). Hence the rendering here.+4:15Lit through/throughout/among the many (people/things). Here Paul is most likely thinking in terms of his calling with respect to Gentile nations (cf, eg, Is 49:6, 52:15, 53:12; Rm 1:13, 4:17-18, 5:15-21, 15:8-12; Ga 1:16, 2:8; Eph 3:1; 1 Th 2:16; 1 Ti 2:7).+4:15Cf Is 49:6, 52:15, 53:12; Rm 1:13, 4:17-18, 5:15-21, 15:8-12; Ga 1:16, 2:8; Eph 3:1; 1 Th 2:16; 1 Ti 2:7.+4:16ἔξω ( exō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:16The following verse indicates that Paul doesn’t just have “decaying” as a natural process in mind when he uses διαφθείρω ( diaphtheirō) here, but also the wear and tear (the “destruction”; cf, eg, διαφθείρω at Lk 12:33) that his body is experiencing through his sufferings and trials. This is reflected in the translation here.+4:16ἔσω ( esō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra this element extra focus and emphasis.+4:16Cf Pr 20:30.+4:17παραυτίκα ( parautika) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas and a downtoning adverb have been used to give this constituent extra focus and stress.+4:17αἰώνιος ( aiōnios) (typically rendered “eternal”) is built on its cognate αἰών ( aiōn), “age” (see, eg, NASB-Dic, #166). Cf, eg, Ga 1:5. αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης ( aiōnion baros doxē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:17καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν εἰς ὑπερβολὴν ( kath’ huperbolēn eis huperbolēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and comma have been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+4:17Lit according to an extraordinary degree to an extraordinary degree. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 87). Cf most English translations.+4:18The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of result. This is reflected in the translation. Cf HCSB, NIV, NLT.+4:18τὰ βλεπόμενα ( ta blepomena) and τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα ( ta mē blepomena) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+4:18Lit keeping our eyes not on the things being seen, but the things not being seen. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [2 Co], 88; cf BDAG, 280, sv εἶδον 3; Harris and Barrett in ESS [2 Co], 175). Cf, eg, Mt 19:27-30; Mk 10:29-31; Ga 1:3; Eph 1:21. When Paul uses the language of “seen” in contrast to the “unseen,” he is thinking temporally in terms of ages within the framework of time and history (Biblical worldview; cf, eg, Heb 11), not in terms of a metaphysical dualism (Platonism). For many resources and teachings on Christo-Platonism (ie, the Platonic worldview expressed in terms of redefined biblical terms and ideas), see www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.+5:1IT (see L-N, 8.5). Cf 2 Co 4:11 above.+5:1Cf Jb 4:21; Ps 52:5, 91:10; Is 38:12; 2 Pt 1:13-14.+5:1Lit if our earthly house of the tent. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 2 Co 5:1). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV. “Earthly/of the earth/characteristic of the earth” should not be interpreted Platonically here (see note at “of earth” below).+5:1In this context, ἐπίγειος ( epigeios) is essentially synonymous with χοϊκός ( choikos) at 1 Co 15:48, and is used to underscore the frailty and weakness of the human body in this age (cf, eg, Gn 2:7, 3:19; Jb 4:19,10:9; Ps 78:39, 103:14, 139:15, 146:4; Ec 12:7; see also notes at Mt 19:26). That source is primarily in view here, moreover, is further confirmed by the contrast with “building from God” (οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ θεοῦ [ oikodomēn ek theou]) and “dwelling from heaven” (τὸ οἰκητήριον ἡμῶν τὸ ἐξ οὐρανοῦ [ to oikētērion hēmōn to ex ouranou]). ἐπίγειος ( epigeios) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore has been segmented with commas for extra focus.+5:1Cf 1 Co 15:51; 1 Th 4:13-18; 2 Pt 1:13-14.+5:1The present indicative is functioning futuristically here (thus indicating certainty). Cf CEV, NCV, NLT, TEV; UBSHS (2 Co), 89. Again, Paul is not thinking Platonically here! Though we are in some sense “with the Lord” in a disembodied form at death, the new body is received at the Second Coming (see, eg, Rm 8:18-30, 1 Th 4:13-18).+5:1οἰκοδομὴν ἐκ θεοῦ ( oikodomēn ek theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to ἐκ θεοῦ, which has itself been used as a spacer to give extra focus to οἰκοδομὴν.+5:1Following TNT in translation here (see ESS [2 Co], 178). Here, Paul is contrasting a weak “tent” with a more permanent structure (cf BSL, 1 Co 5:1, sv οἰκοδομή).+5:1IT. See note at Mt 5:12. Cf Mt 5:12, 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9.+5:1Cf Mt 5:12, 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9.+5:2Lit in this. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 90).+5:2Cf Rm 8:18-30.+5:2ἐπενδύσασθαι ἐπιποθοῦντες ( ependusasthai epipothountes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with ἐπενδύσασθαι ( ependusasthai) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). Italics have been used to give the embedded element extra focus and emphasis.+5:2Cf 1 Co 15:42-49.+5:3Following Barrett and REB in translation here (see ESS [2 Co], 182).+5:3γυμνοὶ ( gumnoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:4οἱ ὄντες ἐν τῷ σκήνει ( hoi ontes en tō skēnei) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:4Lit because we do not want to become unclothed, but clothed. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 91; translation and notes at vv 1-3). Cf NJB, NLT, TEV.+5:4An allusion to Is 25:8. Cf 1 Co 15:54.+5:5Or has prepared. The aorist participle here is most likely functioning gnomically (cf, eg, v 4:17 above; Php 2:13; 1 Th 2:13, 5:23-24; 2 Th 1:5, 2:11).+5:5Cf 2 Co 4:17; Php 2:13; 1 Th 2:13, 5:23-24; 2 Th 1:5, 2:11.+5:5Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Co 1:22 here (see translation and notes there).+5:6Lit that being at home. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 93). Cf NCV, NLT.+5:6IT. See note at v 5:1 above.+5:7διὰ πίστεως οὐ διὰ εἴδους ( dia pisteōs ou dia eidous) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+5:8Cf NIV.+5:8This clause has been interpreted as being in an adversative relationship to “have courage.” This is reflected in the translation. Cf Php 1:20-26.+5:8Lit be away from one’s country in the body. ME (see BDAG, 300, sv ἐκδημέω 1; L-N, 23.111; UBSHS [2 Co], 94; 2 Cor 4:16-5:5 above). Devastation/ruin/brokenness/weakness/dying is implied from the context (see 4:16-5:7).+5:8Cf Php 1:20-24. Cf also Is 57:1-2; Re 6:11,14:14. Paul is essentially saying the same here as he does in Php 1:20-24. He is not saying that the disembodied state constitutes the hope of the gospel (which is bodily resurrection, granted at the Second Coming), but that the disembodied state, incomplete and lacking as it is, would still be a form of rest (cf, eg, Is 57:1-2; Re 6:11,14:14) and thus preferable to the constant battering his mortal body receives as he continues proclaiming the gospel courageously. After reading 2 Co 11-12, we can definitely see why he would say this!+5:9Drawing from the UBSHS (see UBSHS [2 Co], 95) and TEV in translation here.+5:9Lit whether being at home or whether being away on a journey/away from home. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 94; notes in vv 5:1-9). The meaning is essentially the same as Php 1:20.+5:9εὐάρεστοι ( euarestoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:10πάντας ( pantas) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:10Cf REB (see ESS [2 Co], 191). φανερωθῆναι ( phanerōthēnai) is in a focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:10Cf 1 Co 4:5.+5:10IT. See note at v 5:1 above.+5:10Cf Jb 34:11; Ps 62:12; Pr 24:12; Jr 17:10; Mt 16:27; Rm 2:6-10; 1 Th 4:1-8; 2 Ti 4:14; 1 Pt 1:17; Re 2:23.+5:11ἀνθρώπους ( anthrōpous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus.+5:11θεῷ ( theō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus.+5:11Lit we. ME. Cf ESV, NIV, NCV; NJB; NRSV; RSV; REB at 2 Co 5:10 (see ESS [2 Co], 191).+5:11καὶ ἐν ταῖς συνειδήσεσιν ὑμῶν ( kai en tais suneidēsesin humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:12ἑαυτοὺς ( hautous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis within the ME (see note at 2 Co 3:1).+5:12Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Co 3:1 here (see translation and notes there).+5:12ἀφορμὴν καυχήματος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ( aphormēn kauchēmatos huper hēmōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). An adjective has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element. Cf TEV.+5:12Lit but giving you an opportunity/reason of boasting on our behalf. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 1:14).+5:12Cf AB (see UBSHS [2 Co], 99).+5:12ἐν προσώπῳ καὶ μὴ ἐν καρδίᾳ ( en prosōpō kai mē en kardia) is in an embedded split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+5:12Lit face. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 24.24; UBSHS [2 Co], 99).+5:12Lit those who boast. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 1:14).+5:12Koine Greek often uses parataxis in places where English may prefer hypotaxis (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β.-ζ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). Cf ISV, NIV.+5:13Paul’s statement here likely reflects a criticism leveled at him by his opponents (see UBSHS [2 Co], 99). Hence the use of quotation marks here.+5:13Siding with BDAG rather than the UBSHS in the interpretation of the dative here (ie, as a dative of advantage; see BDAG, 451, sv θεός 3.g.α.; cf UBSHS [2 Co], 450). If God is being benefitted or receiving “advantage,” it means that His purposes are being fulfilled in context to a life and ministry that seems crazy to others (cf, eg, 2 Co 11-12; see esp 11:23).+5:13Cf 2 Co 11:16-12:10.+5:14Or directs us.+5:14Or on behalf of, or in place of. See note at Ga 1:7.+5:14ὑπὲρ πάντων ( huper pantōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+5:14οἱ πάντες ( hoi pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:14Cf Ro 5:6-21.+5:15ὑπὲρ πάντων ( huper pantōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+5:15Lit he. Cf NCV.+5:15μηκέτι ἑαυτοῖς ἀλλὰ τῷ ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι ( mēketi heautois alla tō huper autōn apothanonti kai enerthenti) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been positioned so as to give extra focus to this element.+5:15See note at v 13 above. The same applies here. Note the presence of γὰρ ( gar) in v 14 (signaling that this material is being given to strengthen and support what precedes), and the association signaled by καὶ ( kai) at the beginning of v 15. In other words, Paul does what he does because he is following the example of the Messiah (cf 1 Co 11:1; 1 Th 1:6).+5:15ἀποθανόντι καὶ ἐγερθέντι ( apothanonti kai enerthenti) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+5:16Possibly an allusion to Is 48:6 (see LXX). Cf v 17.+5:16οὐδένα ( oudena) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:16IT (see translation and note at Mt 19:16).+5:16Lit we know no one according to the flesh. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 204; UBSHS [2 Co], 102). Cf NLT, TEV.+5:16IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+5:16Χριστόν ( christon) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:16Cf Ps 118:22-23; Is 52:13-53:9; Mt 21:42; Eph 2:20; 1 Pt 2:6.+5:17Cf CJB, TEV.+5:17καινὴ ( kainē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:17An allusion to Is 42:9 and 48:6-7 (cf LXX). Paul is thinking here in terms of the “greater Exodus” in the Messiah (cf Ga 4:5-6).+5:18Lit are from God, or are by God. ME. Cf TEV; UBSHS [2 Co], 104. Cf 1 Co 1:31.+5:18Or assigned to us. See notes at 4:1 above.+5:19Cf NET.+5:19θεὸς ( theos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:19κόσμον ( kosmon) is in P2 (see BART Display and L DGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:19Cf Mt 28:16-20; Lk 24:44-49; Ac 13:47.+5:20πρεσβεύομεν ( presbeuomen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. οὖν ( oun) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+5:20Drawing from BSL (see BSL, 2 Co 5:20, sv πρεσβεύω) and L-N (see L-N, 37.88) in translation. Again, when Paul is “functioning as a representative” ( L-N, 37.88), it not only includes speaking, but the other aspects of Paul’s ministry as well (see notes at v 3:12 above)+5:20Following the lead of TEV in using an intensive pronoun here, because of the “representative” idea that is at the forefront in this context.+5:21Lit the one who did not know sin. ME. “The words who knew no sin are a Hebraic expression which means ‘to have no personal experience with sin’” ( UBSHS [2 Co], 107, italics original). Cf CJB, CEV, NJB, NLT, REB.+5:21Lit he.+5:21ἐποίησεν ( epoiēsen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:21Or to be the guilty one. Lit to be sin. ME(OTB). Cf, eg, Lv 4:25-29; Is 53. This is almost certainly an allusion to Is 53:10. Following the CJB and NLT in translation here. Cf BDAG, 51, sv ἁμαρτία 3.a.; ESS (2 Co), 220.+5:21ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ( huper hēmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:21“According to plan” is drawn from the purpose-result ἵνα ( hina) clause (see note at Mt 1:22). The sending of the apostles was in keeping with Israel’s national calling (see notes at Mt 28:18-20; Ac 13:47).+5:21Cf BDAG, 982, σῴζω 2.a.β.; Ac 9:15]; cf also UBSHS [Ac], 514). See also BDAG, 247, sv δικαιοσύνη 2. Cf “ministry of righteousness/salvation” at Ga 3:9, “ministry of reconciliation” here, and “day of salvation” in v 6:2 below. Here there is a close overlap between “righteousness” and “salvation.” This corresponds with OT usage, and also provides a broader category that (1) allows for sanctification and glorification to be included within the purview of the gospel along with justification (which they obviously are!); (2) preserves the Protestant (and Biblical) emphasis on salvation by grace and not by works, with God’s covenant faithfulness always assumed in the equation (cf, eg, 2 Co 1:20); and (3) fits the context, which focuses on Paul and the other apostles going out to the nations to proclaim the “day of salvation” and God’s offer of reconciliation (in context to a defense of Paul’s apostolic ministry). God has provided a means of forgiveness through the cross that is available to all humanity, and that He sent out the believing Jewish remnant to proclaim the gospel to all humanity, in keeping with Israel’s national calling (cf Lk 24:46-47; see notes at Mt 28:18-20; Ac 13:47). Human beings are going to the Lake of Fire apart from the mercy of the cross.+5:21Lit him. Cf NCV.+6:1IT (see UBSHS [2 Co], 108). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+6:1Cf CJB, NIV, NLT.+6:1εἰς κενὸν ( eis kenon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:1Cf Jn 15:2; Ac 20:32; Rm 5:20-21, 6:14, 8:13; 1 Th 4:3-8; Tit 2:11-12, Heb 4:16, 12:15, 13:9; Jm 4:6; 2 Pt 3:18.+6:2καιρῷ δεκτῷ ( kairō dektō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:2The aorists in this verse are functioning proleptically. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, NLT, NCV, and TEV at Is 49:8.+6:2Lit heard you. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 109). Cf NCV, NJB, REB here; NCV and TEV at Is 49:8. Cf also Heb 4:16.+6:2ἐν ἡμέρᾳ σωτηρίας ( en hēmera sōtērias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:2Is 49:8. Cf Lk 4:18.+6:2νῦν ( run) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:2νῦν ( run) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:2Cf 1 Co 10:13; Heb 4:16.+6:3προσκοπή ( proskopē) here could mean either an obstacle (see L-N, 22.14; cf ἐγκοπή [ enkopē] at 1 Co 9:12, used with δίδωμι [ didōmi]), or something that causes, or creates an opportunity for, a person to stumble in sin (see L-N, 88.307; cf, eg, πρόσκομμα [ proskomma] at 1 Co 8:9). Most likely both meanings are being activated here, with 1 Co presupposed in the background. Hence the rendering here.+6:3Lit giving nothing as a cause for stumbling in regards to anyone/anything. ME. Translating in a manner similar to the translation at 1 Co 9:12. Μηδεμίαν ( mēdemian) and ἐν μηδενὶ ( en mēdeni) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to these constituents within the ME.+6:4Because the previous clause has been rendered positively, ἀλλ’ ( all’) has been left untranslated here.+6:4Translating along the same lines as at 2 Co 3:1-2 (see translation and notes there). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+6:4θεοῦ ( theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:4ἐν παντὶ ( en panti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+6:4Following the interpretation of the CEV, REB, and TEV in translation here (see UBSHS [2 Co], 111).+6:6Or by holiness of spirit. Cf Rm 15:19; 1 Co 1:4-9; 2 Co 12:12; Ga 5:22-23.+6:7Translating the genitive as an attributive genitive. Cf NET.+6:7Lit righteousness. ME (OTB) (see notes at Rm 1:17).+6:8“Servant/serving” is implied from v 3. Cf NLT. διά [ dia] here is signaling times/events through which others are either praising or slandering Paul and his companions.+6:8Paul uses a device called a chiasmus here (see UBSHS [2 Co], 104). I have thus tried give this statement a bit of a poetic flavor in translation.+6:9Or disciplined. Cf NET. Cf 2 Co 11:24.+6:10Cf NLT, REB. Paul is speaking of the gospel here. Cf 1 Co 1:5-9.+6:10πολλοὺς ( pollous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:10μηδὲν ( mēden) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:10πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:11Lit Our mouth we have opened to you. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 33.252; UBSHS [2 Co], 116). Cf most English translations.+6:11Lit Our heart is broadened. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 25.53; UBSHS [2 Co], 117).+6:12Lit You are not being restricted by us, but you are restricted in your affections/bowels. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 25.54; UBSHS [2 Co], 117). Cf TEV.+6:13ὡς τέκνοις ( hōs teknois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:13Lit as to (dear) children. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 118). Cf NAB, TNT in ESS (2 Co), 238+6:13Lit In the same exchange, as to children I speak, you also be broadened. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 25.53; UBSHS [2 Co], 118). Cf TEV.+6:15ME(H)/IT (see UBSHS [2 Co], 121). Cf TEV.+6:16ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος ( naos theou zōntos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). An emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to the preposed element.+6:16Lv 26:12, Ezk 37:27+6:17ἀκαθάρτου ( akathartou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:17Is 52:11+6:17Ezk 20:41+6:182 Sa 7:14, Is 43:6+7:1Ταύτας τὰς ἐπαγγελίας ( tautas tas epangelias) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been rendered (following Knox; see UBSHS [2 Co], 124) so as to give extra focus to the pre-posed element.+7:1Lit flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C (see FBT Chart).+7:1Cf 1 Th 4:1-8.+7:2Lit Have room for us. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 34.13). Cf NCV.+7:2ἠδικήσαμεν ( ēdikēsamen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore the sentence has been rendered so as to allow the main information activated by this element to land in clause-final.+7:2ἐφθείραμεν ( ephtheiramen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the sentence has been structured so as to keep the primary information activated by the verb in clause-final.+7:2ἐπλεονεκτήσαμεν ( ephtheiramen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus. Translating in the same way as at 1 Th 4:6 (see translation and note there).+7:3πρὸς κατάκρισιν ( pros katakrisin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:3Cf TEV.+7:3ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν ( en tais kardiais hēmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:3Cf CJB, NIV, TEV.+7:3Lit so as to die with [you] and live with [you]. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 248; UBSHS [2 Co], 248). Cf Barrett, REB, and TNT in ESS (2 Co), 248.+7:4πολλή παρρησία ( pollē parrēsia) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. πολλή has also been rendered with a superlative adjective to give this element extra focus (cf NLT).+7:4πολλή καύχησις ( pollē kauchēsis) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition has been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+7:4Lit I have much boasting/reason for boasting about you. ME (see notes at 2 Co 1:14).+7:4See note at 2 Cor 1:4. Doing the same here in vv 6-7.+7:5Lit our flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” C, F, G (see FBT Chart).+7:5οὐδεμίαν ἄνεσιν ( oudemian anesin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle and an indefinite article have been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+7:5ἐν παντὶ ( en panti) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:6Or to the lowly, or to the humble. Cf the Hebrew alignment with ταπεινός in the LXX (see LALS, sv); notes at Mt 5:3.+7:7IT. Cf NLT. Cf also 1 Th 3:6.+7:7Cf 2 Co 1:4.+7:7ἐπιπόθησιν ( epipothēsin) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+7:7Lit your longing. ME (see translation and notes at 1 Th 2:17 and 3:6). The meaning here is similar to what Paul says at 1 Th 2:17 and 3:6. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:7ὀδυρμόν ( odurmon) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf REB, TEV.+7:7ζῆλον ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ ( zēlon huper emou) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+7:7Lit your zeal for me. ME (see L-N, 25.46).+7:7Cf NET.+7:8IT. Cf TEV.+7:8καὶ πρὸς ὥραν ( kai pros hōran) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a downtoning adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf CJB, ESV, HCSB, NASB, NET, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:8Lit an hour. ME (see BDAG, 1102, sv ὥρα 2.b.).+7:9Cf LEB.+7:9ἐν μηδενὶ ( en mēdeni) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:9Cf 1 Co 4:21; 2 Co 1:23, 13:2, 13:10.+7:10κατὰ θεὸν ( kata theon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:10μετάνοιαν εἰς σωτηρίαν ἀμεταμέλητον ( metanoinan eis sōtērian ametamelēton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:10Or deliverance.+7:10τοῦ κόσμου ( tou kosmou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:10Cf AB and NJB in ESS (2 Co), 258.+7:10θάνατον ( thanaton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a downtoner, a demonstrative pronoun, and a colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:11κατὰ θεὸν ( kata theon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:11πόσην σπουδήν ( posēn spoudē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:11Drawing from BDAG (see BDAG, 939 sv σπουδη 2) and NJB (see ESS [2 Co], 259) in translation here.+7:11Drawing from BSL (see BSL, 2 Co 7:11, sv ἀγανάκτησις), L-N (see L-N, 88.186), and the UBSHS (see UBSHS [2 Co], 134) in the translation here.+7:11Or what fear.+7:11The meaning here is the same as in v 7 (see translation and notes there). “What missing” sounds awkward in English, however. Hence the rendering here. Cf NLT.+7:11ἁγνοὺς ( hagnous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:12See Levinsohn, “Therefore or Wherefore?”, 332.+7:12Maintaining consistency in translation with v 11 (see translation and notes there).+7:12Lit but for the sake of your concern/goodwill for us being made manifest to you before God. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 52, 135; CEV at 2 Co 2:17). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:13περισσοτέρως μᾶλλον ( perissoterōs mallon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been rendered with an ascensive adverb for extra focus.+7:13Lit Now in addition to the encouragement/strengthening of us, we rejoiced excessively more over the joy of Titus. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 136). The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+7:13Lit because his spirit has been set at rest. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 136). Cf CEV. Cf also CJB, NCV. NLT, NRSV, TEV, REB, RSV.+7:14Lit For if I boasted anything to him about you. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 2:14). κεκαύχημαι ( kekauchēmai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the primary information activated by the verb has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:14Cf TNT in ESS (2 Co), 266.+7:14ἐν ἀληθείᾳ ( em alētheia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:14Lit the boast of us. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 2:14).+7:14Following the REB in translation here (see UBSHS [2 Co], 137).+7:14καὶ ἡ καύχησις ἡμῶν ἡ ἐπὶ Τίτου ( kai hē kauchēsis hēmōn hē epi Titou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:15Lit his bowels/inward parts are toward you all the more. ME (I/F) (see note at Mt 9:36). Cf ISV.+7:15Lit περισσοτέρως ( perissoterōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore has been rendered with an ascensive adverb for extra focus and stress.+7:15ὑπακοήν ( hupakoēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf CJB.+7:15Lit remembering the obedience of all of you. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 137). Cf ISV, CJB, TEV.+7:15μετὰ φόβου καὶ τρόμου ( meta phobou kai tromou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:15Cf, eg, 1 Sm 16:4; Mt 10:40.+7:16Or confidence in you. Cf BSL, 2 Co 7:16, sv θαρρέω; TNT and Lenski in ESS (2 Co), 268.+8:1Following Barrett in translation here (see ESS [2 Co], 269).+8:1Lit the grace of God that has been given. ME (see BDAG, 1080, sv χάρις 4; UBSHS [2 Co], 149; notes at 1 Co 3:10).+8:2κατὰ βάθους ( kata bathous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+8:2Lit In a great test of affliction, the abundance of their joy and their poverty according to depth abounded to the wealth of their generosity. ME (see BSL, 2 Co 8:2, sv πτωχεία; L-N, 78.22; UBSHS [2 Co], 141). The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+8:3Cf TEV.+8:3καὶ παρὰ δύναμιν ( kai para dunamin) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NIV, TEV.+8:4μετὰ πολλῆς παρακλήσεως ( meta pollēs paraklēseōs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and is also emphatic on a semantic level. An adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element in translation.+8:4Lit pleading with us with much appeal for the grace and the participation of the ministry to the holy ones. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 143; translation and notes at 1 Co 16:1). Cf NET, NLT, TEV .+8:4Cf Rm 15:25-28; 1 Co 16:1-4; Ga 2:10.+8:5Lit not as we hoped/expected. ME (see ESS [2 Co], 275). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+8:5ἑαυτοὺς ( heautous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:6IT. Regarding εἰς ( eis) in this type of situation, L-N describes it as a marker “of result, with the probable implication of a preceding process” ( L-N, 89.48). As the UBSHS points out (see UBSHS [2 Co], 144), the “preceding process” implied in this context is the example of the Macedonian believers.+8:6Lit that just as he had begun previously, so also he should bring to completion among you also this grace. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 144; translation and notes at v 4). Cf CEV, NLT, TEV.+8:7ἐν παντὶ ( en panti) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:7Cf 1 Co 1:4-9.+8:7Or speech. Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 1:5 here.+8:7Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Co 7:11-12 (see translation and notes there).+8:7Lit and in the from us in you love. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 2 Co 8:7).+8:7καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ χάριτι ( kai en tautē tē chariti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:8κατ’ ἐπιταγὴν ( kat’ epitagēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:8ἑτέρων ( heterōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:8καὶ τὸ τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀγάπης γνήσιον ( kai to tēs humeteras agapēs gnēsion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent. A possessive adjective has also been used to the same end.+8:9Lit For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ. ME. The presence of γὰρ ( gar) here indicates that the grace/generosity of Jesus is being adduced in support of why they should do what Paul is telling them (cf, eg, Php 2). There are a number of instances in Paul’s writings where lexemes of “knowing” approximate “remember” in meaning (see, eg, CJB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV at 1 Co 1:16; NLT, TEV at 1 Co 10:1). Also, in Greek, second person/present/indicative plurals are inflected in the same way as second person/present/imperative plurals. Although it isn’t entirely clear which one is being use here, the imperative does a good job of accomplishing in English what Paul wants to do here (ie, issue a call to imitate the Messiah), and has thus been used in translation.+8:9The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ASV, ESV, HCSB, ISV, KJV, LEB, NET, NIV, NKJV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+8:9πλούσιος ( plousios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:9Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here, with some modifications to make it a little more clear that Paul is talking about the Messiah’s pre-incarnate existence (see UBSHS [2 Co], 147). Also, ἐπτώχευσεν ( eptōcheusen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus this constituent.+8:9Cf Php 2.+8:9ἐκείνου ( ekeinou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:9IT. Paul is referring here to the riches of the gospel. Cf, eg, Rm 2:4, 9:23, 11:12; 2 Co 6:10. Cf also NCV, NLT, REB, at 2 Co 6:10; UBSHS [2 Co], 147.+8:10γνώμην ( gnōmēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:10οὐ μόνον τὸ ποιῆσαι ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ θέλειν ( ou monon to poiēsai alla kai to thelein) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:10Cf REB in ESS (2 Co), 282.+8:11Lit Now, however, the doing complete. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NLT. ἐπιτελέσατε ( epitelesate) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the primary information activated by this element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+8:11Lit so that just as there was the eagerness of the to be willing, so also the to complete from the to have. ME (see BDAG, 297, sv ἐκ 3.i.; L-N, 68.22; UBSHS [2 Co], 149). The mismatch in languages is obvious here. Cf ASV, CJB, ISV, NASB, NET, NIV, NLT.+8:12Lit it is acceptable/pleasing [to God] in so far as one has, not in so far as one does not have. ME (see DBL Greek, #2347; L-N, 25.86; UBSHS [2 Co], 150). Cf NCV, NET, NIV, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is significant. Rendering ἔχω [ echō] in a way similar enough to v 11 (see translation and notes there) to maintain the link and connection of thought.+8:13Lit not in order that for others there be relief, for you distress, but by/from fairness/equality. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 150). Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, TEV. The context makes it clear what Paul means by “equality” here (see v 14).+8:14νῦν ( nun) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:14ὑμῶν ( humōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see note at “their needs” below).+8:14ἐκείνων ( ekeinōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+8:14Lit In the present season your abundance [is] for their lack. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+8:14IT. Cf NCV, NLT.+8:14ἐκείνων ( ekeinōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and thus the clause has been structured so as to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see note at “your needs” below).+8:14ὑμῶν ( humōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+8:14Lit so that their own abundance may be for your lack. ME. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+8:14Lit so that there may be equality/fairness. ME (see note at v 13 above). The following verse makes it very clear what Paul means here.+8:15Ex 16:18+8:16Χάρις ( charis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:16Translating similarly to 2 Co 7:11-12 (see translation and notes there).+8:17ὅτι ( hoti) here is signaling evidence/explanation for Paul’s statement about Titus. Cf NET Bible Notes at Lk 7:47.+8:17Cf NCV.+8:17ἐδέξατο ( edexsato) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the key information activated by this element has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. An adverb has also been used to the same end. Drawing from BSL in translation here (see BSL, 2 Co 8:17, sv δέχομαι).+8:17Cf NRSV. σπουδαιότερος ( spoudaioteros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the newly activated information has been place in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+8:17αὐθαίρετος ( authrairetos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:17The aorist has been translated as an epistolary aorist. Cf, eg, NET and NIV.+8:18Lit with him.+8:18Lit of whom the praise in the gospel [is] throughout all the assemblies. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 154). Cf NIV, REB, TEV.+8:19Lit as our traveling companion with this grace that is being ministered by us. ME (see BDAG, 229, sv διακονέω 1; UBSHS [2 Co], 154).+8:19[αὐτοῦ] τοῦ κυρίου ( [autou] tou kuriou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:20τις ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. The negative particle has also been grouped with this element to the same end.+8:20Lit keeping away from this: in order that anyone should not blame us in this abundance that is being ministered by us. ME (see BDAG, 229, sv διακονέω; UBSHS [2 Co], 156). Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+8:21A reference to Pr 3:4 (LXX).+8:22Lit with them. Cf CJB.+8:22IT. Cf CJB, NLT.+8:22Lit whom we have tested in many things many times as being diligent/concerned/with goodwill. ME/IT (see BDAG, 256, sv δοκιμή 2; BSL, 2 Co 8:22, sv δοκιμάζω). Though σπουδαῖον ( spoudaion) is activating the same ideas as are activated by the cognate group in vv 7:11-8:21, in this context it also includes the idea of diligence.+8:22πολὺ ( polu) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:23An ellipsis is used in the Greek text. The implied verb has been supplied in translation. Cf LEB, NET, NLT.+8:23IT. Cf NLT.+8:23IT. Cf NET.+8:23IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+8:23IT (see ANLEX, 71, sv ἀπόστολος 1, 2).+8:23Lit the glory/honor of the Messiah. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 158). Cf CEV, NCV, NLT, REB, TEV.+8:24τὴν ἔνδειξιν τῆς ἀγάπης ὑμῶν καὶ ἡμῶν καυχήσεως ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ( tēn endeixin tēs agapēs humōn kai hēmōn kauxēseōs huper humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore οὖν ( oun) and εἰς πρόσωπον τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν ( eis prosōpon tōn ekklēsiōn) have been used as spacers to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+8:24Lit Therefore the proof of your love and our boasting about you to them be proving before the face of the assemblies. ME (see notes at 2 Co 2:14; L-N, 28.52, 83.33; UBSHS [2 Co], 159).+9:1Lit Concerning the ministry to the holy ones. ME (see translation and notes at 1 Co 16:1; 2 Co 8:19).+9:1περισσόν ( perisson) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a dummy subject and adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf CJB, TEV.+9:2Lit your eagerness, which concerning you I boast. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 2:14).+9:2IT. Cf CEV, TEV.+9:2IT. Cf TEV.+9:2IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+9:2Cf NIV; BSL, 2 Co 9:2, sv ἐρεθίζω.+9:3Cf TNT in ESS (2 Co), 299.+9:3Lit lest our boast about you. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 2:14).+9:3παρεσκευασμένοι ( pareskeuasmenoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (based on the context) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:4IT (see v 2).+9:4Or in this endeavor, or in this confidence, or in this situation.+9:5ἀναγκαῖον ( anankaion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore οὖν ( oun) has been used as a spacer to the same end.+9:5Lit set in order in advance. ME. Cf CEV.+9:5Lit the blessing. ME. Cf HCSB, NET, NIV.+9:5ἑτοίμην ( hetoimēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:5Cf NET.+9:6Cf CJB, NET.+9:6A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+9:6καὶ θερίσει ( kai therisei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+9:6A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+9:6καὶ θερίσει ( kai therisei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+9:7ἱλαρὸν δότην ( hilaron dotēn) is in P2 is in (see BART Display and LDGNT). The phrase has therefore been translated to give extra ἱλαρὸν, which seems to be the most important information being activated here.+9:7A reference to Pr 22:8 (LXX).+9:8ὁ θεὸς ( ho theos) is an over-encoded element (see BART Display), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give it extra stress.+9:8Lit all grace. In this context, χάρις ( charis) refers to an “exceptional effect produced by generosity” ( BDAG, 1080, sv 4). The context determines what effect is in view. In this context, the freely-given benefit that is resulting from God’s activity is the blessing of provision. πᾶσαν χάριν ( pasan charin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:8πάντοτε ( pantote) and πᾶσαν αὐτάρκειαν ( pasan autarkeian) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to these elements.+9:9Lit he scatters. ME (see BSL, 2 Co 9:9; L-N, 57.95).+9:9Lit his righteousness. ME(OTB) (see translation and notes at Mt 5:10, 5:20; L-N, 88.13; UBSHS [2 Co], 168; v 8 above). Cf NLT.+9:9Lit will remain. Cf NLT. The NLT captures the intended meaning well here in my opinion, and has therefore been followed in translation.+9:9Lit into the age. See note at 2 Co 4:17.+9:9Ps 112:9+9:10A reference to Is 55:10 (LXX).+9:10Lit of/from your righteousness. ME. Cf NCV, TEV; UBSHS (2 Co), 170. However the “harvest” is interpreted, the context indicates that “righteousness” here means “righteous acts” that are sown as “seeds.” Cf, eg, Ho 10:12.+9:11ἐν παντὶ ( en panti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:11Lit which [generosity] by means of us. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 170). Cf CEV, NLT, TEV.+9:12Lit the ministry of this service/help. ME (see BDAG, 591, sv λειτουργία 2; UBSHS [2 Co], 170).+9:12The verbs are functioning futuristically here. Cf NLT.+9:12μόνον ( monon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:12Lit the holy ones.+9:12Lit but it will also abound through many thanksgivings to God. ME. Cf TEV. The mismatch in languages is obvious here. The TEV captures the meaning well here in my opinion, and therefore something similar has been used in translation here.+9:13Lit through the proof of this ministry. ME (see ANLEX, 119, sv δοκιμή 3; L-N, 72.11; UBSHS [2 Co], 171).+9:13Lit because of the submission of your confession to the gospel of the Messiah. ME (see BDAG, 708, sv ὁμολογέω 4.b.; Ibid, 709, sv ὁμολογία 1,2). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+9:13Lit and the generosity of the fellowship toward them and toward all. ME (see UBSHS [2 Co], 172; cf BDAG, 553, sv κοινωνία 3).+9:14Cf NCV.+9:14Cf NIV.+9:14ὑπερβάλλουσαν ( huperballousan) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+9:14Lit because of the surpassing grace upon/in/among you. ME (see translation and notes at 2 Co 8:1).+9:15Χάρις ( charis) is P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:15ἀνεκδιηγήτῳ ( anekdiēgētō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.