BHT with Full Translator’s Notes1 Corinthians 12 =
12
“As for the Gifts of the Spirit”
1 Now as for the gifts of the Spirit, brothers and sisters, I want to make sure you are clear about them.+ 2 You know that when you were pagans,+ to idols that can’t even speak+ you were swept off+ again and again in whatever manner it was+ you were being led. 3 That is why I want to make sure you know that no one, if+ it is+ the Spirit of God by which he is speaking, says, “Jesus is cursed,+” and no one can say, “Jesus is Lord,+” except by the Holy Spirit.
4 Now, there are gifts certainly+ of different kinds, but it is+ the same Spirit who gives them all;+ 5 there are, likewise,+ different kinds of service, yet it is+ the same Lord who is being served;+ 6 there are, likewise,+ different expressions of power,+ but it is+ the same God who is putting his power to work in all sorts+ of ways in all kinds of people. 7 In each person, moreover, the Spirit’s presence is displayed+ for the common good. 8 Although one person, you see, through the Spirit, is given+ a word of wisdom, someone else is given a word of knowledge because of the work+ of the very+ same Spirit. 9 To another is given a gift of great faith+ by the very+ same Spirit; to another, gifts of healings by that one+ Spirit; 10 to another, power for doing miracles;+ to another, prophecy; to another, the ability to distinguish between spirits; to another, tongues+ of various kinds, and to another, the ability to interpret what is being said.+
11 All these things are enabled by one and the same Spirit, who distributes gifts to each person according to his will. 12 Just as the body, you see, is a single+ unit, and yet has many+ parts, and all the parts of the body, though+ many,+ make up one+ body, so too it is with the Messiah. 13 With+ one Spirit, you see, we, all of us,+ were into one body baptized,+ whether Jews or Gentiles,+ whether slaves or free; all of us were given one Spirit to drink. 14 Yes, the body consists not+ of one part, but of many. 15 If the foot were to say, “Since I’m not a hand, I don’t belong to the body,” it wouldn’t be any less a part of the body because of that,+ would it?+ 16 And if the ear were to say, “Because I’m not an eye, I don’t belong to the body,” it wouldn’t be any less a part of the body because of that,+ would it? 17 If the whole body were an eye, how could it hear?+ If the whole body were an ear, how could it smell?+ 18 As it is, God has arranged for his own use+ the parts in the body, each one of them according to his will. 19 Now if each part of the body were the same, that wouldn’t be a body at all!+ 20 As it is, there are many+ parts, but one+ body.
21 The eye cannot say to the hand, “I don’t need+ you,” nor again the head to the feet, “I don’t need+ you.” 22 On the contrary, the parts of the body that are considered to be less important,+ are, in fact, even more+ necessary; 23 those parts of the body that we consider to be less honorable,+ these we clothe with even+ greater honor; the parts of our body that should not be seen are treated with even+ greater modesty,+ 24 while our presentable parts don’t require any such treatment. The fact is, God has put the body together in such a way as to give even+ greater honor to the very parts that lack it, 25 so that there would be no division in the body, but that its parts would have the same+ concern for one another. 26 Indeed if one part suffers, all the other parts suffer with it; if one part is honored, all the other parts rejoice with it.
27 ᵖYou make up the body of the Messiah, and each one of you is a part of it.+ 28 Here are some of the parts+ God has arranged+ for his own use+ in the assembly: First, apostles; second, prophets; third, teachers; then, those who do miracles;+ then, people with gifts of healing, those enabled to help others in different ways,+ those with various gifts+ of leadership,+ and those who speak in tongues of various kinds. 29 Not all are apostles, are they? Not all are prophets, are they? Not all are teachers, are they? Not all perform miracles, do they? 30 Not all have gifts, do they,+ of healing? Not all speak in tongues,+ do they?+ Not all have the ability to interpret+ what is being said,+ do they?
31 Eagerly desire the greater gifts. And now I will point out to you the very+ best way of all.+
+1:1Or called. Following L-N in translation here (see L-N, 33.314).+1:2In Greek, the grammar switches here from the singular (describing the assembly as a corporate entity) to the plural (describing those who make up the assembly).+1:2Lit summoned to be holy, or called/summoned to be saints. Cf 1 Th 4:7, 5:23; 2 Th 2:13.+1:3“All of” is drawn from the plural “you” here.+1:3Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:3χάρις καὶ εἰρήνη ( charis kai eirēnē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and thus commas and inversion have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:5ἐν παντὶ ( en panti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:5Or speech.+1:6Translating μαρτύριον ( marturion) here in a way similar to the translation at 2 Th 1:10 (see notes there).+1:6Cf 1 Th 1:5.+1:6Cf 1 Co 2:1-5; Th 1:5. Translating ἐν ὑμῖν ( en humin) in a way similar to 1 Th 1:5 (cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT, and TEV at 1 Th 1:5). Paul’s point here is similar to his statements in 1 Th 1:4-5.+1:7Translating the genitive as a subjective genitive. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV.+1:8Lit who.+1:8For the meaning of βεβαιόω ( bebaioō) here, see L-N, 31.91. Col 2:7 makes it clear what Paul means here.+1:8Cf Php 1:10; Col 1:22 Th 3:12, 5:23; Jud 24.+1:9Or trustworthy. Cf 1 Th 5:24; 2 Th 3:3. πιστὸς ( pistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress. Cf ISV.+1:9Or called, or invited.+1:9Cf Rm 5:3, 8:17, 8:27-30; Ga 2:20-21, 3:26-29; Php 3:10, 3:21; Col 3:1-4.+1:10ME(H)/IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 20).+1:10Lit speak the same thing. ME (see BDAG, 588, sv λέγω 1.a.α.; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 32; UBSHS [1 Co], 20). τὸ αὐτὸ ( to auto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:10The participle here has been interpreted as a permissive imperative. This is reflected in the translation (cf 2 Co 13:11).+1:10For the basis of this rendering of νοῦς ( nous), see BDAG, 680, sv 2.b. An attitude of humility is what Paul means here (cf Php 2).+1:10Lit be restored to order/unity in the same mind and in the same conviction.+1:11γάρ ( gar) here is signaling strength and support for what precedes.+1:11ἔριδες ( erides) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:11Lit for it was made clear to me concerning you, my brothers, by those of Chloe, that there are bitter arguments/quarrels among you. ME. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+1:12Lit each of you says. In English, this type of statement is more clearly and naturally expressed by distributing the subject and grouping it with the claim. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+1:12Lit I am of Paul. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 21).The same grammatical form is used for the various persons in the sequence that follows.+1:12IT. See notes at Ga 1:18.+1:12Setting the stage in translation here for 1 Co 3:23 (see notes at 1 Co 3:22-23).+1:13Παῦλος ( Paulos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:13Or on your behalf, or in your place.+1:13In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296).+1:13εἰς τὸ ὄνομα Παύλου ( eis to onoma Paulou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:13Cf Col 1:13.+1:14οὐδένα ὑμῶν ( oudena humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an indefinite article, adjective, and the negative particle have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:15τις ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:15εἰς τὸ ἐμὸν ὄνομα ( eis to emon onoma) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:15ἐμὸν ( emon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:16Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:16τὸν Στεφανᾶ ( ton stephana) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:16τινα ἄλλον ( tina allon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+1:17βαπτίζειν ( baptizein) and εὐαγγελίζεσθαι ( euangelizesthai) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed immediately before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+1:17Lit not with wisdom of speech/word. ME (see BDAG, 599, sv λόγος 1.a.β.; notes at 1 Th 1:5).+1:18The datives in this verse have been interpreted as ethical datives. This is reflected in the translation. Cf 2 Co 2:14-16.+1:18The present participle of ἀπόλλυμι ( apollumi) here is pointing readers to the final fate of unbelievers (see notes at 2 Th 1:5; cf Php 1:28; 2 Th 2:10). Eternal ruin is meant (cf Jn 3:16; Rm 2:12; 2 Th 1:9, 2:10). Cf NAB, NEB, NJB, REB, TNT. Cf also UBSHS (1 Co), 28.+1:18μωρία ( mōria) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a downtoner and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:18Or deliverance. Maintaining consistency in the translation of the present participles in this verse (see preceding clause; cf translation and notes at 2 Th 1:5; Rm 2:1-11, 5:9-10, 8:23; Php 1:28; 2 Th 1:5-10). Cf NAB, NJB, REB, TNT.+1:18δύναμις θεοῦ ( dunamis theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an amplifier and emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:19IT. See BDAG, 934, sv σοφία 1; UBSHS [1 Co], 30, 31. This is referring to mere human wisdom, which God doesn’t in fact see as wise.+1:19Cf Mt 11:25.+1:19Is 29:14+1:20Lit where. EFE. Though intelligible to some degree, the intended effect and meaning of the rhetorical question here doesn’t transfer as naturally into English simply with “where” (cf UBSHS [1 Co], 31). The CJB, LB, NCV, and TEV are best here.+1:20Lit where. EFE. See previous note.+1:20Lit where. EFE. See previous two notes.+1:20IT. See note at “so-called” in v 19.+1:20Lit Did not God make foolish the wisdom of the world? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 31). Cf TEV. In Greek, questions that begin with οὐ ( ou) expect an affirmative answer (Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296). This has been made clear in the translation.+1:21Lit Since in the wisdom of God. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 52; UBSHS [1 Co], 32). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:21τὸν θεόν ( ton theon) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:21IT. See note at “so-called” in v 19.+1:21Cf Mt 11:25-28; Jn 1:18.+1:21διὰ τῆς μωρίας τοῦ κηρύγματος ( dia tēs mōrias tou kērugmatos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:21IT. Cf TEV; UBSHS [1 Co], 32; v 1:18 above.+1:21Lit God. Since the situation and topic frame was rendered with an ME (see first note in v 21), a personal pronoun has been used here in translation.+1:21Or in him. The object of faith is implied contextually. Cf CJB.+1:22σημεῖα ( sēmeia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:22Lit Greeks.+1:22σοφίαν ( sophian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:23IT (see BSL, 1 Co 1:23, sv κηρύσσω).+1:23Cf Dt 32:21; Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Ac 22:22; Rm 9:33, 10:19, 11:9; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+1:23Because of the importance of the “stumbling block” motif in NT teaching, especially with regard to the Jewish people (see, eg, Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Rm 9:33, 11:9; 1 Pe 2:6-8), I thought it important to maintain the literal imagery here. I have clarified the meaning (see L-N, 25.181), though, with an appositional phrase.+1:23See previous note.+1:23Cf Ac 17:16-21.+1:24Or called, or invited.+1:24Lit Greeks.+1:24θεοῦ ( theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:24θεοῦ ( theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+1:25IT. See notes at 1:19; BDAG, 451, sv θεός 3.f.α.; UBSHS [1 Co], 35. Cf TEV.+1:25σοφώτερον τῶν ἀνθρώπων ( sophōteron tōn anthrōpōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:25IT. See note at Mt 19:26.+1:26Lit look at your calling. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 1:26; UBSHS [1 Co], 37). Cf NET, TEV.+1:26Lit not many were wise according to the flesh, not many were powerful, not many were high-born. ME (see DBL Greek, #2302; L-N, 87.27; UBSHS [1 Co], 37). Cf NCV, NET, TEV.+1:27τὰ μωρὰ τοῦ κόσμου ( ta mōra tou kosmou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:27Lit the foolish things of the world. ME Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:27Or chose, or has chosen. The aorist has been interpreted as functioning gnomically in this context (note especially “all flesh” in the purpose clause of v 29, indicating a broader application than just to the Corinthians themselves). This is reflected in the translation. The same truth is reflected time and again throughout the OT and NT. Cf, eg, Dt 7:7-9; 1 Sm 16:1-12; 2 Sm 7:8; Am 7:14; Ac 4:13.+1:27Cf Dt 7:7-9; 1 Sm 16:1-12; 2 Sm 7:8; Am 7:14; Ac 4:13. “For himself” is drawn from the middle voice here.+1:27τὰ ἀσθενῆ τοῦ κόσμου ( ta asthenē tou kosmou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:27Lit the weak things of the world. ME. Cf CJB, TEV.+1:28τὰ ἀγενῆ τοῦ κόσμου καὶ τὰ ἐξουθενημένα ( ta agenē tou kosmou kai ta exouthenēmena) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:28Lit the insignificant things of the world and the despised things. ME. Cf NCV, TEV.+1:28Lit the things not being. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 65; UBSHS [1 Co], 39). Cf NLT, NCV, TEV.+1:28Lit the things being. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. Here, the opposite of “the things not being” is meant (see note earlier in this verse). τὰ ὄντα ( ta onta) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+1:29Lit all flesh, or any flesh, or any kind of flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” M, N (see FBT Chart). Cf translation and note at Ac 2:17.+1:29Lit so that no flesh may boast. ME (see notes at 2 Co 1:14).+1:30ἐξ αὐτοῦ ( ex autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. δὲ ( de) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+1:30Lit out of him, or from him, or because of him, or by him. ME. Cf NASB, NCV, NLT, REB, TEV, TNT. Cf Dt 7:7-9, 9:4-6; Jr 9:23-24; Rm 9:14-18; 1 Jn 4:19; v 31.+1:30Cf CJB, ISV, NLT, TEV.+1:30This may well be an allusion to the cornerstone motif (cf Ps 118:22; Mt 21:42-43; Mk 12:10-11; Ac 4:11). Cf παρὰ κυρίου ( para kuriou) in Mt 21:42 with ἐξ αὐτοῦ ( ex autou) and ἀπὸ θεοῦ ( apo theou) in this verse, and note how this element receives focal prominence here and in Mt 21:42. Cf also the TEV’s translation of γίνομαι at Mt 21:28.+1:30The dative here has been interpreted as a dative of advantage. This is reflected in the translation.+1:30ἀπὸ θεοῦ ( apo theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. Cf Mt 6:33.+1:30“In this area, it closely approximates salvation” (\it BDAG, 247, sv δικαιοσύνη 2).+1:30Lit sanctification. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:31A condition is implied in the participle here (for more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9). Cf NCV, NLT; NCV, NET, and TEV at Jr 9:24.+1:31Lit boasts. ME (see notes at 2 Co 1:14).+1:31ἐν κυρίῳ ( en kuriō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a demonstrative pronoun, adverb, and colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+1:31Following the MT in translation here. Cf NLT.+1:31Lit in the Lord. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 42; cf, eg, Ps 77:11, 78:4, 106:2). Cf TEV. Ga 6:14 confirms that the TEV has rightly identified the intending meaning here. Cf Rm 1:16-17.+1:31Jr 9:24+2:1καθ’ ὑπεροχὴν λόγου ἢ σοφίας ( kath’ huperochēn logou ē sophias) is receiving extra prominence (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:1The genitive has been interpreted as functioning in the a subjective/source range. This is reflected in the translation. Looking to 1 Co 2:7, Eph 3:5, and Col 1:26 for the compressed verbal information here. “Entrusted” is also another good candidate (see 1 Co 4:1; cf 1 Th 2:4)+2:2τι ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+2:2ἐσταυρωμένον ( estaurōmenon) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:3ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ καὶ ἐν φόβῳ καὶ ἐν τρόμῳ πολλῷ ( en astheneia kai en phobō kai en tromō pollō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:3γίνομαι ( ginomai) with ἐν ( en) here is signaling a state of being (see BDAG, 198, sv 5.c.).+2:4IT. See notes at 1 Co 1:6-7; 1 Th 1:5. This also implied by ἀπόδειξις ( apodeixis), which is used in the counterpoint. Cf L-N, 28.52; UBSHS [1 Co], 47.+2:4ἐν πειθοῖ[ς] σοφίας [λόγοις] ἀλλ’ἐν ἀποδείξει πνεύματος καὶ δυνάμεως ( en peithoi[s] sophhias [logois] all’ en apodeixei pneumatos kai dunameōs) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these constituents.+2:4IT. Cf NCV, TEV.+2:4Lit in persuasion of wisdom. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT.+2:4Lit proof/demonstration [consisting] of the Spirit and power. ME. Following the lead of BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 109, sv ἀπόδειξις), with the information in the verbal noun activated in verb form for more natural expression in English. Cf Ac 10:44-48, 11:15-17; Ga 4:6-7; 1 Th 1:5.+2:6IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 52).+2:6Cf Ps 110:5-6; Is 24:21-23; Dn 10; Zc 14; 1 Co 6:1-3; Eph 3:10-11; 1 Jn 5:19; Re 19:11-21:15.+2:7θεοῦ ( theou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:7In Pauline theology, the “mystery” is now considered disclosed to believers (cf, eg, Rm 16:25; Eph 3:3-9; Col 1:25-28), though it is still hidden to some (which seems to be implied by the perfect tense here; see UBSHS [1 Co], 54). Cf NLT.+2:7IT. (see BDAG, 662, sv 1.b.).+2:7Cf NET. Cf also Rm 16:25; Eph 3:3-9; Col 1:25-28.+2:7The antecedent here is “wisdom.” When used with προορίζω ( proorizō), a wise plan or decision is meant (see L-N, 30.84; UBSHS [1 Co], 54; Ac 4:28; Eph 3:9). Cf NCV, NLT.+2:7Lit unto/for/with a view to our glory. ME (see BDAG, 257, sv δόξα 1.c.; translation and notes at Jn 7:39, Rm 8:30). Cf Is 52:12-53:12; 1 Pt 1:20.+2:8Cf Is 40:13-14; Rm 11:34.+2:8τὸν κύριον τῆς δόξης ( ton kurion tēs doxēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:8Cf Is 53:1; Jn 1:14, 12:38; Php 2:6-11; 1 Ti 3:16.+2:9Lit not ascend in/on the heart of man. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 58, sv ἀναβαίνω 2; L-N, 30.17; UBSHS [1 Co], 56). Cf HCSB. ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου ( epi kardian anthrōpou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore this element within the ME has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+2:9Is 64:4+2:10Cf Eph 3:4-6; Col 1:26-27.+2:10πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+2:10Lit the deep things of God. ME (see L-N, 28.76; UBSHS [Re], 61). Cf Dn 2:20-23; 1 Pt 1:11.+2:11Lit Who among men knows the things of the man except the spirit of the man that is in him? ME. The gap between languages here is obvious. Cf NLT.+2:11Lit the things. What the “things” are is made clear from the context. Cf ESV, HCSB, NASB, RSV.+2:12τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ κόσμου ( to pneuma tou kosmou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), with ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ( alla to pneuma to ek tou theou) in a split focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+2:13διδακτοῖς ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας ( didaktois antrhōpinēs sophias) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). Italics have thus been used to give the key word extra focus and emphasis (the next clause makes it clear what is being contrasted).+2:13Cf Is 54:13. Cf Jr 31:33-34; Jn 6:45, 16:13; Rm 2:15; 1 Th 4:9; Heb 8:10-11; 1 Jn 2:27.+2:13Drawing from ANLEX (see ANLEX, 318, sv πνευματικός 2) and the UBSHS (see UBSHS [1 Co], 61) in translation here. πνευματικὰ ( pneumatika) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), though there is some focal ambiguity here (see BART Display). Commas have thus been used to give extra focus to these elements, with πνευματικὰ in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+2:13Following L-N in translation here (see L-N, 12.21). The context clearly favors understanding “spiritual” in the sense of things derived from the Spirit, rather than things about the Spirit. Cf Eph 1:18, 3:5.+2:13Or comparing things of the Spirit with things of the Spirit. Though I am not dogmatic here, Paul’s use of πνευματικοῖς ( pneumatikois) in 1 Co 3:1 causes me to favor the interpretation reflected in the translation. Also, looking to the context for the intended meaning of πνευματικὰ ( pneumatika) here: “My message and my preaching” (v 4); “God has revealed them to us by the Spirit” (v 10); “so that we may understand” (v 12); “taught by the Spirit” (v 13); “unable to understand” (v 14); “examined and understood” (v 14); “examine and understand all things” (v 15).+2:14Lit the natural man. ME (see ANLEX, 414, sv ψυχικός 2; UBSHS [1 Co], 61). In addition to the immediate context, Jude 19 makes it clear what is meant by ψυχικός ( psuchikos) here. Cf NIV, NCV, TEV.+2:14Cf Jn 14:15-17.+2:14Lit they.+2:14μωρία ( mōria) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a downtoner has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+2:14πνευματικῶς ( pneumatikōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:14Drawing from ANLEX in the translation of πνευματικῶς ( pneumatikōs) here (see ANLEX, 318, sv 2).+2:14For the meaning of ἀνακρίνω ( anakrinō) in this context, see UBSHS (1 Co), 62. That this is in fact the intended meaning here, is confirmed by the contrast with the person who is “unable to understand.” Cf the Bereans, who “examined” (ἀνακρίνω) the Scriptures to discern the truth of what they were hearing.+2:15A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+2:15Maintaining consistency in translation with verse 13.+2:15Maintaining consistency in translation (ἀνακρίνω [ anakrinō] is used again).+2:15ὑπ’ οὐδενὸς ( hup’ oudenos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+2:15Cf 1 Co 4:8-13; Heb 11.+2:16A loose quotation of Is 40:13 (LXX).+2:16νοῦν κυρίου ( noun kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+2:16IT/ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 680, sv νοῦς 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 63; MT of Is 40:13, where rûach [“spirit/breath/mind”] is used). Many English readers might not realize the close relationship between spirit and mind presupposed by Paul’s statement here. Therefore, the IT has been made explicit in translation, so that the connection between this statement and information activated in the broader context is not lost in translation.+3:1Lit as to fleshly people. ME (see L-N, 41.42; UBSHS [1 Co], 67). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:2γάλα ( gala) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:2ἔτι νῦν ( eti nun) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:3ἔτι ( eti) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:3Lit for still you are fleshly. ME (see note at v 1).+3:3ζῆλος καὶ ἔρις ( zēlos kai eris) is in an embedded DFE position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final (with the help of a dummy subject) for extra focus and stress.+3:3Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 1:11(see translation and note there).+3:3σαρκικοί ( sarkikoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:3κατὰ ἄνθρωπον ( kata anthrōpon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:3Lit according to man. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 3:3). Cf CJB, LET, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+3:4ἄνθρωποί ( anthrōpoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+3:4Lit Are you not men? ME (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 3:3; UBSHS [1 Co], 70).+3:5Lit to each as the Lord gave. ME. Cf NCV, NLT.+3:7ὁ φυτεύων ἐστίν τι οὔτε ὁ ποτίζων ἀλλ’ ὁ αὐξάνων θεός ( ho phuteuōn estin ti oute ho potizōn all’ ho auxanōn theos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+3:7Cf NAB.+3:8ἕν ( hen) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis within the ME.+3:8Or are united. Lit are one. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 119; UBSHS [1 Co], 73). Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+3:8τὸν ἴδιον μισθὸν ( ton idion misthon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore κατὰ τὸν ἴδιον κόπον ( kata ton idion kopon) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element, which has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+3:8Or wages.+3:9θεοῦ συνεργοί ( theou sunergoi) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+3:9Lit we. The “we” here is an exclusive we, referring to Paul and Apollos (see UBSHS [1 Co], 74). Cf NLT. Cf also 1 Co 4:6.+3:9Lit For we are fellow-workers for God, or For we are God’s fellow-workers. ME. Cf REB, NCV, NRSV, TEV.+3:9θεοῦ γεώργιον ( theou geōrgion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with θεοῦ ( theou) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). The embedded element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:9θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ( theou oikodomē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with θεοῦ ( theou) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). The embedded element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:10Lit according to the grace/gracious gift of God that was given to me. ME (see ANLEX, 407, sv χάρις 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 75).+3:10θεμέλιον ( themelion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:11θεμέλιον ἄλλον παρὰ τὸν κείμενον ( themlion allon para ton keimenon) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+3:12ME(H)/IT (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 128; UBSHS [1 Co], 77). Cf v 14.+3:12ME (H)/IT (see previous note).+3:13IT (note the presence of ὁποῖος [ hopoios] later in the verse). Cf TEV.+3:13φανερὸν ( phaneron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:13Or because each person’s work. Lit it.+3:13ἐν πυρὶ ( en puri) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. Cf 2 Pt 3.+3:13ὁποῖόν ( hopoion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been segmented with dashes for extra focus and emphasis.+3:14μισθὸν ( misthon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+3:15Or he will be punished. Cf REB.+3:15Lit but so as through fire. ME (see BDAG, 898, sv πῦρ a.; UBSHS [1 Co], 79). Cf CJB, HCSB ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:16ναὸς θεοῦ ( naos theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+3:16Or in you, or among you.+3:17φθείρει ( phtheirei) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:17ἅγιός ( hagios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18ἐξαπατάτω ( exapatatō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18σοφὸς ( sophos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18Lit in this age. ME (see L-N, 41.38). Cf NIV, NLT.+3:18μωρὸς ( mōros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:18IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+3:19IT. See note at “so-called” in v 1:19.+3:19μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ( mōria part tō theō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adjective has been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+3:19Jb 5:13+3:20Ps 94:11. Cf the translation of μάταιος [ mataios] here with that at 1 Co 15:17. I have also used “worthless,” though, to preserve potential links in thought with Rm 1:21.+3:21Lit let no one boast in men. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 84; notes at Mt 19:26; 1 Co 1:12, 3:4). Cf HCSB, NET, NCV.+3:21πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:21The genitive is functioning at maximum capacity here, with different shades of meaning simultaneously at work because of the diverse nature of the things referred to in the list that follows. With Paul, Apollos, and Cephas, the meaning is that these men are given by God to serve the Corinthians. With “world,” the inheritance that believers will receive at the Second Coming is in view (cf Rm 4:13; Ga 4). “Life” could also conceivably be included with the inheritance, but because it is grouped with death (which certainly isn’t part of the inheritance), “life or death” most likely means something along the lines of passages like 2 Co 2:15, 4:1-12, and 2 Co 11:23, Eph 3:1, Php 1:20-25, Col 1:24, and 1 Th 1:5. “Things present” means the things experienced in this age for our good (cf Rm 8:28-29), and “things to come” refers again to the future inheritance (cf, eg, Rm 8:17). Cf ESS (1 Co 1-9), 143-6.+3:22Cf Jn 13:12-17; Rm 4:13, 8:17, 8:28-9; 2 Co 2:15, 4:1-12; Ga 4; Eph 3:1; Php 1:20-25, 3:10-11; Col 1:24; 1 Th 1:5.+3:22πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+3:23Lit You are of the Messiah. Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 1:12 (see translation and note there).+3:23Lit the Messiah is of God. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 146). Cf Rm 8:17; 1 Co 11:3, 15:28.+4:1Cf Rm 16:25-26; 1 Co 2:1, 7; Eph 3:5; Col 1:26; 1 Th 2:4.+4:2Cf HCSB.+4:2Cf L-N, 92.35.+4:2Or faithful. Cf 1 Th 2:1-4; 1 Ti 1:10. πιστός ( pistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured to give extra focus to this element.+4:3The dative here has been interpreted as an ethical dative. This is reflected in the translation.+4:3εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ( eis elachiston) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been use to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf CJB, NLT.+4:3ὑφ’ ὑμῶν ( hup’ humōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:3ἀνθρωπίνης ( anthrōpinēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:3Lit by a human day. ME (see L-N, 56.1; UBSHS [1 Co], 89).+4:3ἐμαυτὸν ( emauton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an adverb and a possessive adjective have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:4Lit I am not conscious of anything against myself. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 90). Cf ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:4Cf translation and notes at 1 Co 2:15.+4:4Lit examines me, or discerns me. ME/IT (see L-N, 27.44).+4:4κύριός ( kurios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+4:5πρὸ καιροῦ ( pro kairou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ὥστε ( hōste) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent. Also, ὥστε is interpreted as signaling a result drawn not just from the preceding verse, but from the section as a whole, and therefore I have placed v 5 in its own paragraph (to compensate for the fact that ὥστε has been used as a spacer, which would make a translation like “so then” a bit awkward here).+4:5IT. Cf ESV, NRSV, RSV; UBSHS [1 Co], 90.+4:5Lit the purposes/intentions of the heart. ME(H/OTB) (see note at Mk 3:5).+4:6Lit in us, or by us. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 161; UBSHS [1 Co], 93). Cf NCV, TEV, REB.+4:6Or learn.+4:6Lit the not above what is written. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 162; L-N, 88.95; UBSHS [1 Co], 93).+4:6εἷς ( eis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME (see following note).+4:6Lit so that none of you are inflated with pride for/in favor of the one against the other. ME. The mismatch in languages is significant here. The meaning is clear from the context. Cf ESS (1 Co 1-9), 164; UBSHS (1 Co), 94.+4:7τίς ( tis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+4:7Lit Who differentiates you? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 95). Cf Re 3:17-19.+4:7ME/IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:7Cf TEV. In this context, τίς ( tis) seems to be functioning rhetorically in a way similar to how πῶς ( pōs) does in certain contexts (see BDAG, 901, sv πῶς 1.a.β., 1.a.γ.; cf Ibid, 1007, sv τίς 2, 3). Cf also Ga 2:14, 4:10.+4:8συμβασιλεύσωμεν ( sumbasileusōmen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+4:8Cf Dn 7:21-22; 1 Co 4:5, 6:2-3; 1 Th 4:17; Heb 12:39-40; Re 2:25-28.+4:9ἐσχάτους ( eschatous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore adverbs have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:9Lit God has appointed/publicly displayed us apostles last/at the end like men condemned to death. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 108, sv ἀποδείκνυμι 1; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 170-171; FSB, 1 Co 4:9, sv ἀποδείκνυμι; UBSHS [1 Co], 97).+4:9θέατρον ( theatron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ἀγγέλοις καὶ ἀνθρώποις ( kai angelois kai anthrōpois) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:10Paul is using irony and sarcasm here as a form of rebuke. Cf NIV, note at 1 Co 1:19.+4:13ὡς περικαθάρματα τοῦ κόσμου ( hōs perikatharmata tou kosmou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:13πάντων ( pantōn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore ἕως ἄρτι ( heōs arti) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+4:14Οὐκ ἐντρέπων ὑμᾶς ( ouk entrepōn humas) and νουθετῶ[ν] ( nouthetōn) are in a split focal position (see BART Display), and constitute a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to these elements.+4:14ὡς τέκνα μου ἀγαπητὰ ( hōs tekna mou agapēta) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+4:15μυρίους παιδαγωγοὺς ( murious paidagōgous) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore repetition (μυρίος [ murios] is functioning hyperbolically here [see L-N, 60.7; BSL, 1 Co 4:15, sv; cf ESV, RSV]) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final to the same end+4:15Lit but not many fathers. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+4:15ἐγὼ ( egō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+4:16Lit become imitators of me. ME. Cf NCV, TEV. μιμηταί μου ( mimētai mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME.+4:17Or faithful, or dependable, or loyal.+4:17πανταχοῦ ( pantachou) and ἐν πάσῃ ἐκκλησίᾳ ( en pasē ekklēsia) are in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to these constituents.+4:18Lit as though my not coming to you. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 105). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:19Lit I will know not the word of those inflated with pride, but the power. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 106; translation and note at 1 Th 1:5). Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+4:20ἐν λόγῳ ( en logō) and ἀλλ’ ἐν δυνάμει ( all’ en dunamei) are in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus and emphasis to this element. The negative particle has also been positioned before the counterpoint to the same end.+4:20ME(H)/IT. See note at 1 Th 1:5.+4:20Cf CSB, NIV, REB. For another possibility, see VPR (see VCC, 1 Co 4:19). The verb is not explicit, and therefore must be inferred from the context. Cf Dn 2:34, 44; Mt 16:27, 25:31; Mk 9:2, 13:26; Lk 17:21-25, 21:28-30; 2 Th 1:5-8; 2 Ti 4:1-8.+4:21ἐν ῥάβδῳ ἢ ἐν ἀγάπῃ πνεύματί τε πραΰτητο ( en rabdō ē en agapē penumati te prautēto) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+4:21IT (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 4:21). Cf NET.+5:1Lit Everywhere it is being reported, or it is actually being reported. ME (see BDAG, 704, sv ὅλως; UBSHS [1 Co], 109). Ὅλως ( holōs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+5:1πορνεία ( porneia) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+5:1Lit and such immorality which is not even among the Gentiles. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 109). Cf NLT, TEV.+5:1Lit so that someone has the wife of the father. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 111). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV. γυναῖκά τοῦ πατρὸς ( gunaika tou patros) is in split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:2πεφυσιωμένοι ( pephusiōmenoi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:2ἐπενθήσατε ( epenthēsate) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:2Lit so that the man who committed this deed should be taken from the midst of you. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 112). Result and/or purpose is signaled by the ἵνα ( hina) clause.+5:3Lit though absent in the body. ME. Cf NCV, NLT.+5:3Cf Mt 16:19, 18:15-20.+5:4ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ ( en tō onomati tou kuriou Yēsou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. Here the extra prominence seems to be underscoring the power and authority of the name (cf note at 1 Co 1:10).+5:4Lit and my own spirit. ME. Cf NET, NIV.+5:4Cf Mt 18:20.+5:5For this translation of ὄλεθρος ( olethros), cf 1 Th 5:3, 2 Th 1:9.+5:5Lit the flesh. Cf Jb 2:1-8; Pr 20:30; Lk 13:16; Re 2:22-23. Translated according to “Flesh” D (see FBT Chart). The contrast with “spirit” here indicates that Paul is using “flesh” here in the sense of “outer man” (ie, the body) versus “inner man” (cf, eg, Eph 3:16). Cf TEV.+5:5Lit the (that is, the man’s).+5:5Cf Pr 20:30.+5:6Lit your boasting.+5:6Οὐ καλὸν ( ou kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore strong lexemes and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:6καλός ( kalos) can mean “good” in the sense of “beautiful” (see, eg, L-N, 79.9) or “advantageous” (see, eg, L-N, 65.43). Here it has been translated as the opposite of these (ie, “not beautiful,” and “not advantageous” [in this context, “not advantageous” in the sense of “dangerous” fits the context well]).+5:6μικρὰ ( mikra) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display at Ga 5:9), and thus italics and an adverb have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+5:6Lit leavens. ME(H/OTB) (see note at Ga 5:9).+5:6ὅλον τὸ φύραμα ( holon to phurama) is in P2 ( BART Display and LDGNT), with ὅλον ( holon) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display at Ga 5:9). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the embedded element.+5:7παλαιὰν ( palaian) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis. “Former” (see ANLEX, 292, sv παλαιός 2; L-N, 41.43) more adequately represents the intended meaning of παλαιός ( palaios) here. He is using the metaphor to describe the sin of their former lives apart from God. Cf v 8 below; Eph 4:17-32; Col 3:5-10.+5:7IT/ME(OTB) (see Stern, JNTC, 1 Co 5:6; UBSHS [1 Co], 115; TEV). Cf v 8. Cf also Rm 6:1-23.+5:7νέον ( neon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:7Cf Ex 12:15; Eph 4:17-32; Col 3:5-10.+5:7Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 23, sv ἄζυμος).+5:7Cf Ex 12:1-28; Jn 19:36.+5:8Cf Ex 12:1-28; Lv 23:4-8; Nu 9:1-5.+5:9Lit I wrote to you in the letter. ME(H) (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 214; UBSHS [1 Co], 117). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:10Lit not by any means/entirely the sexually immoral people of this world. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 118). Cf FrCL.+5:10Lit since then you would be obligated to go out of the world. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 348, sv ἐξέρχομαι 2).+5:11Or Now I am writing to you. Cf NLT, TEV.+5:11ἀδελφὸς ( adelphos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+5:11The lexemes used here indicate that these features are prevalent to an extent so as to be characteristic and habitual features of the person’s life (idolater, drunkard, etc).+5:12Lit What to me? ME(I/F) (see note at Mt 8:29; UBSHS [1 Co], 120). Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+5:12τοὺς ἔξω ( tous exō) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+5:12ME/IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 120). Cf NCV.+5:12ME(H). In this context, κρίνω ( krinō) involves leadership as well as arbitration (see notes at Mt 19:28). Cf ISV at 1 Co 6:2.+5:12τοὺς ἔσω ( tous esō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element.+5:12Cf Mt 16:17-20, 18:10-20.+5:13ὁ θεὸς ( ho theos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured to give extra focus to this constituent.+5:13Cf Rm 2:1-16, 12:19-20.+5:13Dt 17:7+6:1πρᾶγμα ( pragma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:1Lit the unrighteous, or the unjustified. ME (see ANLEX, 35, sv ἄδικος 5; UBSHS [1 Co], 124).+6:1Lit the holy ones.+6:2Lit the holy ones.+6:2ME(H/OTB). Cf ISV. In this context, κρίνω ( krinō) involves governance as well as arbitration (see notes at Mt 19:28). Cf Is 1:26-27; Dn 7:21-27.+6:2τὸν κόσμον ( ton kosmon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:2Cf Dn 7:21-27.+6:2ἐν ὑμῖν ( en humin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:2ἀνάξιοί κριτηρίων ἐλαχίστων ( anaxioi kritēriōn elachistōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics, an adverb, and a demonstrative pronoun have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to these elements within the ME (see following note).+6:2Lit are you unworthy/incompetent of small tribunals? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 124). Cf ESV, ISV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+6:3ἀγγέλους ( angelous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective and intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:3Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV; UBSHS (1 Co), 125. Paul’s argument here is an example of a lesser-to-greater argument (cf, eg, Mt 6:26, 12:12), though here the greater is stated first. Paul obviously isn’t saying that the matters leaders must deal with in this age (like immorality in the church; see ch 5) are unimportant, but that they are less weighty in comparison to the responsibilities that will be entrusted to the saints in the age to come.+6:4βιωτικὰ κριτήρια ( biōtika kritēria) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. οὖν ( oun) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+6:4Lit you have. Cf ISV at v 2.+6:4τούτους ( toutous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an ascensive adverb (based on the interpretation adopted here; see notes in v 3) has been used to give extra focus to the referent of this constituent.+6:4Or Those who are despised in the assembly, are you going to seat these people? Lit Those who are despised/least esteemed/disdained in the assembly, these people seat. ME (see BDAG, 491, sv καθίζω 2; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 226; L-N, 37.104; UBSHS [1 Co], 125-7).+6:5πρὸς ἐντροπὴν ὑμῖν ( pros entropēn humin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:5Lit among you. ME. Cf TEV.+6:5οὐδεὶς σοφός ( oudeis sophos) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress. οὐδεὶς ( oudeis) has also been rendered ascensively to the same end.+6:6μετὰ ἀδελφοῦ ( meta adelphou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἀλλὰ ( alla) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:6IT. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+6:7κρίματα ( krimata) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:7ὅλως ἥττημα ( holōs ēttēma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the sentence has been structured so as to place this information in clause-final. Cf NIV, TEV.+6:7The verbs here have been interpreted as permissive middles. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NCV; Wallace, Grammar, 441.+6:9θεοῦ βασιλείαν ( theou basileian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis\f? Don’t be deceived! Neither sexually immoral people, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor sodomites, nor the passive partners in such,\f + The two Greek terms used here refer to the passive and active partners in a male homosexual relationship (see L-N, 88.281, 88.280). Cf NET.+6:10οὔτε πόρνοι οὔτε εἰδωλολάτραι οὔτε μοιχοὶ οὔτε μαλακοὶ οὔτε ἀρσενοκοῖται οὔτε κλέπται οὔτε πλεονέκται, οὐ μέθυσοι, οὐ λοίδοροι, οὐχ ἅρπαγες ( oute pornoi oute eidōlolatrai oute moichoi oute malakoi oute arsenokoitai oute kleptai oute pleonektai, out methusoi, ou loidoroi, ouk harpages) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to the various parts of this constituent.+6:10βασιλείαν θεοῦ ( basileian theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra emphasis. Cf Re 21:6-8.+6:11Lit you were sanctified. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+6:11IT. The extension of mercy is implied here. See James B. Prothro, A Pauline Theology of Justification: Forgiveness, Friendship, and Life in Christ. (Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2023). Cf Rom 4:1-8.+6:12Here Paul is obviously talking about all things that are good in themselves (such as food and sex, for example).+6:12ἔξεστιν ( exestin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:12Lit all things for me are permitted. ME. Looking to 1 Co 10:23-25, Ga 2:11-13, and 1Ti 6:18 for clarity as to the intended meaning of the saying here. Cf ESS (1 Co 1-9), 236; REB, TEV.+6:12ἀλλά ( alla) in v 12 is signaling correction. The correction here is interpreted as a clarification of a truth that is incomplete without further qualification. This is reflected in the translation. Cf TEV.+6:12πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+6:12Cf 1 Ti 6:17-19.+6:13Lit both this [the stomach] and these [foods]. The antecedents have been made explicit in translation for the sake of clarity. καὶ ταύτην καὶ ταῦτα ( kai tautēn kai tauta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+6:13Cf 1 Co 3:16-17; 2 Co 11:2; Eph 5:25-33; Col 3:4; 2 Th 1:10.+6:14The new development here seems to be both explanatory and contrastive in nature (see UBSHS [1 Co], 135; cf BDAG, 213, sv δέ 2).+6:14καὶ τὸν κύριον ( kai ton kurion) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:14καὶ ἡμᾶς ( kai hēmas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:15μέλη Χριστοῦ ( melē christou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:15Lit members, or parts. Cf REB.+6:15Lit the members of the Messiah.+6:15Lit make them members of. Cf NCV.+6:15πόρνης ( pornēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:16A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+6:16ἓν σῶμά ( hen sōma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:16IT. Cf most English translations.+6:16Gn 2:24+6:17A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+6:17ἓν πνεῦμά ( hen pneuma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+6:17IT. Cf most English translations.+6:18ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματός ( ektos tou sōmatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+6:18Lit is outside the body, or is independent of the body. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 138; Spence, PC [1 Co], 194). The meaning of this phrase is difficult to determine, but the context (note the contrast with “sins against his own body,” or “sins in his own body,” or “sins with reference to his own body”) seems to favor an interpretation somewhere between those of Spence, NLT, and GeCL. Following their lead in the translation here. Cf also 2 Co 7:2.+6:18εἰς τὸ ἴδιον σῶμα ( eis to idion sōma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:18Or in, or with reference to.+6:19ναὸς τοῦ ἐν ὑμῖν ἁγίου πνεύματός ( naos tou en humin hagiou pneumatos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+6:19Cf Rm 14:7–8; 1Co 3:16; 2 Co 6:16.+6:19Or among.+6:20Cf NLT; Robertson and Plummer (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 247). Ellingworth and Hatton’s claim against the Vulgate’s interpretation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 139) is overstated (not to mention unsubstantiated). Because Paul is referring to the blood of Christ, the high/precious value/worth/honor (cf τιμίῳ αἵματι [ timiō haimati] at 1 Pt 1:19) of the price paid is most likely the meaning here (cf 1 Pt 1:18-19; Re 5:9). The focal prominence given to this element at 1 Co 7:23 (see BART Display and LDGNT there) also seems to favor the NLT and the Vulgate here: You were bought at a price (expressed semantically: You were bought at a high/great price).+6:20Lit in, or by. Cf CJB, TEV. I like the clarity of these translations, but wanted to keep “in your body” in clause-final. Hence the translation here.+7:1ἅπτεσθαι ( haptesthai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:1Or not to marry a woman. Lit for a man not to be touching a woman. ME (see BDAG, 126, sv ἅπτω 4; L-N, 34.70; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:1; UBSHS [1 Co], 143). Cf NLT.+7:2Lit because of the immoralities. The plural here is interpreted in terms of pervasiveness of acts (see previous note). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT.+7:2Lit have his own wife. ME (I/F/OTB) (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:2; Dt 24:5; Pr 5:15-19). Cf NET.+7:3Lit To the wife let the husband repay the debt/duty. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 144).+7:3ἀποδιδότω ( apodidotō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see previous note) has been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:4ἡ γυνὴ ἀλλὰ ὁ ἀνήρ ( hē gunē alla ho anēr) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:4ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνή ( ho anēr alla hē gunē) is in a split focal position (see BART Display), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:5Lit be again in the same place. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 146). Cf NET, TEV.+7:7ἴδιον χάρισμα ἐκ θεοῦ ( idion charisma ek theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The pre-posed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:7Cf Mt 19:10-12.+7:8Lit I say.+7:8καλὸν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:8Lit if they remain even as I. Cf CJB, ESV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+7:9κρεῖττον γαμῆσαι ἢ πυροῦσθαι ( kreitton gamēsai ē purousthai) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γάρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+7:10Cf Mk 10:5-12.+7:10μὴ χωρισθῆναι ( mē chōristhēnai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:11καταλλαγήτω ( katallagētō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:11μὴ ἀφιέναι ( mē aphienai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:12γυναῖκα ἄπιστον ( gunaika apiston) is in a split focal position (see BART Display). The spilt element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:14Or is consecrated.+7:14Lit is set apart in his wife. ME (see BDAG, 329, sv ἐν 9.a.; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 268; UBSHS [1 Co], 153).+7:14Lit is set apart in the brother. ME (see previous note).+7:14ἀκάθαρτά ( akatharta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:14Or they are holy, or they are consecrated. Cf Ml 2:13-16; Ac 16:1; 2 Ti 2:5. ἅγιά ( hagia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:15ἐν εἰρήνῃ ( en eirēnē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:15Or called.+7:16Cf TEV.+7:16The spouse here is meant to be understood as playing an instrumental role in salvation (see BDAG, 982, sv σῴζω 2.a.β.).+7:16σώσεις ( sōseis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:16Cf 1 Pt 3:1-6.+7:16Cf TEV.+7:16The spouse here is meant to be understood as playing an instrumental role in salvation (see BDAG, 982, sv σῴζω 2.a.β.).+7:16σώσεις ( sōseis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:17Following the lead of FrCL and REB in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 157). Cf also NCV.+7:17Or called.+7:17Cf TEV; UBSHS (1 Co), 158.+7:17ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις πάσαις ( en tais ekklēsiais pasais) is in P2 (see BART Display), wtih πάσαις ( pasais) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). Repetition has been used to give extra focus to the embedded element.+7:18περιτετμημένος ( peritetmēmenos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:18Following the structuring of the NCV and TEV in translation here.+7:18Lit let him not pull over the foreskin. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:18).+7:18ἐν ἀκροβυστίᾳ ( en akrobustia) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+7:18The sentence has been structured similarly to the preceding sentence. Cf NCV, TEV.+7:19οὐδέν ( ouden) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an indefinite article has been used to give extra focus to this element+7:19Translating in a way similar to Ga 5:6. Cf translation and notes, and the NET, there.+7:19οὐδέν ( ouden) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an indefinite article has been used to give extra focus to this element+7:19Translating in a way similar to Ga 5:6. Cf translation and notes, and the NET, there.+7:19IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:20Lit in the calling in which he was called/summoned. ME (see ANLEX, 232, sv κλῆσις 2; BDAG, 549, sv κλῆσις 2; DBL Greek, #3104.3; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:20; L-N, 87.2). The context clearly confirms this meaning here (“slave,” “free,” etc). Cf HCSB, NET, NIV.+7:21δοῦλος ( doulos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:21μελέτω ( meletō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been rendered so as to allow part of this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+7:21ἐλεύθερος ( eleutheros) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:21Or although if indeed you are able to gain your freedom, avail yourself of the opportunity, or although if indeed you are able to gain your freedom, make the most of it. Cf 1 Ti 6:2.+7:22ἐν κυρίῳ ( en kuriō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:22Lit the one who was called by the Lord as a slave. ME. Cf TEV.+7:22ἀπελεύθερος κυρίου ( apeleutheros kurios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (based on the context) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:22A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf NLT.+7:22ἐλεύθερος ( eleutheros) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore part of the clause has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:22Lit the one was called as a freedman. ME. Cf NLT.+7:22δοῦλός Χριστοῦ ( doulos christou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore a spacers have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:23τιμῆς ( timēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and adjective have been used to give extra focus to this element. Cf note at 1 Co 6:20; NLT.+7:23See note at 1 Co 6:20.+7:23Cf 1 Pt 1:18-19; Re 5:9.+7:23Or don’t become, or don’t show yourselves to be. My interpretation of γίνομαι ( ginomai) here (see DBL Greek, #1181.7; L-N, 41.1) is influenced by Eph 6:5-8 and Col 3:22-23. Paul’s point here is that irrespective of someone’s station or status, people are to conduct themselves according to a higher standard, which is applicable in all circumstances and situations, and conformity to which will be rewarded in the age to come.+7:23IT. See note at Mt 19:26.+7:23Cf Eph 6:5-8; Col 3:22-23.+7:24Lit Each one in what he was called/summoned. ME (see note at v 20).+7:24Or before God, or with God, or in fellowship with God, or as one accountable to God. Cf Eph 6:7-8; NIV here; translation and notes and the ISV at 2 Co 2:17.+7:25Lit the virgins. Cf ESV. For a synopsis of the primary interpretations of παρθένων ( parthenōn) here, see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:25; ESS (1 Co 1-9), 285; and UBSHS (1 Co), 167.+7:25ἐπιταγὴν κυρίου ( epitagēn kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:25γνώμην ( gnōmēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:25πιστὸς ( pistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:26Or in view of the present distress. Cf v 29. Cf also NRSV.+7:26καλὸν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. The clause has also been structured to allow for this element to land in clause-final.+7:26Or good, or advantageous, or fitting.+7:26καλὸν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:26οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:27Lit Have you been bound/tied...?. The obligation/tie signaled by δέω ( deō) can apply either to married or engaged couples (see Fee in ESS [1 Co 1-9], 290). Given Paul’s teaching on divorce in vv 10-16, he is most likely referring to betrothal/engagement. Cf ESV, NLT, NRSV, RSV at 1 Co 7:36; and ESV at 1 Co 7:25 and 7:28.+7:27Cf Mt 1:19.+7:27Lit Don’t seek a loosing/release.+7:27Lit Have you been loosed...? See note in the first sentence of this verse.+7:28Lit and if the virgin.... Cf ESV.+7:28θλῖψιν τῇ σαρκὶ ( thipsin tē sarki) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:28Lit will have affliction in the flesh. ME (see BDAG, 421, sv ἔχω 7; UBSHS [1 Co], 169). The context makes it clear that Paul is referring here to the trials of the end of the age, not to general pressures in marriage. Some of the more intense forms of persecution faced by believers even today involve the persecution of loved ones and family members.+7:28φείδομαι ( pheidomai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:29Lit This I am saying, brothers. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+7:29συνεσταλμένος ( sunestalmenos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+7:29Lit The appointed time is drawn to a close. ME (see BDAG, 498, sv καιρός 3.b.; UBSHS [1 Co], 170).+7:29Lit those who have wives as not having. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 170).+7:31Lit so that those who have wives should be like those who don’t have [wives], and those who weep like those who don’t weep, and those who rejoice like those who don’t rejoice, and those who buy like those who don’t possess, and those who avail themselves of the world not fully avail themselves [of it]. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 294-7; UBSHS [1 Co], 170-1).+7:32ἀμερίμνους ( amerimnous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:32In this section, μεριμνάω ( merinaō) is used in both a positive sense and negative sense. I have translated the negative sense with “preoccupy,” and the positive sense as the opposite of μερίζω ( merizō) in v 34 and ἀπερισπάστως ( aperispastōs) in v 35. ἀμέριμνος ( amerimnos) is a cognate of μεριμνάω.+7:32In this context, ἀρέσκω ( areskō) approximates “serve” in meaning (see BDAG, sv 2.a.; M-M, 75, sv).+7:34Cf REB, TEV.+7:34Lit the unmarried woman and the virgin. Cf ESV.+7:34Or to be holy, or to be consecrated.+7:35πρὸς τὸ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν σύμφορον ( pros to humōn autōn sumphoron) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+7:35Lit This I speak for your own profit. ME. Cf TEV.+7:35Lit throw a noose on. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 184, sv βρόχος; L-N, 37.2). βρόχον ( brochon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been placed in clause-final within the ME for primary focus and stress.+7:35Lit but for the sake of/with a view to what is seemly and constantly in service to the Lord without distraction. ME (see ANLEX, 181, sv εὐσχήμων 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 174). Cf most English translations.+7:36ἀσχημονεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν παρθένον αὐτοῦ ( aschēmonein epi tēn parthenon autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore δέ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:36Lit toward his virgin. Cf ESV.+7:36οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a wh-cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:37Lit He who stands in his heart firm. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 31.7). ἑδραῖος ( edraios) is the DFE here (see BART Display), and therefore this element has been placed in clause-final within the ME for extra focus and stress.+7:37Or will.+7:37Lit to go on keeping his virgin. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 178). Cf ESV, NCV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+7:37καλῶς ( kalōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:38A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+7:38καλῶς ( kalōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:38The contextual emphasis on free choice/will favors a voluntative function of the imperfective aspect here.+7:38κρεῖσσον ( kreisson) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:38This section can also be translated in a manner similar to how it is translated in the NIV footnote, which reads: “If anyone thinks he is not treating his daughter properly, and if she is getting along in years, and he feels she ought to marry, he should do as he wants. He is not sinning. He should let her get married. But the man who has settled the matter in his own mind, who is under no compulsion but has control over his own will, and who has made up his mind to keep the virgin unmarried—this man also does the right thing. So then, he who gives his virgin in marriage does right, but he who does not give her in marriage does even better.”+7:39Lit falls asleep. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.104).+7:39ἐλευθέρα ( eleuthera) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:39Lit only in the Lord. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, TEV. ᾧ θέλει ( hō thelei) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore μόνον ἐν κυρίῳ ( monon en kuriō) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:40μακαριωτέρα ( makariōtera) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used give this element extra focus and stress.+7:40μείνῃ ( meinē) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+7:40ἐμὴν ( emēn) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+7:40Lit according to my own conviction/opinion/judgment. ME.+7:40πνεῦμα θεοῦ ( pneuma theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used with an ME (see following note) to give extra focus to this constituent.+7:40Lit and I believe that I too have the Spirit of God. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 312; UBSHS [1 Co], 179).+8:1γνῶσιν ( gnōsin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:1IT (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 8:1). Cf the translation at 1 Co 6:12.+8:2Lit has not known as it is necessary to know. Cf NRSV.+8:3ME (OTB) (see notes at Ga 4:9). Paul is making plays on words with “knowledge/knowing” here. At the same time, I felt it important here to maintain consistency in translation with Ga 4:9. Hence, I’ve included an appositional phrase in translation.+8:3Lit by him. Cf Ga 4:9; 1 Jn 2:3-6, 4:2-16.+8:4οὐδὲν ( ouden) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+8:4Lit we know that an idol is nothing in the world. ME (OTB) (see Dt 32:21 [note the parallelism; cf Ga 4:8]; Ps 31:6, Ps 96:5, 97:7, 115:4, 135:15; Is 2:8, 44:9, 48:5, 57:13; Jr 2:6, 10:5-14; Hab 2:18; 2 Ki 7:15; Jr 10:8, 14:22; Jnh 2:8; Ac 14:15). “Care should be taken not to translate this part of verse 4 in such a way as to conflict with verse 5, where Paul admits that other spiritual powers exist” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 185).+8:4Lit and that no one is God except one. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 185).+8:5Lit just as there are many gods and many lords. ME (OTB/H) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 185-6; notes at Ga 4:8-9.) Cf Dt 32:8 (see esp DSS, LXX; NET Bible Notes at Dt 32:8); Jb 1-2; Ps 82; Dn 10; Rm 8:38; Eph 1:21, 2:1-2, 3:10, 6:12; Col 1:16; 1 Pt 3:22; Jud 6; Re 7:1-3, 16:5.+8:6Lit to us. The dative here is most likely an ethical dative (“yet from our standpoint” [as Christians]), with the truth of the perspective assumed within the framework of the Biblical worldview.+8:6Lit Even though there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on the earth, just as there are many gods and many lords, but to us. ME (OTB/H) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 185-6; notes at Ga 4:8-9). The mismatch in languages here is significant.+8:6εἷς ( heis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), therefore italics and an adverb have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+8:6Lit from whom is the whole creation/all things. The preposition here indicates source. Cf Re 4:11.+8:6εἷς ( heis) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and an adverb have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+8:7ἐν πᾶσιν ( en pasin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἀλλά ( alla) has been used a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:7Lit this knowledge is not in all. The context indicates that Paul is speaking here of believers, and therefore knowledge being “in” someone means that it is rooted in them to the point that they can make decisions without defiling their conscience in the process; it refers to a “maturity of knowledge” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 186).+8:7Lit Some because of the custom until now of the idol, they eat as though food sacrificed on an idol. ME (see BDAG, 280, sv εἰδωλόθυτος; UBSHS [1 Co], 186). Cf most English translations. Again, there is significant mismatch in languages here.+8:7The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of cause. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV.+8:7ἀσθενὴς ( asthenēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give exra focus to this constituent.+8:8βρῶμα ( brōma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:8Cf Rm 14:10-12; Co 4:5; 1 Jn 3:21, 4:17.+8:8ἐὰν μὴ φάγωμεν ( ean mē phagōmen) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+8:8ἐὰν φάγωμεν ( ean phagōmen) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+8:9πρόσκομμα ( proskomma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a demonstrative pronoun and colon have been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+8:9Lit a stumbling block to the weak. ME (see L-N, 88.307).+8:10ἀσθενοῦς ( asthenous) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see the final note of this verse) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+8:10ἰδωλείῳ ( idōleiō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γάρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:10Lit If someone sees you, the one who has knowledge, reclining [for a meal] in an idol’s temple, will not his conscience, being weak, be built up so as to eat the idol sacrifices? ME. The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. See also note at 8:7 above.+8:12οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+8:12εἰς Χριστὸν ( eis christon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+8:12Cf Mt 18:1-6.+8:13βρῶμα ( brōma) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+8:13τὸν ἀδελφόν μου ( ton adelphon mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has thus been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:1Ἰησοῦν τὸν κύριον ἡμῶν ( yēsoun ton kurion hēmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:1IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 193). Cf CJB, NIV, TEV; 1 Th 1:9-2:1.+9:1ὑμεῖς ( humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:2ἄλλοις ἀπόστολος ( allois apostolos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). Italics have been used to give the pre-posed element extra focus and emphasis. The dative here has been interpreted as an ethical dative (cf ESS [1 Co 1-9], 333). This is reflected in the translation.+9:2ὑμῖν ( humin) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and an adverb have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis. Cf CJB.+9:2Lit the seal of my apostleship. ME (see ESS [1 Co 9-11], 333; UBSHS [1 Co], 194). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:2ὑμεῖς ( humeis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:4Lit the right to eat and drink. ME (see BDAG, 396, sv ἐσθίω 1.e.α; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 9:4). Cf NET.+9:5ἀδελφὴν γυναῖκα ( adelphēn gunaika) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with οὐ [ ou] expect an affirmative answer [Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+9:5λοιποὶ ( loipoi) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:5IT. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:6μόνος ἐγὼ καὶ Βαρναβᾶς ( monos egō kai Barnabas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the sentence has been structured so as to give extra focus to this constituent. Cf NCV, TEV.+9:7Lit Who serves as a soldier...? The CJB and the FrCL (see UBSHS [1 Co], 197) capture the rhetorical effect intended here very well in my opinion, and have thus been followed in translation throughout this verse.+9:7τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ ( ton karpon autou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:7ἐκ τοῦ γάλακτος τῆς ποίμνης ( ek tou galaktos tēs poimnēs) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the newly-activated information in this constituent.+9:8κατὰ ἄνθρωπον ( kata anthrōpon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and downtoning adverb (see note at Mt 19:26) have been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:8Lit Is it according to man...? ME(I/F). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NRSV, RSV.+9:8καὶ ὁ νόμος ( kai ho nomos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. καὶ has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+9:8Lit says these things.+9:9Μωϋσέως ( Mōuseōs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:9The future indicative is an imperatival future. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+9:9ME(OTB/H)/IT (see L-N, 44.6). Cf NLT.+9:9Dt 25:4+9:9τῶν βοῶν ( tōn boōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and adverb (cf ISV, NCV, NLT) have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:9IT. Cf NET.+9:10δι’ ἡμᾶς ( di’ hēmas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:10δι’ ἡμᾶς ( di’ hēmas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:10Lit who plows. ME(H) (see L-N, 43.4).+9:10Lit who threshes. ME(H) (see ANLEX, 44, sv ἀλοάω; L-N, 43.19).+9:10ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι ( ep’ elpidi) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. ἐπ’ ἐλπίδι appears twice in the Greek text, but has been condensed into one statement in translation (cf NET, NIV) because of the device used to capture the focal prominence.+9:10Cf 1 Ti 5:18.+9:11τὰ πνευματικὰ ( ta pneumatika) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+9:11Lit is it great...? ME (see BDAG, 624, sv μέγας 5).+9:11Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 624, sv μέγας 5).+9:11Lit your fleshly things. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, σαρκικός, 914 1.a; cf v 4 [lit “we have a right to food and drink, don’t we?”]). Cf NLT. ὑμῶν τὰ σαρκικὰ ( humōn ta sarkika) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+9:12ἄλλοι ( alloi) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:12πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+9:12τινα ἐγκοπὴν ( tina enkopēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:12Lit so that we may not give any hindrance to the gospel of the Messiah. ME. Cf NET, NLT.+9:13τὰ ἱερὰ ( ta yera) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:13ἐσθίουσιν ( esthiousin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:13Cf Dt 18:3-4; Nu 18:20-24.+9:13τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ ( tō thusiastēriō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:13συμμερίζονται ( summerizontai) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:13Cf Nu 18:5, 20-24; Dt 18:3-4.+9:14τὸ εὐαγγέλιον ( to euangelion) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:14ζῆν ( zēn) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+9:14Cf Mt 10:10; Lk 10:7; Ga 6:6; 1 Ti 5:18.+9:15Lit And I do not write these things so that it might be thus with reference to me. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 204). Cf CJB, ESV, RSV, TEV.+9:15καλὸν ( kalon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element.+9:15Lit the boast of me. ME. In this context, where “boasting” is used in a positive sense, and where “reward” based on voluntary sacrifice is in view (cf v 17), “honor” (see LALS, sv καύχημα; LEH LXX Lex, sv καύχημα; notes at 1 Th 2:19-20), based on praiseworthy conduct (see translation and notes at 2 Co 1:12-14, 5:12, 7:14, 8:2, 11:10), is the basic meaning of καύχημα ( kauchēma). Cf the LXX at Dt 26:19; Pr 16:31, 17:6, 19:8; Jr 13:11; Zc 12:7. Cf also Sir 1:11, 10:22, 25:6, 44:7, 45:8-12, 50:11.+9:15Cf 1 Th 2:19-20.+9:16Lit it is not to me a boast. ME (see previous note; translation and notes at 2 Co 1:14; v 18 below [ie, “boasting” approximates “reward”]). Cf 1 Co 3:8, 4:5.+9:16ἀνάγκη ( anankē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:16Lit If I proclaim the gospel, there is not for me a boast, for obligation is laid upon me. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 353; UBSHS [1 Co], 205). The mismatch is languages is significant here. Cf Lk 17:7-10.+9:16ME/IT (see ANLEX, 287, sv οὐαί 2; DBL Greek, #4026; L-N, 22.9; UBSHS [Re], 141). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:17ἑκὼν ( hekōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:17Following the interpretation of Alford, Fee, et al (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 355) in the translation of the two conditions here (the first being hypothetical, the second factual). I lean this way because of the presence of γὰρ ( gar), which indicates that v 17 is giving strength and support to what precedes (with v 16 focusing on the fulfillment of a requirement/obligation). Cf NLT, TEV.+9:17Lit doing this. ME. Cf TEV.+9:17Cf TEV.+9:17μισθὸν ( misthon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (based on the context; cf TEV) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:17Lit But if not a matter of choice/unwillingly. See the second note in v 17. Cf NLT, TEV.+9:17οἰκονομίαν ( oikonomian) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:17Cf 1 Co 4:1-2.+9:18τίς ὁ μισθός ( tis ho misthos) is in a split focal position (see BART Display). An adverb has been used to give extra focus to the P2 element.+9:18ἀδάπανον ( adapanon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:18Lit so as not to make full use of my right in the gospel. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 206).+9:19The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf ASV, ESV, LEB, HCSB, ISV, NASB, NIV, NKJV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+9:19Lit Even though I am free. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 207; cf notes at Ga 4:22). Cf NJB, TNT.+9:19Ἐλεύθερος ἐκ πάντων ( eleutheros ek pantōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore γὰρ ( gar) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:19The datives in this section are interpreted as a datives of advantage. This is reflected in the translation. Cf 1 Th 1:5.+9:19ἐδούλωσα ( edoulōsa) is in a DFE position (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been rendered to allow for part of this element to land in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+9:19τοὺς πλείονας ( tous pleionas) is in P2 (see BART Display), and thus an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:19Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+9:20Or become. The aorist may be functioning gnomically here. Cf TEV.+9:20Or to, or among.+9:20κερδήσω ( kerdēsō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:20Cf Ac 16:3, 21:23-26.+9:20κερδήσω ( kerdēsō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:21Lit not being without God’s law.+9:21Cf Ga 6:2.+9:22Or become. The aorist may be functioning gnomically here. Cf TEV.+9:22κερδήσω ( kerdēsō) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:22An instrumental role in salvation is meant here (see BDAG, 982, sv σῴζω 2.a.β.). Cf 1 Co 7:16.+9:22τινὰς ( tinas) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore πάντως ( pantōs) has been used a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent. An adverbial phrase has also been used to the same end ( BDAG proposes “at least” as a possibility for πάντως in this context on a semantic level [see BDAG, 755, sv 4]). Cf CJB.+9:23πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:23Or for the sake of the gospel.+9:23Cf NAB.+9:23συγκοινωνὸς αὐτοῦ ( sunkoinōnos autou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+9:23Lit so that I may become a sharer of it. ME(OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 952, συγκοινωνός; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 363; notes at Mk 1:15). Cf Rm 5:1-5, 8:20-25; 1 Co 1:7; 2 Co 1:5-7; Php 3:10-14 (note how Paul in Php 3 moves from the hope of the resurrection [cf “imperishable crown” in v 25 here] to the race analogy; very similar to what we see here); 1 Th 2:19-20, 4:13-18; 1 Ti 4:10; Heb 11:39-40.+9:24ἐν σταδίῳ ( en stadiō) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed at the end of the phrase for primary focus (I often use italics in this situation, but because I have used italics with “all” [see following note], I have not used them here).+9:24πάντες ( pantes) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:24εἷς ( heis) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and an adverb have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:24οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and a demonstrative cleft have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:25πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+9:25φθαρτὸν στέφανον ( phtharton sephanon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), with φθαρτὸν ( phtharton) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). The embedded element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:25Cf Ps 21:3-4, 103:4; Th 2:19; 2 Ti 4:8; Heb 2:9; Jm 1:12; 1 Pt 5:4; Re 2:10, 3:11.+9:26τοίνυν ( toinun) is marked for situational point of departure, current situation, and emphasis (Levinsohn, “Therefore or Wherefore?”, 339-40). This is reflected in the translation.+9:26οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:26Lit as not without aim. ME ( UBSHS [1 Co], 212). Cf CJB, TEV. This may also be a litotes (emphatic affirmation, accomplished by denying the opposite) (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 367).+9:26τοίνυν ( toinun) is marked for situational point of departure, current situation, and emphasis (Levinsohn, “Therefore or Wherefore?”, 339-40). This is reflected in the translation.+9:26οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+9:26Lit not beating the air. ME ( UBSHS [1 Co], 212). Cf TEV. This may also be a litotes (emphatic affirmation, accomplished by denying the opposite; see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 367).+9:27Cf Rm 6:11-14, 8:13; Ga 5:16; Heb 12:4.+9:27ἄλλοις ( allois) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+9:27ἀδόκιμος ( adokimos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+10:1In Greek, γὰρ ( gar) is marked for continuity and strengthening/support (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 51-4).+10:1Following the lead of UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 214). Cf CEV, REB.+10:1Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+10:1Cf NLT.+10:1πάντες ( pantes) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:1ὑπὸ τὴν νεφέλην ( hupo tēn nephelēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and thus an emphatic adjective and intensive pronoun have been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+10:1Lit that our fathers were all under the cloud. ME(OTB) (see Ex 13:21, 40:34; Nu 9:18, 14:14, 33:8; Ne 9:12, 19; Ps 78:13-14, 105:39). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV, TNT; UBSHS (1 Co), 215.+10:1διὰ τῆς θαλάσσης ( dia tēs thalassēs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:1IT. Cf TEV.+10:2IT. Paul is using baptism typologically here (see BDAG, 165, sv βαπτίζω 3.a.). Cf Rm 6:3.+10:2εἰς τὸν Μωϋσῆν ( eis ton Mōusēn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore ἐν τῇ νεφέλῃ καὶ ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ ( en tē nephelē kai en tē thalassē) and the IT (see preceding note) have been used as spacers to give extra focus to this constituent, which has itself been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+10:2Lit into Moses. ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], UBSHS [1 Co], 216; Rm 6:3). Cf NCV, ISV, NLT, TEV at Rm 6:3; translation and notes at Rm 6:3.+10:3τὸ αὐτὸ πνευματικὸν βρῶμα ( to auto pneumatikon brōma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the part of this constituent that seems to be the key word (based on the following clause; see note at “drink” below).+10:3Cf Ex 16.+10:4τὸ αὐτὸ πνευματικὸν πόμα ( to auto pneumatikon poma) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the split element.+10:4Cf Ex 17; Nu 20.+10:4πέτρας ( petras) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this constituent.+10:4Cf Ex 14:19, 23:20-23; Nu 20; Dt 32:30-31; Is 63:10-11; Ac 7:51.+10:5ἐν τοῖς πλείοσιν αὐτῶν ( en tois pleiosin autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a rhetorical question and adverb (cf BDAG, 848, sv πολύς 1.b.β.א.) have been used to give extra focus to this element with the ME (see following two notes).+10:5Lit the majority of them. Here Paul is referring to the generation that experienced the wonders described in vv 1-4 (cf Nu 14:22-23; Ps 95:9-10).+10:5Lit Yet God did not take pleasure. ME(OTB)/IT (see Nu 14:1-38). Paul clearly has Nu 14 in mind here (cf v 5 with Nu 14:16 in the LXX). That Paul is thinking in terms of “inheriting the land” is confirmed by 1 Co 6:9-10 and Eph 5:5 (cf vv 6-10 below, where idolatry and immorality are mentioned specifically).+10:5Following BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 848, sv πολύς 1.b.β.א.). Cf Nu 14:6, 24-31; Ps 95:10-11; Mt 7:13-14.+10:5Nu 14:16 (LXX). Cf Nu 14:29-35, 26:64–65; Ps 106:26; Heb 3:17, 10:37-38; Jud 1:5.+10:6τύποι ἡμῶν ( tupoi hēmōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:6Lit as our types/examples/forshadows. Looking to v 11 for the verbal information compressed in the genitive.+10:6Cf Nu 11:4, 34 (LXX). κἀκεῖνοι ( kakeninoi) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow for this element to be placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:7εἰδωλολάτραι ( eidōlolatrai) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:7Ex 32:6. Lit the people sat down to eat and drink and got up to play. ME(H/OTB) (see BDAG, 396, sv ἐσθίω sv 1.e.β.; NET Bible Notes, Ex 32:6; UBSHS [1 Co], 219).+10:8τινες αὐτῶν ( tines autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow for this element to be placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:8εἴκοσι τρεῖς χιλιάδες ( eikosi treis chiliades) is in a DFE position (see BART Display) and therefore μιᾷ ἡμέρᾳ ( mia hēmera) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element (with the clause structured so as to allow this element to land in clause-final).+10:8See Nu 25.+10:9τινες αὐτῶν ( tines autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow for this element to be placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+10:9ὑπὸ τῶν ὄφεων ( hupo tōn oō) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity; cf LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the implied result; see BDAG, 495, sv καί 1.b.ζ.), has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this element.+10:9See Nu 21:4-9. Cf Ps 78:18-19.+10:10τινες αὐτῶν ( tines autōn) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore the clause has been structured so as to allow for this element to be placed in clause-final.+10:10See Nu 16. Cf Ex 12:23, 16:2, 17:2; Nu 14:2-37; 2 Sm 24:16; 1Ch 21:15; Re 15:1-8.+10:11τυπικῶς ( tupikōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:11Or as types, or as examples.+10:11Lit to those people. Cf UBSHS [1 Co], 222.+10:11For the function of the verbal aspect encoded in the perfect tense in this context, see VCC, Mt 3:2. Cf L-N, 13.121.+10:11τὰ τέλη τῶν αἰώνων ( ta telē tōn aiōnōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an emphatic adjective has been used to give extra focus to this constituent. The element has also been placed in clause-final to the same end.+10:11Or fulfillment, or climax, or end, or goal.+10:11Cf 1 Co 7:26-31.+10:12A condition is implied in the substantival participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT.+10:12Lit thinks he is standing. ME (see ANLEX, 313, sv πίπτω 2.c.; BDAG, 483, sv ἵστημι 4; Ibid, sv πίπτω 2.b.). Cf Ps 51:10, 78:8, 37.+10:12Or lest he be destroyed/ruined. Lit lest he fall. ME (see ANLEX, 313, sv πίπτω 2.c.; BDAG, sv πίπτω 2.b.; L-N, 20.60; UBSHS [1 Co], 223). Cf 2 Sm 11:4-5; Ps 51:10 [cf Ps 78:8, where the generation in the wilderness is described]; Mt 26:41; Mk 14:26-31; Lk 22:31-34.+10:13πειρασμὸς ( peirasmos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:13IT. See BSL, 1 Co 10:13, sv ἀνθρώπινος; note at Mt 19:26.+10:13Lit a temptation has not taken you except what is characteristic of man. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+10:13πιστὸς ( pistos) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:13καὶ τὴν ἔκβασιν ( kai tēn ekbasin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent+10:13Cf Gn 39; Dn 3; Jm 1:12-18.+10:15φρονίμοις ( phronimois) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:16IT/ME(H). Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 226). Cf NLT, TEV.+10:16Cf NLT, TEV.+10:16κοινωνία τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ ( koinōnia tou haimatos tou Christou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics and an adverb/spacer (in Greek, questions that begin with οὐ [ ou] expect an affirmative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) have been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+10:16Lit The cup of blessing we bless, is it not fellowship/sharing/participation of the blood of the Messiah? ME(OTB/H)/IT (see, eg, Lv 7:15, Lv 19:5-6; BDAG, 463, sv θυσιαστήριον, 1.a.; EDBT, sv Offerings and Sacrifices; UBSHS [1 Co], 226). I agree with the UBSHS that both “communion” with God and “sharing/participation” with one another are in view here. However, the claim that “the following verses suggest that Paul is thinking mainly about the union of Christians with one another” (see UBHS [1 Co], 226) is not accurate. While this may be the point of v 17, the overall focus of the context is the need to avoid fellowship/communion with/worship of idols/demons (cf v 14, 18-22). Paul’s point here, moreover, hinges on the assumptions of ancient sacrificial systems (IT), where eating a portion of the sacrifice offered to a deity (in Israel’s case, the one true God), in the presence of that deity, was an important part of the worship, and where “eating together” signified close and peaceful relations between the deity and the worshiper (cf 1 Co 8:7-8). Thus, failure to make any of the IT explicit leaves passage extremely vague, if not incomprehensible, for many modern readers. Hence the translation here.+10:16κοινωνία τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ ( koinōnia tou sōmatos tou Christou) is in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics and an adverb/spacer (in Greek, questions that begin with οὐ [ ou] expect an affirmative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) have been used to give extra focus to these elements within the ME (see following note).+10:16Lit The bread we break, is it not fellowship/sharing/participation of the blood of the Messiah? ME(OTB/H)/IT (note at “blood?” above).+10:17Cf NLT.+10:17ἓν σῶμα ( hen sōma) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore οἱ πολλοί ( hoi polloi) has been used as a spacer (with the implied concession made explicit; cf UBSHS [1 Co], 227; NLT, TEV) to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:17Lit one. ME (see note at Ga 3:28).+10:17μετέχομεν ( metechomen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:18Lit Israel according to the flesh. ME. Cf most English translations.+10:18Lit those who eat the sacrifices. ME(OTB)/IT (see, eg, Lv 3:3, 7:15-18, 10:12-15; Dt 18:1-4. See also BDAG, sv θυσία 2.a.β.; EDBT, sv Offerings and Sacrifices; ESS [1 Co 10-16], 36; notes at v 16).+10:18κοινωνοὶ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου ( koinōnoi tou thusiastēriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (in Greek, questions that begin with οὐ [ ou] expect an affirmative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) and italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+10:18Lit are fellowshipers/partakers/sharers in the altar. ME(H/OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 463, sv θυσιαστήριον, 1.a.; ESS [1 Co 10-16], 36; notes at v 16 above). “Altar” here is being used metonymically for God himself. Cf vv 20-21.+10:19τί ( ti) is in P2 (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity; cf LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (derived from intended meaning as clarified by the broader context [see 1 Co 8:7-8; cf CJB, ISV]) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:19Lit that food sacrificed to idols is anything. ME (see L-N, 92.13; UBSHS [1 Co], 229). Cf 1 Co 8:4-13.+10:19τί ( ti) is in P2 (note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity; cf LDGNT), and therefore a spacer (drawn from the context; see following note) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:19Lit is anything. ME (see notes at 1 Co 8:4). “The meaning of the verse is best defined by comparing it with 8:4–6, where it is clear that Paul is denying, not the existence of other spiritual powers, but their claims on Christians’ loyalty and worship” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 229).+10:20Lit the things they sacrifice. ME. Cf TEV.+10:20Dt 32:17 (LXX)+10:20κοινωνοὺς τῶν δαιμονίων ( koinōnous tōn daimoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+10:21ποτήριον κυρίου καὶ ποτήριον δαιμονίων ( potērion kuriou kai potērion daimoniōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The DFE has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis (cf notes at Mt 6:24).+10:21τραπέζης κυρίου καὶ τραπέζης δαιμονίων ( trapezēs kuriou kai trapezēs daimoniōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT). The DFE has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis (cf notes at Mt 6:24).+10:22An allusion to Dt 32:16, 21.+10:22Lit Surely we are not stronger than he, are we? ME (see ESS [1 Co], 231; UBSHS [1 Co], 231).+10:23ἔξεστιν ( exestin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see following note) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:23Lit all things are permitted. ME (see notes at 1 Co 6:12). Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 6:12 (see translation and notes there).+10:23Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 6:12 (see translation and notes there).+10:23ἔξεστιν ( exestin) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore this element within the ME (see note at “enjoy” above) has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:23Cf 1 Co 8:1.+10:24τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ( to heautou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:24Cf Php 2:4.+10:25Πᾶν τὸ ἐν μακέλλῳ πωλούμενον ( pan to en makellō pōloumenon) is in P2 (see BART Display), with ἐν μακέλλῳ ( en makellō) in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:25μηδὲν ( mēden) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:26τοῦ κυρίου ( tou kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element. γὰρ ( gar) has also been used as a spacer to the same end.+10:26Following the MT in translation. C NLT.+10:26Ps 24:1+10:27In Greek, the “you” here is plural. Cf the ICC in ESS (1 Co 10-16), 45.+10:27πᾶν τὸ παρατιθέμενον ὑμῖν ( pan to paratithemenon humin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore a cleft and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:27μηδὲν ( mēden) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+10:28Lit this was temple-sacrificed. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 280, sv εἰδωλόθυτος; L-N, 53.21).+10:28διά ( dia) signals benefaction (cf, eg, L-N, 90.38; NIV). Paul’s point here is self-sacrificial love for the good/strengthening/upbuilding of those for whom eating would involve a violation of conscience. Cf 1 Co 9:19-23, v 31 below; Ga 5:6; Php 2:1-11.+10:28Lit for the sake of. ME (see 1 Co 8:9-13).+10:29Or judged by, or condemned by, or subjected to the judgment of. Cf REB.+10:29ἄλλης ( allēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+10:29Cf Ac 11:2.+10:30χάριτι ( chariti) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:30Contra the UBSHS (see UBSHS [1 Co], 237; cf RSV), I (with a number of commentators; see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 49) interpret this statement as either (1) providing support for 29a (ie, why Paul means another person’s conscience); or (2) as a rhetorical outburst going back to the defense of his freedom in 1 Co 9:19-23 (as proposed by Fee; see UBSHS [1 Co], 49). This is reflected in the translation through the use of parentheses. The stronger brother voluntarily laying down his “strength” for the well-being of the weaker is the central point (cf vv 31-11:1 just below; 1 Co 8:9-13).+10:31Cf CJB. According to the UBSHS, “ whatever you do should be understood as a summary of any activity that can be added to whether you eat or drink” (see UBSHS [1 Co], 237, italics original). Stern conveys this well in my opinion, and has thus been followed in translation here.+10:31εἰς δόξαν θεοῦ ( eis doxan theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a forward-pointing device has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see note at the end of this verse).+10:31Or glory, or praise.+10:31\ft Lit for the glory/praise/honor of God. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 237).+10:32ἀπρόσκοποι καὶ Ἰουδαίοις καὶ Ἕλλησιν καὶ τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ ( aproskopoi kai Youdaiois kai Hellēsin kai tē ekklēsia tou theou) is in split focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+10:32Lit Greeks.+10:33The present indicative is interpreted as functioning voluntatively here (see 1 Co 9:19). This is reflected in the translation.+10:33In this context, ἀρέσκω ( areskō) approximates “serve” in meaning (see BDAG, 129, sv 2.a.; M-M, 75, sv).+10:33πάντα ( panta) and πᾶσιν ( pasin) are in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore commas have been used to give extra focus to these elements.+10:33τὸ ἐμαυτοῦ ( to emautou) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+10:33Cf τῶν πολλῶν ( tōn pollōn) here with τοὺς πλείονας ( tous pleionas) at 1 Co 9:19. The idea/meaning seems to be the same here, and therefore I have translated in a way similar to the translation at 1 Co 9:19.+11:1Lit become imitators of me. ME. Cf NCV, NIV. μιμηταί μου ( mimētai mou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to this element within the ME.+11:1Cf 1 Th 1:5.+11:2Lit that you remember me in all things. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 242). πάντα ( panta) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+11:2Maintaining consistency in translation with 2 Th 2:15 (see notes there).+11:2καθὼς παρέδωκα ὑμῖν ( kathōs paredōka humin) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+11:3παντὸς ἀνδρὸς ἡ κεφαλὴ ( pantos andros hē kephalē) is in P2, with παντὸς ἀνδρὸς in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an emphatic adverb/spacer has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:3Or a husband. So throughout this section.+11:3κεφαλὴ γυναικὸς ( kephalē gunaikos) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore δὲ ( de) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:3Or woman. So throughout this section.+11:3Cf 1 Co 4:23.+11:4A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+11:4κατὰ κεφαλῆς ( kata kephalēs) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a spacer (an inference seems to be implied here; cf TEV) has been used to give extra focus to this constituent within the ME (see following note).+11:4Lit having down on the head. ME (see L-N, 49.16; UBSHS [1 Co], 244).+11:4IT/ME (see v 3). Cf HNTC (1 Co), 182; UBSHS (1 Co), 245; ItCL and TEV.+11:5A condition is implied in participle here. For more on implicit conditions in Greek, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+11:5IT/ME. See v 3; note at v 4. Cf TEV.+11:5Lit it is one and the same as the woman who has been shaved. ME(OTB/H)/IT (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 64; NBC, 1178; UBSHS [1 Co], 245; Robertson, Word Pictures, 1 Co 11:5; Vincent, Word Studies, 3:247). A shaved head was a sign of grief and disgrace (see Dt 21:12; 2 Sm 10:4; 1 Ch 19:4; Jb 1:20 Is 7:20, 15:2; Jr 7:29). Cf also Nu 5:18 (see esp NET).+11:6Lit let her also have herself shorn. ME. The TEV captures the meaning well here, in my opinion, and therefore something similar has been used in translation here.+11:7εἰκὼν καὶ δόξα θεοῦ ( eikōn kai doxa theou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:7Cf NLT, TEV.+11:7δόξα ἀνδρός ( doxa andros) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:7Or the husband. Cf Pr 12:4.+11:7Cf Gn 1-3.+11:8Paul is obviously pointing readers back to Genesis 2, which refers to particular individuals, and which is a known story. At the same time, that story is being used to describe a general pattern for men and women (note both the absence and presence of the article throughout vv 7-12). The meaning is clear either way. Cf NLT.+11:8An allusion to Gn 2:21-22.+11:9Cf Gn 2:18-24.+11:10Cf Gn 6:1-4; 2 Pt 2:4-7; Jud 6-7. Cf also Ps 138:1 (LXX [137:1]); 1 Co 4:9.+11:11Or a wife is not independent of her husband, nor is a husband independent of his wife. Lit neither is a wife apart from/independent of/separate from her husband, nor is a husband apart from/independent of/separate from his wife, or neither is woman apart from/independent of/separate from man, nor is man apart from/independent of/separate from woman. Cf ItCL in UBSHS [1 Co], 249.+11:11Lit in the Lord, or by the Lord. Cf Gn 2:24; Mt 19:5-6; Mk 10:8; 1 Co 6:16; Eph 5:28-33. Though in Paul’s writings ἐν κυρίῳ ( en kuriō) usually means “in connection with the Lord” (with the specific meaning determined by context; see, eg, Rm 14:14, 16:8-22; 1 Co 4:17, 15:58; Eph 6:21; Col 4:7), his theological framework certainly isn’t confined to this usage (see, eg, 1 Co 1:31; 2 Co 10:17). In 1 Co 1:31, “in the Lord” means “what the Lord has done” (TEV; see notes at 1 Co 1:31). Instrumental uses of the phrase are also attested in the LXX (see, eg, 2 Kingdoms 2:1 [2 Sm 2:1 in the MT], 19:8 [2 Sm 19:7 in MT]; Ho 1:7; Zc 12:5). Verse 12 is providing strength and support for this verse (note the presence of γὰρ [ gar]), and focuses on the simple fact that though the first woman was taken from Adam, men are born through women. That statement, in turn, is followed by a statement about God being the originator of all things. In this context, then, irrespective of whether “woman and man” or “wife and husband” is meant, “in the Lord” doesn’t mean “the new order established by Christ” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 248), or “life in the Lord,” (TEV), or “in the Lord’s fellowship” (REB), or “among the Lord’s people” (NLT), or anything else along these lines. Husband and wife didn’t suddenly start becoming “not independent/not apart from/not separate from” one another (ie “one flesh”) after the first coming, nor did an interdependence of existence between men and women suddenly begin when Jesus came. Nor do either of these things suddenly begin when people enter the church! The interpretations of Barrett and Hodge, which focus more on God’s will and design (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 73), are more in line with the context here. Men and women depend on one another for their existence according to God’s good will and design, and husband and wife are bound together as “one flesh” according to God’s good will and design. This interpretation is reflected in the translation.+11:12See notes at v 8.+11:12Lit Just as woman was out of man, so also man is through woman. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 249). Cf GeCL.+11:12Cf Re 4:11.+11:13ἀκατακάλυπτον ( akatakalupton) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:14ἡ φύσις αὐτὴ ( hē phusis autē) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT). αὐτὴ gives extra focus to this element on a semantic level. An emphatic adjective is used here to give extra focus to this element in translation. Cf NIV.+11:14ἀτιμία ( atimia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:14“No abstract length of hair was in mind so much as male and female differentiation” ( BKC, 2:529). “Hair, in context, the length is distinctive from a man” ( DBL Greek, #3151). Cf Nu 6:1-21.+11:15δόξα ( doxa) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:15ἀντὶ περιβολαίου ( anti peribolaiou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:16IT. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV+11:16φιλόνεικος ( philoneikos) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+11:16Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+11:16ἡμεῖς οὐδὲ αἱ ἐκκλησίαι τοῦ θεοῦ ( hēmeis oude hai ekklēsiai tou theou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display). An intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to the pre-posed element, while the split element has been left in clause-final to the same end.+11:17εἰς τὸ κρεῖσσον ἀλλὰ εἰς τὸ ἧσσον ( eis to kreisson alla eis to hēsson) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction and commas have been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:18Lit among you. ME. Cf TEV+11:18σχίσματα ( schismata) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+11:19αἱρέσεις ( haireseis) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an intensive pronoun has been used to give extra focus to this element. καὶ ( kai) has also been rendered ascensively to the same end.+11:19φανεροὶ ( phaneroi) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:19Lit For it is necessary/inevitable for there to be factions among you, so that those who are approved genuine (upon testing/examination) may become manifest/clear among you. ME (see BDAG, 256, sv δόκιμος; UBSHS [1 Co], 255). Cf v 30; Ac 5:1-11.+11:20κυριακὸν δεῖπνον ( kuriakon deipnon) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:20κυριακὸν ( kuriakon) is in an embedded focal position within the embedded element (confirmed through personal correspondence with Dr. Levinsohn), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:21τὸ ἴδιον δεῖπνον ( to idion deipnon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:21Lit For each takes his own supper beforehand in eating. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 256).+11:22Lit Do you not have houses in which to eat and drink? ME. Cf NCV. Paul’s intent here isn’t to ask whether they have homes, but to rebuke them for not eating common meals at their homes. οἰκίας ( oikias) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:22This interpretation/translation (voluntative) is not too strong in this context! Cf vv 30-31.+11:22καταφρονεῖτε ( kataphroneite) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:22Koine Greek often used parataxis to link words or clauses when some sort of hypotactic relationship was implied (see BDAG, 494, sv καί 1.b.β., γ.; BDF, §471; Wallace, Grammar, 19; NET Bible Notes, Mk 10:28). In this case, the second verb seems to be defining the means by which contempt is shown. Cf NET.+11:22Cf Mt 10:40; Ac 9:4.+11:24μού τὸ σῶμα τὸ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ( mou to sōma to huper humōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics and a comma have been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:24IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 261). Cf Lk 22:19.+11:24Or in your place, or on your behalf.+11:24ἀνάμνησιν ( anamnēsin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:25IT (see note at Lk 22:17). Cf NLT.+11:25καινὴ ( kainē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:25ἡ καινὴ διαθήκη ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ αἵματι ( hē kainē diathēkē en tō emō haimati) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:25ἀνάμνησιν ( anamnēsin) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+11:26πίνητε ( pinēte) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; note, though that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:26τὸν θάνατον τοῦ κυρίου ( ton thanaton tou kuriou) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:26IT. Cf NLT.+11:27A condition is implied in the relative clause here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+11:27ἔνοχος ἔσται τοῦ σώματος καὶ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ κυρίου ( enochos estai tou sōmatos kai tou haimatos tou kuriou) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). Italics have been used to give extra focus and emphasis to the pre-posed element.+11:27IT (see ANLEX, 152, sv ἔνοχος 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 265). Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, RSV, TEV.+11:28οὕτως ( houtōs) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+11:29A condition is implied in the participle here. For more on implicit conditions, see Wallace, Grammar, 687-9.+11:29Lit not differetiating/judging between/distinguishing the body. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 266; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 11:29). Here, the distinction signaled by διακρίνω ( diakrinō) is most likely meant to convey the sacredness/sanctity of the Lord’s body and all it means/represents. Cf NET, TEV, TNT. Bringing together elements from the NET and TNT notes in translation here.+11:29κρίμα ἑαυτῷ ( krima heautō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:29Or judgment, or condemnation.+11:29Cf TEV.+11:30Lit are sleeping. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.104). Cf Ac 5:1-11; Re 2:21-23.+11:31ἑαυτοὺς ( heautous) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this element.+11:32Or judged.+11:32Or judged, or punished.+11:32σὺν τῷ κόσμῳ ( sun tō kosmō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:33ἐκδέχεσθε ( ekdechesthe) is in a DFE position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this constituent extra focus and emphasis.+11:34ἐν οἴκῳ ( en oikō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the clause has been structured to give this element extra focus and stress.+11:34Lit lest you come together for/resulting in/into punishment/judgment. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 268-9). Cf vv 17, 31-32. εἰς κρίμα ( eis krima) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+11:34ὡς ἂν ἔλθω ( hōs an elthō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:1Cf translation and notes at 1 Th 4:13.+12:2Or Gentiles. ἔθνη ( ethnē) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:2Lit to mute idols. ME. Cf CEV+12:2Cf NEB (see UBSHS [1 Co], 273).+12:2ὡς ἂν ἤγεσθε ( hōs an ēgesthe) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft has been used to give extra focus to this constituent, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+12:3The participle here may be either attributive or circumstantial (see LSGNT Notes, 1 Co 12:3, sv λαλῶν).+12:3ἐν πνεύματι θεοῦ ( en pneumati) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give this element extra focus and stress.+12:3Ἀνάθεμα ( anathema) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:3Κύριος ( kurios) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:4Διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων ( diaireseis charismatōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:4τὸ αὐτὸ πνεῦμα ( to auto pneuma) is in E-O (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:4Following the lead of the TEV and the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 275). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:5διαιρέσεις διακονιῶν ( diaireseis diakoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:5ὁ αὐτὸς κύριος ( ho autos kurios) is in E-O (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:5Following the lead of the TEV and the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 275). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:6διαιρέσεις ἐνεργημάτων ( diaireseis diakoniōn) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore καὶ ( kai) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:6Cf BDAG, 335, sv ἐνέργημα 1.+12:6ὁ αὐτὸς θεὸς ( ho autos theos) is in E-O (see LDGNT), and therefore a cleft-construction has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:6Cf BDAG, 784, sv πᾶς 5; L-N, 58.28.+12:7Lit To each one the manifistation/disclosure of the Spirit is given. ME (see L-N, 28.36; UBSHS [1 Co], 276). Cf NCV, TEV. φανέρωσις ( phanerōsis) is a verbal noun cognate of φανερόω ( phaneroō) (“reveal,” “disclose,” “display”).+12:8IT. The verb is implied from the previous clause. Cf NLT, TEV.+12:8According to BDAG, “oft. the norm is at the same time the reason, so that in accordance with and because of are merged” ( BDAG, 512, sv κατά 5.a.δ.). 1 Co 12:8 is cited as an example.+12:8αὐτὸ ( auto) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:9In this context, πίστις ( pistis) doesn’t refer to faith generally, but to a special gift of faith (see BDAG, 820, sv 2.d.ζ.; UBSHS [1 Co], 277). Cf NLT.+12:9αὐτὸ ( auto) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:9ἑνὶ ( heni) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:10Lit workings/deeds/abilities of powers. ME (see ANLEX, 150, sv ἐνέργημα; BDAG, 335, sv ἐνέργημα 1). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:10Or languages.+12:10Lit the explanation/interpretation of tongues/languages. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+12:12ἕν ( hen) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:12μέλη πολλὰ ( melē polla) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:12The participle has been interpreted as an adverbial participle of concession. This is reflected in the translation. Cf most English translations.+12:12πολλὰ ( polla) is in an embedded P2 position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:12ἕν σῶμα ( hen sōma) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT). The preposed element has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:13Or in, or by. Cf, eg, ἐν πνεύματι ( en penumati) at Mt 3:11, Mk 1:8, Lk 3:16, Jn 1:33, and Ac 1:5.+12:13πάντες ( pantes) is in a embedded focal position (see BART Display), and has thus been segmented with commas for extra focus.+12:13ἐβαπτίσθημεν ( ebaptisthēmen) is in a DFE position (see BART Display; note, though, that the BART Display is marked for focal ambiguity; cf LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:13Lit Greeks.+12:14ἓν μέλος ( hen melos) and πολλά ( polla) are in E-O, as part of a point-counterpoint series (see LDGNT), and therefore the negative particle has been placed directly before the counterpoint to give extra focus to these elements.+12:15παρὰ τοῦτο ( para touto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+12:15Lit would it not be part of the body for this reason? ME. Cf ISV, NIV.+12:16παρὰ τοῦτο ( para touto) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+12:17Lit where would be the hearing? ME (see L-N, 24.71). Cf NCV, NLT.+12:17Lit where would be the sense of smell? ME (see L-N, 24.71). Cf NCV, NLT.+12:18“For his own use” is drawn from the middle voice of the verb here (see Robertson, Word Pictures, 1 Co 12:18, 12:28).+12:19Lit If all things/the whole were one member, where would the body be? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 285). Cf NCV, TEV.+12:20πολλὰ ( polla) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:20ἓν ( hen) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:21χρείαν σου ( chreian sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:21χρείαν σου ( chreian sou) is in P2 (see BART Display), and therefore italics have been used to give this element extra focus and emphasis.+12:22δοκοῦντα ἀσθενέστερα ὑπάρχειν ( dokounta asthenestera huparchein) is in a split focal position, with ἀσθενέστερα in an embedded focal position (see BART Display). A comma has been used to give extra focus to the embedded element.+12:22ἀναγκαῖά ( anankaia) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore πολλῷ μᾶλλον ( pollō mallon) has been placed directly before this element, and rendered with an ascensive adverb, to give it extra focus (cf BDAG, 613, sv μᾶλλον 1).+12:23ἀτιμότερα ( atimmotera) is in an embedded focal position (see BART Display), and therefore a comma has been used to give extra focus to this element.+12:23τιμὴν περισσοτέραν ( timēn perissoteran) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:23εὐσχημοσύνην περισσοτέραν ( euschēmosunēn perissoteran) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an ascensive adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME (see following note).+12:23Lit our shameful parts have greater propriety. ME (see BDAG, 414, sv εὐσχημοσύνη). Cf NLT, NIV.+12:24τῷ ὑστερουμένῳ περισσοτέραν τιμήν ( tō husteroumenō perissoteran timēn) is in a split focal position, with τῷ ὑστερουμένῳ in an embedded focal position (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore an adverb and an emphatic adjective have been used to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:25τὸ αὐτὸ ( to auto) and ὑπὲρ ἀλλήλων ( huper allēlōn) are in P2 (see BART Display; cf LDGNT), and therefore italics have been used to give these elements extra focus and emphasis.+12:27Lit and members from a part. ME (see L-N, 63.15). Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+12:28Cf NLT. Cf also v 12:18 above.+12:28Maintaining consistency in translation with v 18.+12:28“For his own use” is drawn from the middle voice here (see Robertson, Word Pictures, 1 Co 12:28).+12:28Lit miracles. In the following verses, the particular gifts are being used metonymically as a short-hand reference to the people who exercise those gifts. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, RSV.+12:28Different kinds and variety is implied by the plural usage here (cf BDAG, 573, sv κυβέρνησις).+12:28Different kinds and variety is implied by the plural usage here (see BDAG, 573, sv κυβέρνησις).+12:28Or administration, or guidance.+12:30χαρίσματα ἰαμάτων ( charismata yamatōn) is in a split focal position (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore the IT (in Greek, questions that begin with μὴ [ mē] expect a negative answer [see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296]) has been used as a spacer to give extra focus to this constituent.+12:30γλώσσαις ( glōssais) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has thus been italicized for extra focus and emphasis.+12:30In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296). Cf ISV, NET. I have made this explicit in translation in order to be faithful to what is happening in the Greek text, not because I’m against speaking in tongues (I exercise this gift myself). “Charismatics” should be careful not to condemn brothers and sisters in Christ who don’t speak in tongues. At the same time, people who would consider themselves “non-charismatics” should be careful not to demonize this gift or condemn those who exercise it. Believers have full permission to ask God for this gift (see 1 Co 14:1), and though Paul places greater priority on prophecy in context to corporate situations, he still valued the gift of tongues (see 1 Co 14:18).+12:30διερμηνεύουσιν ( diermēneuousin) is in a DFE position here (see BART Display), and has been italicized for extra focus and emphasis, since the implied object of interpretation has been made explicit in translation (cf v 10).+12:30IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:31καθ’ ὑπερβολὴν ὁδὸν ( kath’ huperbolēn hodon) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and therefore an adverb has been used to give extra focus to this element, which has also been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+12:31Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT.
=