2
“Among You, Too, There Will Be False Teachers”
Now, false prophets also appeared among the people, just as among you, too, there will be false teachers, who will secretly introduce heresies that result in utter ruin and destruction,+ disowning the very Master who indeed paid the price to make them his possession,*+ and as a result will bring upon themselves swift destruction and ruin. And there will be many, many people who follow the licentious example of these teachers+ on whose account the way of truth will be brought into disrepute. In their greed they will use these to cheat you of your money:+ Stories and teachings of their own clever imaginations.+ The punishment+ to be poured out on them has long been prepared,+ and the utter ruin and destruction in store for them is most certainly on its way.+
If God didn’t spare the angels,+ you see, when they sinned, but on the contrary, banishing them to the lowest part of the underworld, to Tartarus,+ had them indeed chained up in the very regions of deep and gloomy darkness+ to be held for judgment; if God+ didn’t spare, either, the ancient world, but protected this man—Noah, as the eighth person, rescued along with seven others,+ a proclaimer of righteousness+—when he brought upon an ungodly world+ the flood; if he punished,+ too, the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, reducing them to ashes, thereby making them a solemn warning and example of what is going to befall the ungodly,+ and rescued this man—righteous Lot, who felt deep distress over the shameful and licentious conduct of such vile men+ (because of the wicked things he heard and saw, you see, that righteous man, while living among those people+ day after day, suffered great anguish in his righteous soul+); then we can safely conclude that the Lord is quite able to rescue the godly, on the one hand, from calamity,+ and to hold the wicked, on the other, for punishment at+ the mighty Day of judgment— 10 doom hanging especially over+ those whose evil, defiling desires drive them to pursue perverse and immoral relations,+ and who despise authority.
Brazen and arrogant, these teachers+ aren’t afraid to slander those of high honor,+11 despite the fact that not even the angels, although they are much stronger and far more powerful, dare to bring against them in the presence of the Lord a slanderous accusation.+ 12 These fellows, however, like senseless+ animals, mere creatures of instinct born to be caught and destroyed,+ mounting slanderous attacks against things they don’t understand, will like such beasts+ also be utterly destroyed, 13 suffering harm in repayment for the harm they themselves caused.+ Regarding it a pure joy to carouse right out in broad daylight, they are ugly stains and blemishes on the fellowship,+ carousing and gorging themselves on their deceits while eating with you, 14 having eyes that turn each and every woman they see into an adulteress+ and which never stop to take a rest from sinning, setting their bait for the unstable, having hearts that are so very well-trained in greed, a doomed and accursed lot+! 15 Forsaking the straight path, they have wandered astray, following the path taken by Balaam the son of Beor, who was glad to receive handsome payment, indeed, in return for causing harm.+ 16 Yet Beor’s son Balaam was firmly rebuked for doing what was evil and bad, when a mute donkey spoke with a human voice, and stopped him from doing what was utterly mad.+
17 These men are as reliable as springs without water!+ They are like mists that promise the ground refreshment but are then driven away+ by a fierce and sudden storm, people for whom is reserved a place in thick and utter darkness.+ 18 Using boastful rhetoric that sounds so impressive, you see, but which is in fact worthless and deluded,+ it is those who are just escaping a way of life full of perversion and deceitful error+ for whom these false teachers+ set their bait, by justifying the evil desires of the mortal nature+ and licentious conduct.+ 19 Freedom is what they promise such people, even though, in their own case, slaves, of moral corruption, is what they themselves are. It is “that by which a person has been conquered,” after all, “to which he is a slave.” 20 If, you see, after escaping the defiling practices of the world by coming to know our Lord and Savior Jesus the Messiah, by such practices people+ are once again, having become re-entangled in them,+ conquered, they are in a worse state at this point than they were before.+ 21 Indeed, it would have been truly better for them to have never known the path of righteousness than, after knowing it, to turn their backs on the holy way of life laid down in the sacred teaching+ that was passed on to them. 22 The truth of these proverbs is seen in them:+ “A dog returns to its own vomit,”+ and, “a sow, after washing herself, goes back to her wallowing in the mud.”
+1:1Lit have received by lot. ME/IT (see BDAG, 581, sv λαγχάνω 1; BSL, 2 Pt 2:1, sv λαγχάνω; L-N, 57.127). Cf, eg, various English translations of λαγχάνω ( lanchanō) at Lk 1:9 and Ac 1:17.+1:1Or in.+1:1Cf Ac 10:44-48, 15:14.+1:2Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:2Or because you know, or as you know, or in the knowledge of.+1:2Cf Jn 17:3; 1 Co 1:9; Php 3:8-11; 1 Th 2:12.+1:3Or through.+1:3Or called, or invited.+1:3Or praise, or glory.+1:3Or summoned us by his own glorious power and mighty act. Cf Is 42:8, 42:12, 43:7, 43:21, 48:9; Zc 6:13.+1:4Or through these things, or because of these things. Cf TEV; REB and TNT in ESS (2 Pt), 22.+1:4Lit so that you may become sharers. ME. Cf TEV; REB in ESS (2 Pt), 24. Cf Ac 10; Ga 3:7-9; Eph 1:11-14.+1:4Lit become partakers of/sharers in the divine nature. ME (see JFB, 2:517; L-N, 58.8; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 294; UBSHS [2 Pt], 76). Cf Rm 6:5-6, 8:29; 1 Co 15; 2 Co 3:18, 4:7-5:5; Eph 4:24; Php 3:23; Col 3:4; 1 Pt 5:1; Heb 12:10; 1 Pt 1:15-16, 4:6, 5:1; 1 Jn 3:2.+1:4Lit the corruption that is in the world.+1:5Lit bringing to bear all diligence/eagerness/urgency/effort. ME (see BDAG, 939, sv σπουδαίως 1; L-N, 68.64, UBSHS [2 Pt], 78). Cf also L-N, 68.74 (ἀγωνίζομαι).+1:8Lit to you being and increasing/and multiplying. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, NIV, TEV. The first participle denotes possession, while the meaning of the second participle is similar to 2 Pt 1:2 above.+1:9Lit getting forgetfulness of the cleansing of his past sins. ME(H/OTB) (see ESS [2 Pt], 39; L-N, 29.13; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 302; UBSHS [2 Pt], 82. See also Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:10Lit the summons/calling and election of you, or your calling/summons and election. God is obviously the implied subject here. Cf NASB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:10Or to put God’s summons and choice of you beyond doubt. Lit to make the summons/call and choice of you firm/secure. ME (see BDAG, 172, sv βέβαιος 3; interpretation 2 in ESS [2 Pt], 41; L-N, 71.15). Cf NJB, TEV. According to BDAG, βεβαίαν τὴν κλῆσιν καὶ ἐκλογὴν ποιεῖσθαι ( bebaian tēn klēsin kai eklogēn poieisthai) in this context means to “to keep the call in force” (see BDAG, 172, sv βέβαιος 3). Since the supporting statement that follows most likely refers to apostasy (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 305), which is in turn followed by another supporting statement whose content pertains to entry into the Kingdom of God, the interpretation represented in BDAG is most likely correct here. This is further confirmed by the broader context (see, eg, 2 Pt 2:20-22). The implied warning is similar to that of Heb 4:1 and 4:11 (note that σπουδάζω [ spoudazō], the verb used here in 2 Pt 1:10, is also used at Heb 4:11). Cf also Is 50:1; Ezk 3:16-27,14:14, 18:21-29; Jn 15:2; Rm 2:6-10; 1 Co 9:24-10:1-13; 2 Co 6:1; 2 Ti 2:12; 2 Pt 2:20-22; Heb 3:14, 6:1-12; Jud 5; Re 2-3.+1:10Lit these things doing. Cf L-N, 41.7. “These things” refers to the virtues mentioned in vv 5-7.+1:10Or never fall away, or never be overthrown/defeated, or never be lost, or never stumble in sin. Lit never stumble, or never fall. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 894, sv πταίω 2; ESS [2 Pt], 42; LALS, sv πταίω; Little Kittel, 968, sv πταίω; UBSHS [Rm], 214; UBSHS [2 Pt], 84). Cf, eg, Jb 4:1-6; Ps 37:23-24, 73:1-2; Pr 24:16; Mic 7:8; Rm 11:11.+1:11Lit in this way (referring to the virtues of vv 5-7). The antecedent has been restated in translation because of the play on words Peter makes in this verse.+1:11Cf Re 21:7-8, 26-27.+1:12Lit in the truth that is present. ME (see BDAG, 42, sv ἀλήθεια 2.b.; UBSHS [2 Pt], 87; translation and notes at 2 Th 2:15.). Cf NLT, NRSV, TEV.+1:13Lit in this tabernacle. ME/IT (see L-N, 23.91; translation and notes at 2 Co 5:1). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NCV.+1:13Lit by way of reminder, or by way of calling your attention to them.+1:14Lit the removing/setting aside of the tabernacle of me is soon. ME (see note at v 13 above; L-N, 23.111). ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+1:14Cf Jn 21:18-19.+1:16Lit that we followed. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 91). Cf TEV; REB and TNT in ESS (2 Pt), 59.+1:16Lit we were eyewitnesses of. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+1:16Lit the majestic splendor of that one. Since the Second Coming is in view here, the verbal information compressed in the verb is meant to be understood as pointing forward to that event (cf translation and notes at Mt 16:28). The point here, as v 19 makes clear, is that the transfiguration was a visionary foreshadowing of the glory in which the Messiah will return at the Second Coming.+1:17Lit such a voice having been brought to him by the Majestic Glory. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+1:19Lit And we have the prophetic word as more firm. ME/IT (see BDAG, 173, sv βεβαιόω 1; L-N, 28.43, 31.90). Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. Cf also the translation at Rm 15:8.+1:19Or to which. The LSGNT Notes mark ᾧ () as a dative of reference.+1:19Cf Is 13:6-9; Ezk 13:5, 30:3; Jl 1:15, 2:1-31, 3:14; Am 5:18, 20; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-14; Ml 4:5; 2 Co 1:14; Php 1:6-10, 2:16; 1 Th 5:2; 2 Th 2:2.+1:19The “morning star” here is most likely a reference to the planet Venus, though some think it possibly refers to the sun (see, eg, ANLEX, 404, sv φωσφόρος; BSL, 2 Pt 1:19, sv φωσφόρος; DBL Greek, #5892; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 321; L-N, 1.32). Apart from the sun, Venus is the brightest “star” in the sky, reaching its maximum brightness just before sunrise or just after sunset, depending on where it is in its orbit of the sun. Just as the morning star heralds the end of the night and the beginning of the new day, so the Second Coming will mark the end of this age of darkness and the beginning of His Day. Cf Gn 1:14-19; Jb 9:9, 38:32; Ps 19:1-6, 84:11; Is 40:25-26, 60:1-2; Ml 4:2; Lk 1:78; Rm 10:14-18, 13:11-12.+1:19Cf Nu 24:17; Re 22:16.+1:20Most English translations group “in your hearts” with “rises” here. However, it is just as reasonable (contra Kelly; see ESS [2 Pt], 79) for it to be grouped with what follows (cf Green in ESS [2 Pt], 79), since in the NT the heart is understood not only as the seat of the emotions, but of the thoughts and will as well (see translation and notes at Mk 3:5). Cf, eg, Mt 9:4; Mk 2:8; Lk 2:19, 5:22, 21:14, 24:38; Rm 10:6-9. Shreiner’s assertion that in this instance the “the objective event and the subjective experience seem to be confused” ( NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 322) is unwarranted.+1:20Or it isn’t by private interpretation.+1:20Or No prophecy in Scripture comes about by the prophet’s own interpretation/explanation. Lit Every prophecy of Scripture does not become of one’s own/his own unraveling. ME (see BSL, 2 Pt 1:20, sv ἐπίλυσις; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 322; UBSHS [2 Pt], 99). For a summary of interpretive options here, see ESS (2 Pt), 83. If ἐπίλυσις ( epilusis) means interpretation/explanation (as is almost certainly the case; see, eg, L-N, 33.141; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 322), then in this context γίνομαι ( ginomai) means to “become explained,” or to “become interpreted (accurately),” ie, become understood/unraveled. Hence the translation here. Cf Lk 24:25-35; Eph 3:4-5.+1:21Lit For not by the will of man was a prophecy conveyed in the past (or at any time). ME (see BDAG, 1052, sv φέρω 7). προφητεία ( prophētia) here means essentially the same thing as τὸν προφητικὸν λόγον ( ton prophētikon) in v 19 (cf ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV there; NLT here). ποτέ ( pote) here has a meaning similar to what it has at 1 Pt 3:5 (cf CJB, HCSB, KJV, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV, NKJV, NLT, TEV there). The true prophets, rather than the false, are obviously meant here. Cf Jr 23; Ezk 13.+1:21Lit spoke from God men. ME. Cf REB in ESS (2 Pt), 89.+2:1Lit heresies of destruction. ME (see BDAG, 127, sv ἀπώλεια 2; UBSHS [2 Pt], 104).+2:1Or \it purchased them, or redeemed them.+2:2Lit of them. Restating the antecedent in translation for the sake of clarity. Cf NET.+2:3Lit they will carry on business with you. ME (see BSL, 2 Pt 2:3, sv ἐμπορεύομαι; UBSHS [2 Pt], 107). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:3Lit fabricated words. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 107).+2:3Or verdict, or condemnation, or judgment.+2:3Lit whose punishment a long time/of old is not idle. ME (I/F) (see ANLEX, 73, sv ἀργέω; BDAG, 128, sv ἀργέω; UBSHS [2 Pt], 107).+2:3Lit is not growing drowsy, or is not dozing. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 683, sv νυστάζω; UBSHS [2 Pt], 107).+2:4Cf Gn 6:1-4; Jb 2:6; Jud 6.+2:4Lit casting into Tartarus. ME/IT (see BDAG, 991, sv ταρταρόω; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 336).+2:4Lit delivered them to chains of gloomy/deepest darkness. ME (see BDAG, 429, sv ζόφος 2; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 2:4; UBSHS [2 Pt], 110). The genitive is interpreted as a genitive of place. This is reflected in the translation. Cf NET and TEV.+2:5Lit he.+2:5Lit Noah as the eighth. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 112).+2:5Cf Ezk 14:14, 20.+2:5Lit a world of ungodly ones. ME. Cf NET.+2:6Or condemned.+2:6Cf Gn 18:17-20; Nu 26:10; 1 Co 10; 2 Pt 3.+2:7Lit the conduct of the wicked/shameful/disgraceful/vile men/people in licentiousness. Cf Gn 19:4.+2:8Lit among them.+2:8Lit by what was seen and heard, that righteous man, dwelling among them day after day, tormented his righteous soul with their lawless deeds. ME (see L-N, 24.8, 25.280; UBSHS [2 Pt], 116). Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+2:9While the word used here (πειρασμός [ peirasmos]) usually means trial (see, eg, L-N, 27.46) or temptation (see, eg, L-N, 88.308), the context indicates that here it is being used in the sense of a “calamity” (see GHCLOT, 489, sv māsāh), “catastrophe” (see BSL, Dt 4:34, sv massōt), “judgment” (see NET at Dt 4:34, 7:19), or “terror” (see NLT at Dt 7:19) sent by God as a test to expose the true nature of something (see LALS, sv πειρασμός; LEH LXX Lex, sv πειρασμός). Cf, eg, Dt 4:32 (see TEV there), 7:19 (see NET, NLT, NCV, TEV there), and 29:3 (see NET, NCV, TEV there). That is in fact the meaning intended here is confirmed by 2 Pt 3:10-11.+2:9Or keep under punishment until. The participle here is interpreted as an adverbial of purpose, and as functioning futuristically. This is reflected in the translation. Cf LEB, ISV, JB, NET, NIV (2011).+2:10If you are reading this right now, and you are involved in immorality or are in rebellion against God, I beg you to repent and seek the Lord while He may still be found.+2:10Lit those going after the flesh in/because of lust of defilement. ME(I/F/OTB) (see ANLEX, 346, sv σάρξ 4; BDAG, 915, sv σάρξ 2.d.; Ibid, 716, sv ὀπίσω 2.a.; DBL Hebrew, #1414.6; Ibid, #1414.10; UBSHS [Dt], 143; UBSHS [2 Pt], 118).+2:10Lit they. Cf NCV, TEV.+2:10Or to slander glorious ones, or to slander dignitaries. Most translations and commentators interpret δόξας ( doxas) here as referring to some sort of angelic or celestial beings (see, eg, Vincent, Word Studies, 1:694; ESS [2 Pt], 142; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 349; NET Bible Notes, 2 Pt 2:10). The NET Bible Notes go so far as to say that “Δόξας ( doxas) almost certainly refers to angelic beings rather than mere human authorities.” I am not convinced, though, for three main reasons: (1) as Schreiner points out (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 346), “glories” can refer to human beings, in the sense of “honored ones” or those “deserving of honor” (cf, eg, the LXX at Ps 149:8 and Is 3:5); (2) the reference to Korah’s rebellion in Jude (see Jud 7); and (3) the call in the NT for leaders who teach and model the true faith to be treated with honor (see, eg, 1 Co 16:18; 1 Th 5:12; Php 2:29; 1 Ti 5:17), and for genuine messengers of God to be received with “fear and trembling” (see 2 Co 7:15; cf also Mt 10:40). Failing to honor a messenger truly sent and appointed by God could have disastrous consequences (see, eg, 2 Ki 2:23-24; Mt 10:14). Here is what Peter seems to be saying: In the governmental hierarchy of creation as a whole, angels (at present) hold a place of authority higher than that of human beings, and are obviously stronger than human beings, who are mortal. Despite their greater power and authority, however, the righteous angels, like Michael (see Jud 9), nevertheless honor and recognize the human leaders that God appoints, even though such leaders, like Moses (see Jud 9), who murdered an Egyptian, share in the death that all human beings must taste because of sin (cf, eg, Heb 9:27; 1 Pt 4:6). The angels know that God’s verdict of mercy trumps the devil’s accusations (see Zc 3:3-5; cf Jud 9), and that in the end the redeemed will be exalted (cf, eg, 1 Co 6:3). This was unlike Korah, who rose up against Moses, God’s divinely appointed leader and messenger (see Jud 9; cf Nu 16). If this interpretation is correct, it means that Peter is rebuking the false teachers for slandering him and other leaders who teach and model the true faith. Like Korah, they will reap the consequences of their rebellion.+2:11Cf Jb 1-2; Zc 3:1-5; Jud 9; Re 12:10. Unlike Satan, Michael and the righteous angels refrain from accusing, pleading instead for mercy (cf Mt 18:10). Cf also the functions of the four angels closest to God’s throne in Jewish tradition (1 Enoch 40:9).+2:12Or unreasoning. Cf CEV.+2:12Lit born by nature for capture and destruction. ME (see BDAG, 1069, sv φυσικός b.). Cf ESV, HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV.+2:12Lit in the destruction of them [ie, the beasts]. ME (see interpretation 1 in ESS [2 Pt], 153; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 350; UBSHS [2 Pt], 124). Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+2:13Lit being harmed as wages of unrighteousness/for harm. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 125). Cf CJB, NIV, TEV.+2:13Lit they are spots and defects. ME/IT (see ANLEX, 267, sv μῶμος 2; UBSHS [2 Pt], 126).+2:14Lit having eyes full of an adulteress. ME(I/F) (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 352; UBSHS [2 Pt], 127).+2:14Lit accursed children. ME(I/F) (see ESS [2 Pt], 168; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 353; UBSHS [2 Pt], 128).+2:15Lit who loved the wages of unrighteousness. ME (see note at “caused” in v 13 above). Peter may be making another play on words here (“wages of unrighteousness/harm” is also used above in v 13). If so, it has a bit of a double meaning, ie, Balaam loved the money he was paid for his wicked conduct, which also brought payment from God (see Nu 31:8). I have thus translated the phrase here in a way similar to v 13. Cf Nu 22-24, 31:8, 31:16; Jud 11; Re 2:14.+2:16There is another play on words here between παρανομίας ( paranomias— “wrongdoing”) and παραφρονίαν ( paraphronian—“madness”). I have therefore used English poetic devices in translation here in order to create a poetic effect for English readers.+2:17Cf Jb 6:14-20.+2:17Lit and mists being driven. ME/IT (see NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 356; UBSHS [2 Pt], 132).+2:17Lit the gloom/thick darkness of darkness. ME (see ANLEX, 186, sv ζόφος; BDAG, 429, sv ζόφος 2; UBSHS [2 Pt], 133; translation and notes at 2 Pt 2:4).+2:18Lit Speaking pompous/boastful words of futility. ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 133; translation and notes at Rm 1:21 and Eph 4:17).+2:18Lit those just escaping those conducting themselves in error/deceit/deception/perversion. ME (see ESS [2 Pt], 184; UBSHS [2 Pt], 134). Cf NLT.+2:18Lit they.+2:18Lit of the flesh. Translating “flesh” here according to Flesh G, O (see FBT Chart).+2:18Lit by evil desires of the flesh in licentious acts. ME (see ESS [2 Pt], 186; UBSHS [2 Pt], 134). Cf Jud 4.+2:20Lit they. This is an indefinite plural. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:20Lit having become entangled. The context indicates that a re-entangling is meant here. That in which they are re-entangled is also clear from the context (cf NET).+2:20Lit the latter (condition) has become for them worse than the former (condition). ME (see UBSHS [2 Pt], 137). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:21Lit turn their backs on the holy command. ME (see BDAG, 340, ἐντολή 2.b.ζ.; NAC [1 and 2 Pt, Jud], 361; UBSHS [2 Pt], 138).+2:22Lit The [saying] of the true proverb has happened to them.+2:22Pr 26:11