7
“Don’t condemn others, so that you won’t be condemned”
“Don’t condemn+ others, so that ᵖyou won’t be condemned. For how will ᵖyou be judged? According to the very same standard you use with others.+ And what amount of mercy or condemnation will be dealt out to you? Precisely the amount ᵖyou deal out to others.+ Why do ˢyou gawk+ at the speck in the eye of your brother or sister, but give no consideration+ to that beam of timber in your own eye? Or how in the world can ˢyou say to your brother or sister, ‘Let me remove the speck from your eye,’ when there is that beam in your own eye? You hypocrite! First remove the beam from your own eye; only then will you see clearly enough to remove the speck from the eye of your brother or sister.+ Yet don’t give what is holy to dogs or toss ᵖyour pearls before pigs. If you do, they may trample them under their feet and then turn around and attack ᵖyou.+
“Keep asking, and your request will be granted to you”
Keep asking, and your request will be granted to ᵖyou. Keep seeking, and ᵖyou will find. Keep knocking, and the door will be opened to ᵖyou.+ It is the person who asks persistently, you see, who receives. And who is it that finds? The one who continues to seek.+ And to whom will the door be opened? To the one who knocks again and again. Any person among you, if his son+ were to ask him for some bread, surely he wouldn’t give him a stone, would he? 10 Or if his son+ asks him, too, for a fish, he isn’t going to give the boy+ a snake, is he? Of course not! 11 If ᵖyou, therefore, even though you are so wicked, know how to give your children such good gifts, how much more surely will your Father in the heavens himself give good things to those who keep asking him!+
“In light of all these teachings…”
12 “So, in light of all these teachings:
“In everything, the way ᵖyou would want others to treat you, this is precisely how you, too, are to treat them. This, you see, is the essence+ of the Torah and the Prophets.
13 “Enter through the narrow gate, for wide is the gate and broad the road that leads to utter ruin, and those who enter through it are many. 14 But how narrow is the gate and filled with suffering the road that leads to life, and those who find it are few.+
15 “Watch out for false prophets, who come to ᵖyou in sheep’s clothing, but on the inside are actually ravenous wolves.+ 16 Here is how ᵖyou will recognize them: By their fruits. Grapes aren’t gathered from thornbushes or figs from plants with thorns, are they? No. 17 In the same way, every good tree produces good fruit, while a tree that is diseased produces bad fruit. 18 A good tree cannot produce bad fruit, nor can a diseased tree produce good fruit. 19 Every tree that does not produce good fruit is cut down and thrown where? Into the fire.+ 20 So then, it is by their fruits that ᵖyou will recognize them.+
21 “Not just anyone who says to me, ‘Lord, Lord,’ will enter the kingdom of heaven, but the person who does the will of my Father in the heavens. 22 Many people will say to me in that day, ‘Lord, Lord, it was in your name that we prophesied, wasn’t it? And it was in your name that we drove out demons, was it not? And yours was the name in which we did many miracles, was it not?’+ 23 And at that time I will publicly declare to them, ‘I never knew ᵖyou. Away from me, you evildoers!’+
24 “Given these things, if anyone hears these teachings+ of mine and obeys them, he may be compared to a wise man, who built his house on bedrock. 25 The rain fell and the floodwaters came and the winds blew and beat against that house, yet it did not fall, because it had been founded on bedrock.+ 26 But if someone hears these teachings of mine and does not obey them, he may be compared to a foolish man, who built his house on sand. 27 The rain fell and the floodwaters came and the winds blew and struck that house, and it fell. And its fall was great.”
28 When Jesus finished saying these things, the crowds were astonished at his teaching. 29 He was teaching them, you see, like someone with authority—quite unlike their Torah-experts.
+1:1Lit the record of the genealogy. ME (see NAC [Mt], 52; UBSHS [Mt], 8; Richards, BR Companion, 602). Here, Matthew has not only Jesus’ genealogy, but also the account of his birth, in view. Cf Gn 5:1.+1:2Cf LEB.+1:2Cf Gn 5:1.+1:3Lit Judah fathered Perez and Zerah by Tamar. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Lit Salmon fathered Boaz by Rahab. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Lit Boaz fathered Obed by Ruth. ME. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:6Lit David fathered Solomon by she/the woman of Uriah. Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [Mt], 14). Cf ASV, NASB, NIV, NKJV, NLT, YLT.+1:18Lit was betrothed. ME(H) (see L-N, 34.74; NAC (Mt), 57; UBSHS (Mt), 20; ISV footnote at Mt 1:18).+1:18Lit before they came together. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 970, sv συνέρχομαι 3; L-N, 23.61; M-M, 606).+1:18Lit she was discovered to be having in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). Cf ESV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, YLT at Mt 1:23.+1:19Throughout the Blessed Hope Translation, if a word or phrase is italicized, it means that it is being emphasized in the Greek text.+1:19Or although Joseph her husband was a righteous man. For further discussion of the interpretation represented in the text, see UBSHS [Mt], 22; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 1:19. Cf NABRE.+1:19Lit her.+1:20Or the angel. For a discussion about “an angel” versus “the angel,” see NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:20.+1:20Lit that which has been in her conceived is by the Holy Spirit. ME. Cf TEV.+1:21Throughout the Blessed Hope Translation, if a second person pronoun is marked with a superscripted “s” (ˢyou), it means that the pronoun is singular. If a second person pronoun is marked with a superscripted “p” (ᵖyou), it means that the pronoun is plural. In cases where the singularity or plurality of a second person pronoun has been deemed to be sufficiently clear from the context, the second person pronoun may not be marked.+1:21ME(OTB)/IT. In Hebrew, Jesus’ name is Yeshua, which means “Yahweh saves” (see, eg, the HCSB footnote; NET Bible Notes, Mt 1:20). Information flow is built on the IT here, and therefore the IT has been made explicit in translation.+1:23Lit the woman will have in the womb. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.50). Cf ESV, NET, NLT, NRSV, RSV, YLT.+1:25Lit was not knowing her, or did not begin to know her. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.61). Cf most English translations.+1:25Lit him.+2:1Lit days. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:1Lit Magi. ME(H) (see BDAG, 608, sv μάγος 1; ESL, #3097; L-N, 62.40). Cf TEV.+2:4Traditionally “scribes.” ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 2:4; UBSHS [Mt], 35). Cf NET.+2:4Or questioned them one after another. VPR. See VCC (Mt 2:4).+2:6Lit rulers/leaders/governors. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 37.59). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:6Mic 5:2+2:7Lit Magi. So throughout this section. See note at Mt 2:1.+2:7Lit the time of the shining/appearing star.+2:9Lit they.+2:9Lit behold. EFE. In Greek, ἰδοὺ ( idou) is a forward-pointing device that lets the reader know that something significant, surprising, or important is about to take place (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 122; LDGNT Intro, 1.4).+2:9Lit the star they had observed when it rose.+2:10Lit they.+2:10Lit they rejoiced exceedingly with great joy. ME. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+2:13Lit they.+2:13Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:13Lit he.+2:14Lit he.+2:15Ho 11:1+2:18Lit because they are not. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+2:18Jr 31:15+2:19Lit in Egypt. Cf NCV.+2:19Or the angel. See note at Mt 1:20.+2:20Lit it/he.+2:21Lit he.+2:22Lit in place of. ME. Cf CJB, TEV.+2:22Lit he.+2:23Lit a Nazarene. ME(OTB)/IT. Netzer is one of the Hebrew words for sprout, shoot, or branch (eg Is 11:1; see HCBC, 404-5; Vincent, Word Studies, 22.). Here Matthew is using a play on words to summarize the collective testimony of several prophets, namely, that the Messiah would be called the “Branch of the Lord” (cf Is 4:2, 11:1; Jr 23:5, 33:15; Zc 3:8, 6:12).+3:2Cf Is 13:6-9; Dn 2:34-35, 44-45; Jl 1:15, 2:1, 2:11, 2:31, 3:14; Ob 15; Zp 1:7-9, 14-18; Ml 4:5; Mt 5:20-24; Lk 10:11-12, 21:31; Rm 13:12; 1 Pt 4:7.+3:3Lit the paths, or your paths. ME(I/F). In this context, “make the paths straight” is being used metaphorically for repentance (see NET Bible Notes, Mt 3:3). For other examples of “paths” (τρίβος [ tribos] here and in the LXX) used metaphorically for conduct, see Ps 142:3; Pr 1:15, 3:17, 8:20; Is 59:8; Jr 18:15.+3:3Is 40:3+3:4Like Elijah the prophet. Cf 2 Ki 1:8, Lk 1:17.+3:6Or confessing.+3:6Cf Ps 32:3.+3:7Lit he.+3:7Lit to his baptism. ME.+3:8Or in keeping with repentance. Lit worthy of repentance. For the meaning of ἄξιος ( axios) in this context, see BDAG, 93, sv 1.b. Cf ESV, NET, NIV, TEV.+3:11Or in.+3:11Or at repentance, or with a view to repentance. For various ways to interpret the preposition here, cf ANLEX, 132, sv εἰς; BDAG, 291, sv εἰς 10.a; and LSGNT Notes, Mt 3:11.+3:11Or in.+3:11Cf Is 4:4; 32:15, 44:3; Jl 2:11; Ezk 39:28-29; Ml 3:2, 4:1-6.+3:12Cf Ml 4; Ps 1:4-5.+3:12Or with. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48.+3:12Or in/with unquenchable fire. Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14. This is a reference to Gehenna (cf Mk 9:43, 48). It is therefore definite, even though anarthrous (for a discussion of nouns and definiteness despite the absence of the definite article, see Wallace, Grammar, 243-54). Note that the information has already been activated in verse 10. Therefore, it is also possible that anarthrous status of this element is functioning to give it some extra focus.+3:12Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mk 9:43, 48; Re 14:9-11, 20:14.+3:15Cf Ml 3:1-5.+3:15Though several of the various shades of meaning associated with δικαιοσύνη ( dikaosune)—obeying God’s will, covenant faithfulness, God’s deliverance/salvation, etc—are possibly working together here on some level; and though Matthew does often employ δικαιοσύνη ethically in the sense of conduct in conformity with God’s will (for discussion, see UBSHS [Mt], 7), the primary focus of the context here is the beginning of the Messianic mission (a crucial turning point in redemptive history). Thus, “righteousness” in this context should be understood primarily in terms of its well-attested OT sense of Yahweh’s saving acts/acts of salvation/deliverance (see BDB, 841.2 [6], 842.1 [6]; translation and notes at Rm 1:17). Cf Ps 40:9-10 (esp ESV, RSV, NRSV, TEV); Is 41:10 (esp LEB, NCV, NET), 45:8 (esp NET), 46:12 (esp RSV, NRSV), 51:5 (esp RSV, NET, NRSV, TEV), 58:8 (esp LEB, NRSV, TEV), 62:1; Jr 23:6; Mic 6:5 (esp RSV, NRSV, TEV). There is no reason to think that Matthew’s understanding and use of “righteousness” is any less robust than that of the prophets! That is, if the prophets themselves employ “righteousness” with different contextually-defined nuances in the same body of material, why not Matthew?+3:15Lit allowed him. Cf NET.+3:16Or when Jesus was baptized, he came up immediately from the water.+3:16Or the skies. So throughout this section.+3:16Or upon. When used with verbs of motion, ἐπί (with its object in the accusative case, as here) functions as a marker of direction (see BDAG, 364, sv 4.b.). Though it is safe to assume that the dove did actually land on Jesus, “upon” with the imperfective verb of motion here actually creates a bit of a humorous picture. Cf Mk 1:10, where εἰς ( eis) is used.+3:17Cf Gn 22:2, 16; Is 42:1.+4:3Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6-9; 2 Sm 7; 1 Ch 17; Ps 2, 89, 132; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10; Mt 2:15; Lk 3:38; Jn 1:49; 1 Co 15:45.+4:4Lit he.+4:4Dt 8:3+4:5Lit him.+4:5Or edge, or summit.+4:6Ps 91:11, 12+4:7Or also, or again. Cf LEB, NASB.+4:7The use of the second person singular in this quotation doesn’t indicate that God is addressing an individual, but that He is addressing the nation as a single entity (see NAC [Dt], 162).+4:7Dt 6:16+4:10See note at 4:7 above.+4:10See note at Mt 4:7 above. The same applies here.+4:10Dt 6:13+4:11Cf Gn 21:15-19; 1 Ki 19:5-8; Ps 78:23-25, 91:11; Lk 22:43; Heb 1:14.+4:12Lit he.+4:16Lit in a land and shadow of death. This is an example of hendiadys. Hendiadys is “the expression of an idea by the use of usually two independent words connected by and (as nice and warm) instead of the usual combination of independent word and its modifier (as nicely warm)” ( Miriam-Webster’s, sv). Cf HCSB, NIV, TEV. Cf also TWOT, 767, sv ṣalmāwet; UBSHS (Lk), 100; UBSHS (Ps), 233.+4:16Is 9:1, 2. Cf Is 42:6-7, 42:19; Lk 2:32.+4:17Lit began proclaiming and saying. Cf NET.+4:18Lit he.+4:23Lit he.+4:25Lit Decapolis (“Ten Cities”). ME(H)/IT (see FSB, Mt 4:25; HNTC, 46; Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 4:25; TCBC, 399).+5:1Lit he.+5:2Lit he opened his mouth and began to teach them. ME(I/F/OTB). The idiom “opened his mouth” was a rhetorical device used to add weight and solemnity to an occasion of speaking (see FSB, Mt 5:2; JFB, Mt 5:2; Lange, Commentary, 101). Cf Jb 3:1; Dn 10:16.+5:3Or lowly, or humble, or needy, or afflicted, or poor. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [Mt], 107-8; BDG, 776, sv עָנִי; TWOT, 682-4). For examples, cf LXX and MT (note also the parallelisms) at Ps 22:24, 34:6, 37:14, 40:17, 69:29, 72:2, 88:15, 102:1 (intro), 109:22, 140:12; Jb 34:28, 36:6. Cf also the MT and LXX at Ps 34:18 (33:18 in the LXX). See also note at Lk 4:18.+5:3Cf Dn 7:22.+5:4Cf Is 61:3, 66:10; Ezk 9:4.+5:4Cf Is 40:1; 49:13; 51:3; 57:18; 61:2.+5:5Or the meek.+5:5Or ‘will inherit the earth.’ A quotation from Ps 37:9, 11. Cf Is 49:8, 58:13-14, 61:7, 65:9-10; Ezk 45:1, 47:21-23. Cf also CJB.+5:6Since the other promises in the “beatitudes” are eschatological in focus, most likely in view here is Yahweh’s righteousness in the sense of “deliverance” or “saving acts” (see notes at Mt 3:15 and Mt 5:10). For the motif of “hungering” or “thirsting” set in context to hope in Yahweh’s righteousness/salvation/deliverance, see Ps 42, 63, 143; Is 55; Re 21:6-7 (note the eschatological context and reference to the ‘inheritance’ in Re 21:7; cf Mt 5:5, directly above). Cf also Ps 84:2 (flesh “crying out”).+5:7Cf Dt 30:3; Ps 32:6; Is 14:1, 49:15-16, 54:8, 55:6-8; Ezk 39:25; Ho 1:6-7; Lk 1:78.+5:8Cf Ps 24:3-5, 73:1.+5:8Cf Ps 11:5, 17:5; Jb 19:26; Re 22:4.+5:9Lit sons.+5:9Cf Is 43:6; Jr 31:9; Ho 1:10; Lk 20:36; Rm 8:19-23; Re 21:7.+5:10Lit righteousness. ME(OTB). Cf Ps 31:18, 37:12-13; L-N, 88.13 In the Old Testament, the term “righteousness,” when used as a description of God’s servants (contrast this to Mt 3:15, 5:6, and 6:33, where God’s righteousness is in view; see note at Mt 3:15), usually denotes righteous ways, acts, and deeds that conform to God’s will. Cf, eg, Gn 18:19, 30:33; 1 Ki 3:6; Ps 106:3; Pr 8:18, 8:20, 10:2, 11:5, 11:18, 11:19, 12:28,13:6, 14:34; 15:9, 16:8, 16:12, 21:21; Is 5:7, 46:12, 48:1, 56:1, 58:2; Jr 4:2, 22:3, 22:15; Ezk 3, 18, 33; Ho 10:12; Am 5:6-7, 5:24, 6:12.+5:12Cf Ac 5:41.+5:12Cf Mt 6:19; 1 Ti 6:19; 2 Ti 4:1-8; 1 Pt 1:3-9.+5:13Or of the earth. Cf Mt 5:13-14. Gn 18:26-32; Ex 32:7-14; Nu 25:7; Is 59:16, 65:8; Jr 5:1; Ezk 14:14, 14:20, 22:20; Rm 11:4-5. Cf also CJB; Stern, JNTC, Mt 5:13-14.+5:13“In the ancient world...what was often sold as salt was highly adulterated and the sodium chloride could leach out in humid weather, in which case the residue (normally a form of lime) would be useless” ( L-N, 5.25).+5:13Cf Ezk 3:20, 5:7, 18:24, 18:26-29, 22:36, 33:12-18; Ml 2:1-9; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 9:62, 12:47, 14:25-33; Jn 6:66; 2 Ti 2:19-20; Heb 6:4–6, 10:26-27; 2 Pt 2:17-22; Re 2:5, 2:14-16, 2:20-23, 3:1-3, 3:15-19.+5:13Cf Lv 26:27-35; Dt 4:27, 28:64-68; 2 Ki 24:1-4; Is 5:5; Jr 9:16; Dn 9:24-27; Hab 1:5-6; Zc 13:7-9, 14:1-3; Mt 22:7, 23:37-24:2; Mk 13:1-2; Lk 21:5-6, 20-24.+5:14Cf Gn 12:3, 22:18, 26:4; Dt 4:5-8, 32-34; Ps 147:20; 2 Sm 7:23; Is 2:5, 42:6, 49:6, 60:3 Jr 4:2; Ezk 5:5; Lk 2:32; Ac 13:47.+5:14Cf Ps 48, 50:2; Is 2:1-4, 4:5, 25:6-8; Ezk 5:5.+5:16Or men, or people. Cf Gn 12:3, 22:18, 26:4; Dt 4:5-8, 32-34; Ps 147:20; 2 Sm 7:23; Is 2:5, 42:6, 49:6, 60:3 Jr 4:2; Ezk 5:5; Lk 2:32; Ac 13:47.+5:16Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10.+5:17Lit came to, or have come to. This rendering has been chosen to more clearly communicate the purpose present in the infinitive. The perfect tense with “come,” plus an infinitive, transfers into English a bit awkwardly. I have used “have come” in the following clause, though, since the negative particle is used there, making the statement sound more natural with the purpose statement. Cf TEV at Mk 1:24.+5:17Or to carry them out, or to fulfill them. The verb used here (πληρόω [ plēroō], lit “to make full,”) can mean to carry out/accomplish (see, eg, Lk 9:31); to bring to completion/fulfillment/goal (see, eg, Mt 1:22); and in a teaching context, to make fully known/fully clarify (see, eg, ESV, HCSB, NIV, NRSV, RSV at Col 1:25; cf also Rm 16:25, where the prophetic writings are cited as Paul’s source material for his exposition of “the mystery”). There is no reason to suppose that Jesus is not using the word in the fullest sense (pun-intended) possible here, with multiple nuances simultaneously at work. I offer the following reasons in support of this: (1) Lexically, πληρόω naturally lends itself to functioning on more broadly encompassing level when warranted by the context. (2) The Torah and the Prophets themselves form a complex corpus that includes a broad range of content, including stories, teachings, statutes, prophetic oracles, etc. Thus, the conceptual complexity of its direct object virtually forces πληρόω to multitask in this context, in order for “every yodh” and “all things” to “take place/happen” (v 18). (3) The Sermon on the Mount is obviously a teaching context that includes clarification, interpretation, correction, or expansion of prevailing ideas; at the same time, the use of γίνομαι (“take place/happen/occur/come to pass”) in v 18 indicates that prophesied events are also in view contextually. In sum, Jesus is the “arm of the Lord” (Is 53:1; cf Jn 12:38) and the “servant” (Is 52:13) who carries out and executes the Father’s redemptive plan as prophesied in the Torah and the Prophets; he is also the great Teacher (Is 30:21) who makes the purpose, meaning, goal, and authoritative interpretation of the Torah and Prophets fully known. For the gross misuse of this word in replacement theology, see Stern, JNTC, Mt 5:17. For more on πληρόω in the sense of “clarify,” see HNTC (Mt), 63; TCBC, 401. For more on the various renderings that have been proposed, see UBSHS (Mt), 123-124; ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 38.+5:18In Greek, γὰρ is marked for continuity and strengthening/support (see Runge, Disc Grammar, 51-54).+5:18Or the sky.+5:18Or land.+5:18Not out of existence altogether, but in their present form as tainted by evil and decay. Cf Gn 6:13, 9:11; Ps 72:5, 17, 89:36-37, 102:25-28, 148:6; Is 34:4-5, 65:17-25, 66:22; Jr 31:35-36, 33:20-21; 1 Co 7:31; Heb 1:10-12; Jm 1:10; 1 Pt 1:24; 4:7; 2 Pt 2:6, 3:13;1 Jn 2:17; Re 12:7-10, 21:1-4.+5:18Lit iota. ME(H/OTB). Iōta is the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, and is here used in correspondence with yodh, the smallest letter of the Hebrew alphabet (see DBL Greek, #2740; L-N, 33.36; UBSHS [Mt], 125). Cf CJB.+5:18Lit one serif. ME (see DBL Greek, #3037).+5:19Lit looses. ME(H/OTB) (see note on “binding and loosing” at Mt 16:19). Cf ESV.+5:20See note at Mt 5:10. Note that the context (ie, the upcoming contrast between what God sees as righteous ways and the hypocritical ways and deeds of the religious leadership of the day [6:1-34]) gives further support that righteous ways and deeds and conduct are in view here.+5:20Cf Re 21:8.+5:21Lit the ancients. Cf HCSB, NLT+5:21Ex 20:13; Dt 5:17+5:21Or judgment, or condemnation.+5:22The context indicates that in these teachings the Messiah is engaging in the process of “binding and loosing” (v 19: “if someone relaxes,” literally, “if someone looses” [λύω], ie, contrary to Jesus’ own “binding and loosing” in the following discourse; for more on “binding and loosing” in its historical context, see note at Mt 16:19). Some of Jesus’ restrictive interpretations/requirements (His “bindings”) are stricter than those of His contemporaries, and some of his absolving interpretations/requirements (His “loosings”) are more forgiving and less severe than those of his contemporaries.+5:22ME. Lit “Raca,” an Aramaic word of contempt directed at the understanding or intelligence (see BDAG, 903, sv ῥακά; L-N, 32.61). See also Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58.+5:22Lit before the Sanhedrin. ME(H)/IT. See Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58.+5:22ME. Lit “you fool,” with connotations of deficiency in both intelligence and character (see Robertson, Word Pictures, Mt 5:22).+5:22Lit liable to the Gehenna of fire. Traditionally rendered “hell.” ME(H/OTB)/IT. See Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament, Second Edition (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2014), 57–58; BSL, Matt 5:22, sv γέεννα; BDAG, 190, sv γέεννα; L-N, 1.21; DBL Greek, #1147. Cf., Josh 15:8; 18:16; 2 Kgs 23:10; 2 Chr 28:3; 33:6; Isa 30:33; 66:24; Jer 7:31–32; 19:2, 6; 32:35.+5:27Ex 20:14; Dt 5:18+5:31Dt 24:1+5:32In order to survive, she would likely have had to resort to prostitution, an adulterous relationship (cf Jn 4:18), or a remarriage that (in principle, according to God’s ideal) was not legitimate (cf TEV). At the time only men could initiate divorce. For further discussion and more on the cultural context, see ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 74; L-N, 88.276; NAC (Mt), 111; UBSHS (Mt), 141. Cf Lk 16:18, Jn 4:16-18.+5:32The extra prominence given to the verb here suggests that if a man decides to marry a divorced woman (perhaps instead of just using her as a prostitute) despite the stigma she now bears, marriage is so binding and holy in God’s sight that even in this scenario such a man is, in principle, guilty of committing adultery.+5:33Lit the ancients. Cf HCSB, NLT.+5:33Or swear falsely, or commit perjury. Lv 19:12.+5:33Nu 30:2; Dt 23:21+5:34Lit not to swear oaths at all. ME (see UBSHS [Jm], 187). Cf NCV and TEV at Jm 5:12.+5:35Allusions to Is 66:1-2 and Ps 48:2.+5:36Cf Dt 32:39, 1 Sm 2:6; Jb 33:19-28; Ps 30:3, 102:23; Is 26:19; Jn 11:25.+5:38Ex 21:24; Lv 24:20; Dt 19:21+5:39In this section, Jesus is setting forth a correction in interpretive priority (cf Mt 23:23). The question in view is whether to extend mercy/pity/patience, or to withhold it (cf Dt 19:21). Jesus is not contradicting the Torah here by undermining the validity of retributive punishment altogether. Rather, he is placing interpretive weight and temporally-defined priority on the Torah’s requirements in the area of mercy/patience/steadfast love (eg Mic 6:8, Zc 7:9), in view of the retributive punishment that God himself will administer in the Day of the Lord. In the Day of the wrath, God himself will throw resurrected eyeballs and teeth into the Lake of Fire (cf Mt 5:29-30, 23:33, 10:28; Mk 9:42-49; Lk 12:5; Ac 24:15; Jn 5:28-29; Re 20:15). Until that time, He is relating to the wicked of the earth (all of us!) in mercy, restraint, and longsuffering (cf Ps 32:6; Is 55:6-7; Mt 5:48; Lk 6:36; Rm 2:1-5; 2 Pt 3:9, 15). He does this in accordance with his own revealed nature: He is “merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness... forgiving iniquity,” (Ex 34:6 [ESV]), and yet, He “by no means leaves the guilty unpunished” (Ex 34:7 [NET]). Israel’s exile is prolonged for the sake of mercy toward the Gentiles (Rm 11:11, 30), and yet eventually the Gentiles who oppress Israel will be punished by God (eg, Jl 3, Zc 14)—and that with help of his vindicated people (Ps 148; Is 11:14; Zc 12:6). The Messiah, therefore, is not “doing away with” the Torah and Prophets here; rather, he is distributing interpretive weight, temporally-defined, over its contents so as to synchronize their interpretation and application with God’s revealed character. Many of the Pharisees and Torah teachers of the day were not doing this (cf Mt 23:4; Jn 8:1-11), and thus God’s character was being misrepresented before the people (cf Lk 15:1-16:15) by means of the very texts he had inspired (cf Mt 15:9).+5:39Lit not to stand against. ME(H). In this context, “standing against” somebody most likely means pressing charges in a court setting (see NAC, 113; UBSHS [Mt], 148). Cf Is 50:8 (LXX). Cf also 1 Co 6:1-11.+5:40Lit your tunic.+5:40A person’s cloak provided cover from the cold at night, and was thus protected by the Torah (Ex 22:26-27; Dt 24:12-13). To voluntarily give up one’s cloak, therefore, was a significant act of self-sacrifice.+5:41Lit whoever forces you to go one mile. ME(H). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV. In New Testament times, Roman soldiers had authority to compel civilians to carry loads for them for up to a mile (see DBL Greek, #30; HNTC, 69; L-N, 37.34).+5:41Lit go with him. ME. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+5:42Or asking you for something, or begging you for something.+5:42Cf Dt 15:7-11.+5:43Lv 18:19+5:45Or become, or prove to be. Cf HCSB footnote.+5:45Lit sons.+5:48Lit blameless, or complete, or mature, or upright, or whole, or perfect. ME(OTB). See BDAG, 996, sv τέλειος b. The context here (God’s patience and mercy repeatedly extended to the earth over a long period of time despite its rebellion [v 5:45]), the parallel passage in Luke (Lk 6:36), and the reference to God’s own character (v 48), make it clear that Yahweh acting in accordance with the truth of his name (cf Ex 34:6-7) is what Jesus has in mind here (cf UBSHS [1 Jn], 31). The Greek word τέλειος ( teleios) may be (the NAC says, “probably is”) “reflecting an underlying Aramaic tamim” ( NAC, 115) (for examples of τέλειος ( teleios) used for the Hebrew tāmîm [“blameless” or “upright” or “whole”] in the LXX, see Gn 6:9, Dt 18:13). In OT theology, God being “upright,” or “blameless,” or “whole,” or “without defect,” or “intact,” or having “integrity,” or acting “in accord with truth and fact” (see BDB, 1071.1l; GHCLOT, 867, sv tāmîm) means that he always acts according to his own righteous character and nature, in context to his covenants (see, eg, Dt 32:4; Ps 18:30, 100:5; Pr 30:5). In other words, there is no discrepancy between who God is and what he does. He acts in a manner that is consistent and true to his character. God is merciful, longsuffering, forgiving, slow to anger, and steadfast in love, yet he also hates sin and burns with wrath toward it (see Ex 34:6-7); therefore, this is how he acts in relation to the inhabitants of the earth (again, in context to his covenants [see, eg, Gn 9:8-17; Jr 33:20-26]). Because he is slow to anger and steadfast in love/mercy, he restrains from pouring out his wrath and extends kindness to the earth over an extended period of time; eventually, however, the time of mercy comes to an end, and God pours out the wrath that had been storing up over time (cf Rm 2:1-11; 2 Pt 3). We, too, are to be steadfast in mercy, love, and patience even with respect to our persecutors and enemies now, in the knowledge that every injustice will be rectified in the age to come.+5:48Cf Ex 34:6-7.+6:1Lit your righteousness. See note at Mt 5:10. Cf CJB, NIV, NLT, TEV.+6:1Or in the sight of. Cf NET.+6:1Cf Rm 2:16, 14:10-12; 1 Co 4:5.+6:2Lit sound a trumpet before you.+6:2In Greek, the article (“the”) often functions anaphorically, that is, it sometimes points back to something mentioned previously (for more on this function of the article, see Wallace, Grammar, 217-20). Here, Jesus is referring back to the “Pharisees and experts in the Torah” mentioned in Mt 5:20.+6:2Or honored, or glorified.+6:4Or repay.+6:4Cf Pr 19:17; Lk 14:14; 1 Co 4:5.+6:5Lit so that they may appear to men. ME.+6:6Lit your inner room. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 988, sv ταμεῖον 2; L-N, 7.28; NBC, 913).+6:6Or secret.+6:6Or repay.+6:9Cf Ex 4:22; Dt 32:6; Is 1:2, 63:16, 64:8; Jr 31:9; Hs 11:1; Ml 2:10.+6:9Or may your Name be treated as holy, or may your Name be set apart. Lit may your Name be sanctified. ME(OTB). For the OT background behind this rendering of ἁγιάζω ( hagiazō) (typically used for the Hebrew qadash in the LXX), see Ezk 36:23. Cf the rendering here with the ESV, NASB, RSV at Ezk 36:23 (Piel in the MT); cf also the ESV and RSV at Ezk 38:16 (Niphal in the MT), and the ESV and RSV at Ezk 39:27 (Niphal in the MT). For the OT background behind the footnote rendering, see Is 29:23 (cf the footnote rendering here with the LEB). It is worth noting that irrespective of whether Ezk 36:23 or Is 29:23 provides the primary backdrop here, both of those passages are eschatological and relate to Israel’s final deliverance in context to the establishment of the Messianic Kingdom (cf the petition in the next line: “Your Kingdom come”). Cf Ps 102:15; Is 11:1-12:3 (note esp 12:3), 29:22-24; Jl 2:26-27; Ezk 36:23, 38:16, 39:7-8; Zc 13:2, 14:9; Ml 1:11-14. The cry for Yahweh to vindicate his name and his faithfulness by ending the exile of the people identified with that name, and who are the object of his faithfulness by virtue of his covenant relationship with the patriarchs, is a prominent theme in Scripture.+6:10“Kingdom” here is to be interpreted covenantally (see, eg, 2 Sm 7:13-16; Ps 89), eschatologically/apocalyptically (see, eg, Is 11; Dn 2:44-45, 7:22; Zc 12-14), Messianically (see, eg Ps 22:28; Is 9, 11; Dn 2), Israelocentrically (see, eg, Ps 102; Is 40; Ob 19-21; Zc 12-14), and concretely and geographically (see, eg, Is 9, 11, 40-66; Zc 14). It does not mean a metaphysical in-breaking of God’s will or rule (abstractly defined) from the “ethereal realm” into the “material realm” through the church in this age (Christo-Platonism). For many resources on the influence Platonism has had on Christian theology, see www.danieltrainingnetwork.org.+6:10Cf Ne 9:6; Ps 103:20, 148:1-2.+6:11Lit bread.+6:11Or our daily bread/food, or our bread/food for the coming day.+6:12Lit our debts. ME (cf Lk 4:4). Cf ISV, NCV, NLT.+6:12Or have forgiven. The aorist here can be interpreted either as a summary statement (reflecting habitual forgiving) or cumulatively (reflecting forgiveness that has taken place before the time of prayer). Both make sense contextually. Cf UBSHS (Mt), 171.+6:12Lit our debtors. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [Lk], 429). Cf NLT.+6:13Cf Mk 14:38; 1 Co 10:13; Jm 1:13.+6:13Some manuscripts add: “For yours is the kingdom and the power and the glory, forever. Amen” (ESV).+6:16Lit don’t become sullen-faced. ME (see ANLEX, 352, sv σκυθρωπός; L-N, 25.287). Cf NCV, NET, TEV.+6:16Lit they disfigure their faces (or appearances). ME(H). “The Pharisees put ashes on their heads, wore their worst clothing, and neither trimmed their beard, washed, nor anointed themselves when they fasted” (Mills, Life of Christ, Mt 6:16-18). See also ESS (Sermon on the Mount), 123; JFB, Mt 6:16; Lange, Commentary, 126; UBSHS (Mt), 175; Vincent, Word Studies, 1:45. Cf Jr 6:26; Ezk 27:30.+6:16Lit so that they may appear to men while fasting. ME. Cf HCSB.+6:18Lit so that you may appear not to men while fasting, but to your Father. ME.+6:18Or secret.+6:18Or repay.+6:22Lit healthy, or good. ME(I/F). A “good eye” is a Hebrew idiom for generosity (see NET Bible Notes, Pr 22:9, 23:6; UBSHS [Mt], 181). Cf Pr 22:9.+6:22Cf Ps 112.+6:23Lit evil. ME(I/F) (see NET Bible Notes, Pr 22:9, 23:6; UBSHS [Mt], 181). An “evil eye” is a Hebrew idiom for selfishness, greed, and stinginess. Cf Dt 15:9, Pr 23:6-7, 28:22; Mt 20:15; Zc 5:6.+6:23Cf 1 Ti 6:9-10.+6:23Cf Is 5:20; Jr 17:9-10.+6:23Or great. Cf HCSB.+6:24Lit he.+6:26Lit the birds of the sky. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 809, sv πετεινόν; NET Bible Notes, Mt 13:32). Cf NET at Mt 13:32.+6:26Cf Ps 145:15-16.+6:26Lit than they are. Cf NCV, TEV.+6:27Or add to his height a single cubit. A cubit was about 18 inches (see, eg, NET Bible Notes, Mt 6:27).+6:30The oven of this time was “a dome-like structure made of clay, in which wood and dried grass were burned, and then after being heated, was used for baking bread” ( L-N, 7.74).+6:32Or seek after. See note at 6:33 below.+6:32Lit of these things.+6:33Or seek. Following the lead of the NJB and REB in translation here. Cf also the CJB at Mt 6:32; the NIV and REB at Lk 12:29, and the CJB at Lk 12:30; UBSHS (Lk), 479.+6:33Cf Dt 32:35-39; Is 31:6-9, 48:11, 51:5, 54:17, 56:1; Dn 2:34, 2: 44-45, 8:25; 1 Co 1:30; 2 Co 5:1.+6:33Cf Ps 37:25.+7:1Or judge. Cf Ex 12:15-19, 22:20, 31:14; Lv 7:21-27, 17:4-14, 18:29, 19:8, 20:2, 20:27, 24:14-16, 24:23, 27:27; Nu 15:35-36; Dt 7:26, 13:9-10, 17:7, 20:2, 20:27, 21:21, 22:2, 27:9-28:68; Jn 7:15, 25. In modern Western Christianity, this verse is sometimes interpreted outside of a Day of the Lord framework, and is thus often used to minimize the seriousness of sin before God (“Don’t judge me!” many say as they consciously indulge in sin). Jesus, however, is not minimizing the seriousness of sin, nor is he doing away with the need for others in the believing community to address it (cf Mt 18; 1 Co 5; Ga 6). Rather, his point is that in view of God’s own longsuffering, patience, and restraint toward us in this age despite our own sin, we, too, must have a merciful disposition toward the wicked (praying for their repentance, cf 2 Pt 3), and a willingness to extend mercy to the repentant within the believing community (cf 2 Co 2:5-11). God himself will execute judgment impartially in the Day of the Lord according to his just standard (see, eg, Rm 2).+7:2Cf Rm 2:1-5.+7:2Cf Mt 6:14; Lk 6:36-38; Rm 2:1-5.+7:3Lit see. Connotations of self-righteousness and offense are present in this context. Cf Mt 9:11-12; Lk 7:36-40.+7:3Or pay no attention to.+7:5Cf Ga 6:1.+7:6Cf Ps 141:5; Pr 9:7-8, 11:22, 13:8, 15:31-32, 19:25, 23:9, 25:12, 27:6; Ec 7:5; Mt 18:15-20.+7:7Cf Lk 11:1-13; Re 3:7-8.+7:8Cf Pr 2:1-8, 25:2; Dn 9:20-23, 10:11-12.+7:9Lit he.+7:10Lit he.+7:10Lit him.+7:11Cf Lk 11:8-9; Jm 1:17.+7:12Cf NLT.+7:14Cf Mt 24:21; Jn 16:33; Ac 14:22; Rm 5:3; 2 Co 1:8, 4:16-18, 6:4, 8:2; Eph 3:13; Col 1:24; 1 Th 1:6, 3:3; 2 Th 1:4; Heb 11:35-36; Re 2:9-11, 7:14.+7:15Cf 2 Co 2:17, 11:8-15; 1 Ti 6:5; Re 2:2.+7:19Cf Is 30:27-33, 66:24; Mt 3:12, 5:29-30; Mk 9:43, 48; Jn 15:6.+7:20Cf Re 2:2.+7:22Cf Mk 3:13-15, 19 (Judas Iscariot); Ac 19:13-16; 2 Co 11:13-15.+7:23Lit workers/doers of lawlessness. Cf ISV, NIV, NRSV, RSV.+7:24Or words, or sayings.+7:25Cf 1 Co 3:10-14.