5
“It Was God Who Exalted Him in Honor”
In the case of any high priest, you see, since it is his fellow-men+ from whom he is chosen, it is as a representative+ of his fellow-men that he is appointed in service to God, so that he may present sacrifices and offerings to atone for their sins,+ being able to have in his dealings with those who sin ignorantly+ a compassionate heart,+ since he, too, is himself beset by weakness. In fact, because he himself is weak,+ a high priest+ is required, just as he is with respect to the sins of the people, likewise to present a sin offering to atone, too, for his own sins.+ And it is not upon himself that one confers this honorable office;+ on the contrary, a high priest must be chosen+ by God, just as Aaron was. In the same way, the Messiah, too, did not bestow the honor of being a high priest upon himself. No, it was God who exalted him in honor, saying to him,+
“ˢYou are my Son!
I, on this day, anoint you as my chosen king,++
and saying,+ too, in another place,
“ˢYou are a priest, forever into the ages, in the order of Melchizedek.”+
This priest,+ during his time in a state of weakness and mortality,+ having presented prayers and pleas for help, with intense shouts and tears, to the one who had the power to save him from death, and having been answered+ because of his humble and reverent submission,+ even though he was God’s Son,+ learned obedience as a result of the things he suffered, and, having been fully and finally consecrated for priestly service, became for all who obey him the source of a salvation that endures forever into the ages, 10 having been dubbed by God high priest “in the order of Melchizedek.”
11 Although in regard to this matter there is so much we have to say,+ it is difficult to explain, since you have become so dull and negligent.+ 12 Indeed, though you ought to be teachers by this point, you need someone to take you back to the beginning and reteach you the elementary truths of the oracles of God;+ you are back to needing milk, not yet ready for solid food.+ 13 Anyone who can only drink milk,+ you see, is still an infant, inexperienced in the teaching+ about righteousness. 14 It is the mature, rather, to whom solid food is given, to those whose powers of discernment, through disciplined and repeated exercise, have been well trained, and so can skillfully distinguish good from evil.
+1:1Or various times, or various portions, or little by little. Cf Jn 3:34.+1:1Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+1:2Or last.+1:3Or word.+1:3Lit Having made/performed purification of sins. ME(OTB)/IT (see JFB, 2:441; LALS, sv καθαρισμός; UBSHS [Heb], 10; translation and notes at 2 Pt 1:9) See also Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” (PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024). Cf, eg, Lv 4:20, 4:31, 6:7, 16:1-34; Nu 15:28; Jb 7:21.+1:3Lit of the majesty. ME (see L-N, 12.5).+1:4Lit having becoming superior in rank to the angels. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 13).+1:4Or a name. Cf DuCL; UBSHS (Heb), 13.+1:5Lit he. Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+1:5Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:5Lit I today have fathered you, or I today have begotten you. ME(OTB/H) (see translation and notes at Ac 13:33).+1:5Ps 2:7+1:52 Sm 7:14+1:6Cf Ps 89:27; Col 1:15-18; Re 1:5.+1:6Dt 32:43 (LXX); cf Ps 97:7.+1:7The Greek word used here can mean “wind,” “spirit,” or “breath.”+1:7Ps 104:4. Cf, eg, Jb 1-2; Ps 148:8; Ga 4:3, 9; Col 2:8, 20; Re 7:1, 14:18, 16:5.+1:8Lit that [will be] the scepter of. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 19). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT.+1:9Lit That is the reason why. ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mt 10:37, 22:32; Lk 14:26; Jn 12:5; 1 Co 16:22; Ga 3:6; Jm 1:12).+1:9Lit the God of you. ME(OTB)/IT. Covenantal connotations have been activated by “love” and “hate” in this context (see translation and notes at Mt 10:37, 22:32; Lk 14:26; Jn 12:5; 1 Co 16:22; Jm 1:12).+1:9Lit has anointed you with the oil of joy above your companions. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 20). Cf GeCL; TEV.+1:9Ps 45:6-7+1:12Or roll them up.+1:12Ps 102:25-27+1:13Lit he.+1:13Ps 110:1+1:14Or winds.+2:1Or have learned, or have heard. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:2Or word, or teaching. ME(H/OTB)/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 28). Cf Knox, TNT.+2:2Cf, eg, Ac 7:53.+2:3Lit which a beginning having received to be spoken through the Lord. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 27-9). Cf NET. The argument here is a from-lesser-to-greater argument. Cf, eg, Jn 7:16-17, 8:28, 12:49, 14:10, 14:24.+2:5Lit he.+2:5See translation and notes at Jn 17:22-24 and Rm 8:28-30. The same applies here. Cf NCV, NLT.+2:6Lit But someone solemnly testifies somewhere. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 33). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+2:7See translation and notes at Jn 17:22-24 and Rm 8:28-30. Cf also 1 Co 2:7.+2:7Lit crowned him.+2:7Cf Jn 17:22-24; Rm 8:28-30; 1 Co 2:7.+2:8Ps 8:5-7 (LXX)+2:8Lit he left nothing unsubjected to him. ME (see BDAG, 91, sv ἀνυπότακτος 1; UBSHS [Rm], 36).+2:9Lit we see. ME (see Heb 12:1-3). Cf UBSHS (Heb), 37.+2:9Lit because of the suffering of death. ME (see BDAG, 747, sv πάθημα 1). Cf TEV.+2:9The purpose clause here is logically connected to “made lower” (see UBSHS [Heb], 37-8), and therefore “made lower than the angels for a short time” has been restated in translation here for the sake of clarity. Cf TEV.+2:9Cf Is 53:9.+2:9Or for the sake of.+2:9Cf Is 53.+2:10Lit It was proper/appropriate/fitting for him.+2:10In this context, τελειόω ( teleiō) is referring to consecration and appointment for priestly service (see BDAG, 996, sv τελειόω 3; NBC, 1327; UBSHS [Heb], 39). Cf, eg, the LXX at Ex 29:9-35; Lv 8:33, 16:32, 21:10; Nu 3:3. Cf also Jn 17:17-19. The connotations of perfection, completeness, and ultimacy activated by this cognate family, however, are also relevant here within the overall context of Hebrews, in which a telic argument is sustained throughout on behalf of the perfection of the priesly service/cult renered by Jesus. Hence the inclusion of “perfect” here and throughout the translation of Hebrews.+2:10Or author, or leader, or founder, or source.+2:11Lit who sanctifies. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+2:11Or the same Father, or the same man, or the same origin. Lit from one thing, or from one man/person/being. Cf NJB, REB in ESS (Heb), 66.+2:11Lit he. Cf ISV, NIV, TEV.+2:11Lit brothers, saying.+2:12Lit sing in praise of you. ME/IT (see UBSHS [Heb], 43). Cf TEV.+2:12Ps 22:22+2:13Is 8:13-18 was interpreted Messianically in the early church (see NAC [Heb], 218). Accordingly, Is 8:17 is referring to the Messiah, and v 18 is referring to the Messiah with his children (ie, his disciples; see the following note). Following the lead of the NLT in translation here, so that the connection between the Messiah and his disciples is clear.+2:13Lit children. ME (see L-N, 9.46, 36.39). Cf Is 8:16.+2:13Translating in a way similar to how I’ve translated at Jn 6:37 (see translation and notes there).+2:13Is 8:17-18+2:14Lit share in flesh and blood. ME(OTB/I/F) (see BDAG, 26, sv αἷμα 1.a.; Ibid, 915, sv σάρξ 3.a.; translation and notes at 1 Co 15:50; Php 2:7; Rm 8:3; FBT Chart F, G).+2:14Lit who holds the power/might/control of death. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 45; translation and notes at Re 9:3). Cf Gn 3; Mt 6:13, 26:41; 1 Co 10:13; 2 Co 2:11, 11:3.+2:15Cf, eg, Ps 3:5, 4:8, 6:5, 9:13, 13:3, 16:10, 18:4-5, 22:15, 30:3, 30:9, 33:19; 49:14-15, 68:20, 86:13, 88:3, 89:48, 116:3, 118:17-18, 139:8+2:16Lit he. Cf NCV.+2:17Or faithful, or reliable.+2:17Lit to make propitiation for/expiate the sins of the people. ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Lk 18:13, Rm 3:25, and 1 Jn 2:2).+2:18Lit he.+2:18The perfect tense here signals ongoing relevance at the time of the speaker. I’ve tried to convey this in translation.+3:1Cf v 2:11.+3:1Or calling, or invitation.+3:1Cf Heb 1:9.+3:2Or reliable, or faithful, or loyal.+3:2Lit faithful to the one who appointed him. ME/IT (see FSB, Heb 3:1; NET Bible Notes, Nu 12:2; UBSHS [Heb], 52). Cf NLT, TEV.+3:2Lit his.+3:2Nu 12:7+3:3Lit This one. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, NIV.+3:3Lit just as the builder of it has greater honor than the house.+3:4Lit Every house is built by someone. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+3:5Nu 12:7+3:7Or his summons, or his call. In the original context, the people are being compared to sheep. Cf Jn 10.+3:8Lit according to the day. ME. Cf ISV, NIV.+3:9Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+3:10Or although they had seen my deeds for forty years. See UBSHS (Heb), 62.+3:10Lit They are always going astray in their hearts. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 63). Cf NCV, TEV.+3:10Lit have not known. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 63). Cf NLT, TEV.+3:11ME(OTB)/IT (see translation and notes at Mk 8:12; ESS [Heb], 104).+3:11Ps 95:7-11+3:12Lit lest there be in someone of you an evil heart of unbelief/unfaithfulness in forsaking the living God. ME(OTB/H)/IT (see translation and notes at Mk 3:5; UBSHS [Heb], 59, 64). ἐν ( en) here is interpreted as a marker of result (see, eg, L-N, 89.48). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, NLT, NET, TEV.+3:15Ps 95:7-8+3:16Lit all who came out of Egypt by Moses. ME. Cf NET.+3:16Cf 1 Co 10; Jud 5.+3:17Lit whose bodies fell. ME (see BDAG, 815, sv πίπτω 1.b.α.א; L-N, 20.60, 23.105). A violent death is implied here.+3:17Cf Nu 14:22-29, 26:65; 2 Co 10; Jud 1:5.+3:18Lit he.+3:19Lit were not able. ME. Cf NCV. This is clearly the meaning here.+4:1Or since. The participle here is either temporal (cf, eg, ISV, NET) or causal (cf, eg, NCV, NIV).+4:1Lit remains. ME (see BDAG, 521, καταλείπω 4). Cf NET, NRSV.+4:1Cf NLT.+4:1Or lest any of you ever seem.+4:1Lit let us fear, lest perhaps/ever any of you should appear/be judged to have failed. ME (see BDAG, 1043, sv ὑστερέω 1; UBSHS [Heb], 73). Cf NLT, NIV, RSV, TEV.+4:2Lit We also are gospeled. ME. Cf TEV.+4:2Lit they were not united with those who heard it in faith. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 74). Cf Nu 14:6-9, 24-30. Since the quotation that follows in verse 3 doesn’t pertain directly to “those who obeyed,” but to those whom the message “didn’t help,” a semicolon has been used in translation here. Cf HCSB.+4:3Lit he.+4:3Ps 95:11+4:4Lit For he has spoken somewhere about the seventh day thus. ME.+4:4Gn 2:2+4:5Lit And again in this place. ME. Cf NET.+4:6Lit enter it.+4:7Lit he.+4:8Lit If them Joshua had caused to have rest. ME(OTB) (see, eg, Dt 1:38, 12:10; Jsh 1:6). Cf NCV, TEV.+4:8Lit after these things. ME/IT.+4:10Lit his.+4:10The aorist indicative is functioning proleptically here. Cf TEV.+4:11Or fail. Lit fall. ME (see BDAG, 815, sv πίπτω 2; L-N, 20-60). Cf 3:17 above.+4:11Lit by the same example of disobedience. ME. Cf ISV, NASB, NCV, NET, NIV.+4:12Lit joints. Cf GeCL; NCV.+4:12Lit penetrating as far as the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow. ME (see BDAG, 633, sv μερισμός 1.a.; UBSHS [Heb], 84).+4:12Lit of the heart. ME(OTB) (see translation and note at Mk 3:5; L-N, 26.3).+4:13Lit his.+4:13Lit naked. ME. Cf NIV.+4:16Cf Lv 16:1-3.+4:16Lit for timely help. ME. Cf most English translations.+4:16Lit grace. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 1:14; BDAG, 1079, sv χάρις 2; LALS, sv χάρις; L-N, 88.66; UBSHS [1 Pt], 164). Including “gracious” here to maintain the connection with “throne of grace.” Cf, eg, Mt 26:41; 2 Co 12:9.+5:1Cf TEV.+5:1Lit on behalf of. ME. Cf NIV; NAB and REB in ESS (Heb), 150.+5:1Lit for the sake of sins. ME/IT (see BDAG, 1030, sv ὑπέρ 1.b.).+5:2Lit those who are ignorant and going astray. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 12, sv ἀγνοέω 4; UBSHS [Heb], 95). Cf Nu 15:27-31. The phrase here is interpreted as a hendiadys (the expression of a unified concept using coordination). This is reflected in the translation.+5:2Cf NET; L-N, 99.65. Cf also Heb 2:17.+5:3Lit because of it [with weakness as the antecedent]. ME. Cf TEV.+5:3Lit he. Cf NCV.+5:3Cf Lv 16.+5:4Lit the honor. ME (see BDAG, 1005, sv τιμή 2.d.; UBSHS [Heb], 96).+5:4Lit but being called. ME (see BDAG, 503, sv καλέω 4).+5:5Lit But [the one who bestowed the honor upon him is] the one who said to him. ME/IT. Cf ISV, NET, NIV.+5:5Lit I today have fathered you, or I today have begotten you. ME(OTB/H) (see translation and notes at Ac 13:33).+5:5Ps 2:7+5:6Lit just as he says. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+5:6Ps 110:4+5:7Lit who.+5:7Lit in the days of his flesh. ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 26, sv αἷμα 1.a.; Ibid, 915, sv σάρξ 3.a.; translation and notes at 1 Co 15:50, Php 2:7, and Rm 8:3; FBT Chart F, G).+5:7Lit been heard. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 9:31; UBSHS [Heb], 99).+5:7Cf NIV, NRSV, TEV; NEB in UBSHS (Heb), 99.+5:8Cf CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:11Lit Concerning which the word to us is much. ME. Cf NET, ISV, NLT, TEV.+5:11Lit since you have become lazy in the hearing. ME(I/F) (see BSL, Heb 5:11, νωθρός L-N, 32.47; UBSHS [Heb], 103; TLNT, 2:552, sv νωθρός).+5:12Lit again you have need for someone to teach you the elements/rudiments of the beginning of the oracles of God. ME (see ANLEX, 357, sv στοιχεῖον 2.a.; BDAG, 946, sv στοιχεῖον 1.c.; L-N, 58.19, 58.20). Cf HCSB, ISV, NIV.+5:12Lit you have become having need of milk, not solid food. ME. Cf NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+5:13Lit Everyone partaking of milk. ME (see UBSHS [Heb], 105).+5:13Or word, or message.