BHT with Abridged Translator’s Notes1 Corinthians 15 =
15
“Where, O Death, Is Your Victory?”
1 Now I want to remind you, brothers and sisters, of the gospel I proclaimed to you, which you also received, on which you have also taken your stand, 2 by which you will also be saved,+ if you faithfully adhere to the gospel I proclaimed to you—unless, of course, it was without any real basis for hope that you believed.+ 3 For I passed on to you, among first things, what I also received: The Messiah died to atone for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures;+ 4 he was buried; he was raised to life on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures;+ 5 he appeared to Kefa, and then to the Twelve. 6 After that, he appeared to more than five hundred of his followers+ at the same time, of whom the majority are still alive, though some have died. 7 After that, he appeared to James, then to the apostles, all of them. 8 Last of all, as to one born at the wrong time,+ he appeared also to me. 9 I, you see, am the least of the apostles, and am not fit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted God’s assembly. 10 Yet it is by the gift of God that I am what I am; the enablement that he graciously lavished on me+ has produced very fruitful results.+ I have worked harder, in fact, than all the others—not I, that is, but the gift of God that is with me. 11 Whether I or they, therefore, this is what we proclaim, and this is what you believed.
12 Now, if the Messiah is being proclaimed as having been raised from the dead, how can certain people among you dare claim that the dead will not be resurrected?+ 13 If there is no resurrection from the dead, it means that+ not even the Messiah himself has been raised to life. 14 And if the Messiah himself hasn’t been raised to life, then our message is a lie devoid of hope,+ and your faith, too, a lie devoid of hope. 15 More than that, we are guilty of telling lies about God,+ since we have borne solemn witness that God has in fact raised the Messiah to life—which he obviously didn’t do if it is true that the dead are not raised to life!+ 16 If the dead are not raised to life, you see, then not even the Messiah himself has been raised to life. 17 And if the Messiah himself hasn’t been raised to life, your faith is a delusion; you are still in your sins! 18 It would likewise mean+ that those who have died+ in union with the Messiah are also lost. 19 If it is with regard+ to this life alone that we have placed our hope in the Messiah, we are indeed more pitiable than all the rest of humankind.
20 The truth,+ however, is that the Messiah has indeed been raised from the dead, the “firstfruits”+ of those who have died.+ 21 Since it was through a man, you see, that death came into the world,+ it is through a man, too, that the resurrection of the dead will take place. 22 Indeed, just as in union with Adam all die, so, too, in union with the Messiah all will be brought back to life. 23 Each, however, in his own turn: The firstfruits is the Messiah, and then later, those who belong to the Messiah when he comes again.+ 24 Then comes the finale,+ when the Messiah will hand the Kingdom over to God the Father, after he has reduced every ruler and every authority and power to nothing.+ 25 It is appointed for him to reign, you see, until God+ has “put all his enemies under his feet.”+ 26 The final enemy will itself certainly be reduced to nothing—death. 27 God+ has “subjected under his feet the whole creation,”+ you see. Now, when the Scripture+ says that it is “the whole creation” that has been subjected, it is obvious that God himself, who subjects the whole creation to the authority+ of the Messiah,+ is not included.+ 28 And after the whole creation has been subjected to the Messiah,+ at that time the Son, too, will himself be made subject to the one who had subjected the whole creation to him, and God will be supreme over all.+
29 Now if there is no resurrection, what will those people do who are being baptized for+ the dead? If the dead aren’t raised to life at all, why in the world are people+ being baptized for them? 30 And as for us, why in the world do we run the constant risk of danger?+ 31 I face death day after day after day—I truly mean this, brothers and sisters, just as surely as I have reason in union with Messiah Jesus our Lord to speak confidently with respect to you.+ 32 If it was for merely human reasons that I fought with wild beasts in Ephesus, what good is that to me? If the dead aren’t going to be raised to life, we might as well+ just “feast and enjoy life, because tomorrow we die!”+ 33 Don’t be deceived: “It is bad company that corrupts good morals.” 34 Come back to your right senses and stop sinning, for some of you don’t know God at all. It is to your shame that I say this.
35 “Well,” someone will retort, “in what way are the dead going to be raised? Exactly what kind of body is it they will have when they come back to life?”+
36 You foolish person! When ˢyou sow a seed into the ground, it does not come to life unless it “dies,” so to speak. 37 And when you sow a seed, it isn’t the fully grown body of the plant+ that you sow, but a naked+ seed, perhaps a grain of wheat or some other kind of kernel. 38 God, moreover, gives it the body he intended it to have; to each kind of seed he gives its own body. 39 Different kinds of creatures have different kinds of bodies.+ There is one kind of body for human beings, another for animals, another for birds, and another for fish.+ 40 There are also bodies in the sky+ and bodies on the earth; yet while the glorious appearance+ of those in the sky is of one kind, the glorious appearance of those on the earth is of another. 41 One kind of glorious appearance belongs to the sun, and another to the moon, and another to the stars. One star, in fact, even differs from another star in glory.+ 42 This is how it will be, too, when the dead are resurrected. A person’s body+ is “sown” into the grave in a state of decay; it will be raised to life in a state not subject to decay.+ 43 It is “sown” into the ground an ugly corpse;+ it will be raised to life resplendent in glory. It is “sown” into the ground in a state of weakness; it will be raised to life full of power. 44 It is “sown” into the ground an ordinary human body;+ it will be raised a body livened by the Spirit.+ If there is an ordinary body, there will certainly be, too, a body livened by the Spirit. 45 Thus also it is written: The first man, Adam, “became a living being”;+ the later+ Adam, a spirit+ who gives new life.+ 46 The body livened by the Spirit does not come first, however; it is the ordinary one that comes first. The body livened by the Spirit comes later. 47 The first Adam+ came from the ground,+ made of dust; the second Adam comes from heaven. 48 As was the man made of dust, such are those, too, who are made of dust, and as is the man raised in heavenly glory,+ such are those, too, who will be raised in heavenly glory.+ 49 And just as we have borne the likeness+ of the man made of dust, so we will bear, too, the likeness of the man raised in heavenly glory.+
50 Now here is what I am saying, brothers and sisters: Mortals,+ mere flesh and blood, cannot inherit the Kingdom of God, nor can that which is subject to decay inherit that which is not subject to decay. 51 Listen carefully,+ I am going to tell you a mystery: Not all of us will die,+ but all of us will be transformed 52 in a moment, in the blink of an eye, at the final trumpet.+ When the trumpet sounds, you see, the dead will be raised to life not subject to decay, and we will be transformed.+ 53 It is God’s plan,+ you see, for this body of decay+ to become clothed with that which is not subject to decay, and for this mortal body to become clothed with immortality. 54 When this body of decay becomes clothed with that which is not subject to death, moreover, and this mortal body becomes clothed with immortality, then what is written in the Scriptures+ will be fulfilled:
“Death will certainly be swallowed up in victory!”+
55 “Where, O death, is your victory?
Where, O death, is your sting?”+
56 Now, the “sting” that leads to death is sin, and sin’s severity and intensity hinge on Torah.+ 57 Yet thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus the Messiah!
58 So then, my dear brothers and sisters, be steadfast, immovable, excelling in the Lord’s work always, knowing that your hard work and difficulties aren’t for nothing in union with the Lord.
+1:1Or called. Following L-N in translation here (see L-N, 33.314).+1:2Lit summoned to be holy, or called/summoned to be saints. Cf 1 Th 4:7, 5:23; 2 Th 2:13.+1:3Unless otherwise marked (through superscript—ˢyou), all second person pronouns are in the second person plural.+1:5Or speech.+1:6Cf 1 Th 1:5.+1:6Cf 1 Co 2:1-5; Th 1:5. Translating ἐν ὑμῖν ( en humin) in a way similar to 1 Th 1:5 (cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT, and TEV at 1 Th 1:5). Paul’s point here is similar to his statements in 1 Th 1:4-5.+1:8Lit who.+1:8Cf Php 1:10; Col 1:22 Th 3:12, 5:23; Jud 24.+1:9Or trustworthy. Cf 1 Th 5:24; 2 Th 3:3.+1:9Or called, or invited.+1:9Cf Rm 5:3, 8:17, 8:27-30; Ga 2:20-21, 3:26-29; Php 3:10, 3:21; Col 3:1-4.+1:10Lit speak the same thing. ME (see BDAG, 588, sv λέγω 1.a.α.; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 32; UBSHS [1 Co], 20).+1:10For the basis of this rendering of νοῦς ( nous), see BDAG, 680, sv 2.b. An attitude of humility is what Paul means here (cf Php 2).+1:10Lit be restored to order/unity in the same mind and in the same conviction.+1:11Lit for it was made clear to me concerning you, my brothers, by those of Chloe, that there are bitter arguments/quarrels among you. ME. The mismatch in languages here is obvious.+1:12Lit each of you says. In English, this type of statement is more clearly and naturally expressed by distributing the subject and grouping it with the claim. Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, NLT.+1:12Lit I am of Paul. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 21). Variations of this are used here and in 1 Co 3:1, to aid in the translation of 3:21 (where the genitive is functioning on multiple levels at the same time, and where the things referred to are very diverse in nature).+1:13Or on your behalf, or in your place. See note at Ga 1:3.+1:13Cf Col 1:13.+1:16Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:17Lit not with wisdom of speech/word. ME (see BDAG, 599, sv λόγος 1.a.β.; notes at 1 Th 1:5).+1:18Or deliverance.+1:19Cf Mt 11:25.+1:19Is 29:14+1:20Lit where. EFE. Though intelligible to some degree, the intended effect and meaning of the rhetorical question here doesn’t transfer as naturally into English simply with “where” (cf UBSHS [1 Co], 31). The CJB, LB, NCV, and TEV are best here.+1:20Lit where. EFE. See previous note.+1:20Lit where. EFE. See previous two notes.+1:20Lit Did not God make foolish the wisdom of the world? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 31). Cf TEV.+1:21Lit Since in the wisdom of God. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 52; UBSHS [1 Co], 32). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:21Cf Mt 11:25-28; Jn 1:18.+1:21IT. Cf TEV; UBSHS [1 Co], 32; v 1:18 above.+1:21Or in him. The object of faith is implied contextually. Cf CJB.+1:22Lit Greeks.+1:23Cf Dt 32:21; Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Ac 22:22; Rm 9:33, 10:19, 11:9; 1 Pe 2:6-8.+1:23Because of the importance of the “stumbling block” motif in NT teaching, especially with regard to the Jewish people (see, eg, Ps 118:22; Is 28:16; Rm 9:33, 11:9; 1 Pe 2:6-8), I thought it important to maintain the literal imagery here. I have clarified the meaning (see L-N, 25.181), though, with an appositional phrase.+1:23See previous note.+1:23Cf Ac 17:16-21.+1:24Or called, or invited.+1:24Lit Greeks.+1:26Lit look at your calling. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 1:26; UBSHS [1 Co], 37). Cf NET, TEV.+1:27Lit the foolish things of the world. ME Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+1:27Or chose, or has chosen.+1:27Cf Dt 7:7-9; 1 Sm 16:1-12; 2 Sm 7:8; Am 7:14; Ac 4:13.+1:27Lit the weak things of the world. ME. Cf CJB, TEV.+1:28Lit the insignificant things of the world and the despised things. ME. Cf NCV, TEV.+1:28Lit the things not being. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 65; UBSHS [1 Co], 39). Cf NLT, NCV, TEV.+1:28Lit the things being. ME. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV. Here, the opposite of “the things not being” is meant (see note earlier in this verse).+1:29Lit all flesh, or any flesh, or any kind of flesh. Translated according to “Flesh” M, N (see FBT Chart). Cf translation and note at Ac 2:17.+1:29Lit so that no flesh may boast. ME (see notes at 2 Co 1:14).+1:30Lit out of him, or from him, or because of him, or by him. ME. Cf NASB, NCV, NLT, REB, TEV, TNT. Cf Dt 7:7-9, 9:4-6; Jr 9:23-24; Rm 9:14-18; 1 Jn 4:19; v 31.+1:30Cf CJB, ISV, NLT, TEV.+1:30This may well be an allusion to the cornerstone motif (cf Ps 118:22; Mt 21:42-43; Mk 12:10-11; Ac 4:11). Cf παρὰ κυρίου ( para kuriou) in Mt 21:42 with ἐξ αὐτοῦ ( ex autou) and ἀπὸ θεοῦ ( apo theou) in this verse, and note how this element receives focal prominence here and in Mt 21:42. Cf also the TEV’s translation of γίνομαι at Mt 21:28.+1:30Lit sanctification. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+1:31Lit boasts. ME (see notes at 2 Co 1:14).+1:31Lit in the Lord. ME(OTB) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 42; cf, eg, Ps 77:11, 78:4, 106:2). Cf TEV. Ga 6:14 confirms that the TEV has rightly identified the intending meaning here. Cf Rm 1:16-17.+1:31Jr 9:24+2:4Lit in persuasion of wisdom. ME. Cf NCV, NIV, NLT.+2:4Lit proof/demonstration [consisting] of the Spirit and power. ME. Following the lead of BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 109, sv ἀπόδειξις), with the information in the verbal noun activated in verb form for more natural expression in English. Cf Ac 10:44-48, 11:15-17; Ga 4:6-7; 1 Th 1:5.+2:6Cf Ps 110:5-6; Is 24:21-23; Dn 10; Zc 14; 1 Co 6:1-3; Eph 3:10-11; 1 Jn 5:19; Re 19:11-21:15.+2:7Cf Rm 16:25; Eph 3:3-9; Col 1:25-28.+2:7The antecedent here is “wisdom.” When used with προορίζω ( proorizō), a wise plan or decision is meant (see L-N, 30.84; UBSHS [1 Co], 54; Ac 4:28; Eph 3:9). Cf NCV, NLT.+2:7Lit unto/for/with a view to our glory. ME (see BDAG, 257, sv δόξα 1.c.; translation and notes at Jn 7:39, Rm 8:30). Cf Is 52:12-53:12; 1 Pt 1:20.+2:8Cf Is 40:13-14; Rm 11:34.+2:8Cf Is 53:1; Jn 1:14, 12:38; Php 2:6-11; 1 Ti 3:16.+2:9Lit not ascend in/on the heart of man. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 58, sv ἀναβαίνω 2; L-N, 30.17; UBSHS [1 Co], 56). Cf HCSB.+2:9Is 64:4+2:10Cf Eph 3:4-6; Col 1:26-27.+2:10Lit the deep things of God. ME (see L-N, 28.76; UBSHS [Re], 61). Cf Dn 2:20-23; 1 Pt 1:11.+2:11Lit Who among men knows the things of the man except the spirit of the man that is in him? ME. The gap between languages here is obvious. Cf NLT.+2:11Lit the things. What the “things” are is made clear from the context. Cf ESV, HCSB, NASB, RSV.+2:13Cf Is 54:13. Cf Jr 31:33-34; Jn 6:45, 16:13; Rm 2:15; 1 Th 4:9; Heb 8:10-11; 1 Jn 2:27.+2:13Or comparing things of the Spirit with things of the Spirit. Though I am not dogmatic here, Paul’s use of πνευματικοῖς ( pneumatikois) in 1 Co 3:1 causes me to favor the interpretation reflected in the translation. Also, looking to the context for the intended meaning of πνευματικὰ ( pneumatika) here: “My message and my preaching” (v 4); “God has revealed them to us by the Spirit” (v 10); “so that we may understand” (v 12); “taught by the Spirit” (v 13); “unable to understand” (v 14); “examined and understood” (v 14); “examine and understand all things” (v 15).+2:14Lit the natural man. ME (see ANLEX, 414, sv ψυχικός 2; UBSHS [1 Co], 61). In addition to the immediate context, Jude 19 makes it clear what is meant by ψυχικός ( psuchikos) here. Cf NIV, NCV, TEV.+2:14Cf Jn 14:15-17.+2:14Lit they.+2:15Cf 1 Co 4:8-13; Heb 11.+2:16A loose quotation of Is 40:13 (LXX).+2:16IT/ME(OTB) (see BDAG, 680, sv νοῦς 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 63; MT of Is 40:13, where rûach [“spirit/breath/mind”] is used). Many English readers might not realize the close relationship between spirit and mind presupposed by Paul’s statement here. Therefore, the IT has been made explicit in translation, so that the connection between this statement and information activated in the broader context is not lost in translation.+3:1Lit as to fleshly people. ME (see L-N, 41.42; UBSHS [1 Co], 67). Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:3Lit for still you are fleshly. ME (see note at v 1).+3:3Lit according to man. ME (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 3:3). Cf CJB, LET, NCV, NET, NLT, TEV.+3:4Lit Are you not men? ME (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 3:3; UBSHS [1 Co], 70).+3:5Lit to each as the Lord gave. ME. Cf NCV, NLT.+3:7Cf NAB.+3:8Or are united. Lit are one. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 119; UBSHS [1 Co], 73). Cf HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, NRSV.+3:8Or wages.+3:9Lit we. The “we” here is an exclusive we, referring to Paul and Apollos (see UBSHS [1 Co], 74). Cf NLT. Cf also 1 Co 4:6.+3:9Lit For we are fellow-workers for God, or For we are God’s fellow-workers. ME. Cf REB, NCV, NRSV, TEV.+3:10Lit according to the grace/gracious gift of God that was given to me. ME (see ANLEX, 407, sv χάρις 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 75).+3:12ME(H)/IT (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 128; UBSHS [1 Co], 77). Cf v 14.+3:12ME (H)/IT (see previous note).+3:13Or because each person’s work. Lit it.+3:13Cf 2 Pt 3.+3:15Or he will be punished. Cf REB.+3:15Lit but so as through fire. ME (see BDAG, 898, sv πῦρ a.; UBSHS [1 Co], 79). Cf CJB, HCSB ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+3:16Or in you, or among you.+3:18Lit in this age. ME (see L-N, 41.38). Cf NIV, NLT.+3:19Jb 5:13+3:20Ps 94:11. Cf the translation of μάταιος [ mataios] here with that at 1 Co 15:17. I have also used “worthless,” though, to preserve potential links in thought with Rm 1:21.+3:21Lit let no one boast in men. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 84; notes at Mt 19:26; 1 Co 1:12, 3:4). Cf HCSB, NET, NCV.+3:21The genitive is functioning at maximum capacity here, with different shades of meaning simultaneously at work because of the diverse nature of the things referred to in the list that follows. With Paul, Apollos, and Cephas, the meaning is that these men are given by God to serve the Corinthians. With “world,” the inheritance that believers will receive at the Second Coming is in view (cf Rm 4:13; Ga 4). “Life” could also conceivably be included with the inheritance, but because it is grouped with death (which certainly isn’t part of the inheritance), “life or death” most likely means something along the lines of passages like 2 Co 2:15, 4:1-12, and 2 Co 11:23, Eph 3:1, Php 1:20-25, Col 1:24, and 1 Th 1:5. “Things present” means the things experienced in this age for our good (cf Rm 8:28-29), and “things to come” refers again to the future inheritance (cf, eg, Rm 8:17). Cf ESS (1 Co 1-9), 143-6.+3:22Cf Jn 13:12-17; Rm 4:13, 8:17, 8:28-9; 2 Co 2:15, 4:1-12; Ga 4; Eph 3:1; Php 1:20-25, 3:10-11; Col 1:24; 1 Th 1:5.+3:23Lit You are of the Messiah. Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 1:12 (see translation and note there).+3:23Lit the Messiah is of God. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 146). Cf Rm 8:17; 1 Co 11:3, 15:28.+4:1Cf Rm 16:25-26; 1 Co 2:1, 7; Eph 3:5; Col 1:26; 1 Th 2:4.+4:2Cf HCSB.+4:4Lit I am not conscious of anything against myself. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 90). Cf ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+4:4Cf translation and notes at 1 Co 2:15.+4:4Lit examines me, or discerns me.+4:5Lit the purposes/intentions of the heart. ME(H/OTB) (see note at Mk 3:5).+4:6Lit in us, or by us. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 161; UBSHS [1 Co], 93). Cf NCV, TEV, REB.+4:6Or learn.+4:6Lit the not above what is written. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 162; L-N, 88.95; UBSHS [1 Co], 93).+4:6Lit so that none of you are inflated with pride for/in favor of the one against the other. ME. The mismatch in languages is significant here. The meaning is clear from the context. Cf ESS (1 Co 1-9), 164; UBSHS (1 Co), 94.+4:7Lit Who differentiates you? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 95). Cf Re 3:17-19.+4:8Cf Dn 7:21-22; 1 Co 4:5, 6:2-3; 1 Th 4:17; Heb 12:39-40; Re 2:25-28.+4:9Lit God has appointed/publicly displayed us apostles last/at the end like men condemned to death. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 108, sv ἀποδείκνυμι 1; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 170-171; FSB, 1 Co 4:9, sv ἀποδείκνυμι; UBSHS [1 Co], 97).+4:17Or faithful, or dependable, or loyal.+4:18Lit as though my not coming to you. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 105). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+4:19Lit I will know not the word of those inflated with pride, but the power. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 106). Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+4:20Cf CSB, NIV, REB. For another possibility, see VPR (see VCC, 1 Co 4:19). The verb is not explicit, and therefore must be inferred from the context. Cf Dn 2:34, 44; Mt 16:27, 25:31; Mk 9:2, 13:26; Lk 17:21-25, 21:28-30; 2 Th 1:5-8; 2 Ti 4:1-8.+5:1Lit Everywhere it is being reported, or it is actually being reported. ME (see BDAG, 704, sv ὅλως; UBSHS [1 Co], 109).+5:1Lit and such immorality which is not even among the Gentiles. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 109). Cf NLT, TEV.+5:1Lit so that someone has the wife of the father. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 111). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+5:3Lit though absent in the body. ME. Cf NCV, NLT.+5:3Cf Mt 16:19, 18:15-20.+5:4Lit and my own spirit. ME. Cf NET, NIV.+5:5Lit the (that is, the man’s).+5:5Cf Pr 20:30.+5:6Lit your boasting.+5:6καλός ( kalos) can mean “good” in the sense of “beautiful” (see, eg, L-N, 79.9) or “advantageous” (see, eg, L-N, 65.43). Here it has been translated as the opposite of these (ie, “not beautiful,” and “not advantageous” [in this context, “not advantageous” in the sense of “dangerous” fits the context well]).+5:6Lit leavens. ME(H/OTB) (see note at Ga 5:9).+5:7Cf Ex 12:15; Eph 4:17-32; Col 3:5-10.+5:7Cf Ex 12:1-28; Jn 19:36.+5:8Cf Ex 12:1-28; Lv 23:4-8; Nu 9:1-5.+5:9Lit I wrote to you in the letter. ME(H) (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 214; UBSHS [1 Co], 117). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+5:10Lit not by any means/entirely the sexually immoral people of this world. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 118). Cf FrCL.+5:10Lit since then you would be obligated to go out of the world. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, 348, sv ἐξέρχομαι 2).+5:11Or Now I am writing to you. Cf NLT, TEV.+5:12Cf Mt 16:17-20, 18:10-20.+5:13Cf Rm 2:1-16, 12:19-20.+5:13Dt 17:7+6:1Lit the unrighteous, or the unjustified. ME (see ANLEX, 35, sv ἄδικος 5; UBSHS [1 Co], 124).+6:1Lit the holy ones.+6:2Lit the holy ones.+6:2Cf ISV.+6:2Cf Is 1:26-27; Dn 7:21-27.+6:3Cf NCV, NIV, NLT, TEV; UBSHS (1 Co), 125. Paul’s argument here is an example of a lesser-to-greater argument (cf, eg, Mt 6:26, 12:12), though here the greater is stated first. Paul obviously isn’t saying that the matters leaders must deal with in this age (like immorality in the church; see ch 5) are unimportant, but that they are less weighty in comparison to the responsibilities that will be entrusted to the saints in the age to come.+6:4Lit you have. Cf ISV at v 2.+6:4Or Those who are despised in the assembly, are you going to seat these people? Lit Those who are despised/least esteemed/disdained in the assembly, these people seat. ME (see BDAG, 491, sv καθίζω 2; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 226; L-N, 37.104; UBSHS [1 Co], 125-7).+6:5Lit among you. ME. Cf TEV.+6:9The two Greek terms used here refer to the passive and active partners in a male homosexual relationship (see L-N, 88.281, 88.280). Cf NET.+6:10Cf Re 21:6-8.+6:11Lit you were sanctified. ME/IT (see Timothy Miller, “Paul’s Priestly Mission and Salvation from the Coming Wrath: A Missiological Probe of Romans 15:16 and the Question of Divine Anger through the Worldview of Leviticus” [PhD diss., Columbia International University, 2024]).+6:11IT. The extension of mercy is implied here. See James B. Prothro, A Pauline Theology of Justification: Forgiveness, Friendship, and Life in Christ. (Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2023). Cf Rom 4:1-8.+6:12Here Paul is obviously talking about all things that are good in themselves (such as food and sex, for example).+6:12Lit all things for me are permitted. ME. Looking to 1 Co 10:23-25, Ga 2:11-13, and 1Ti 6:18 for clarity as to the intended meaning of the saying here. Cf ESS (1 Co 1-9), 236; REB, TEV.+6:12Cf 1 Ti 6:17-19.+6:13Lit both this [the stomach] and these [foods]. The antecedents have been made explicit in translation for the sake of clarity.+6:13Cf 1 Co 3:16-17; 2 Co 11:2; Eph 5:25-33; Col 3:4; 2 Th 1:10.+6:15Lit members, or parts. Cf REB.+6:15Lit the members of the Messiah.+6:15Lit make them members of. Cf NCV.+6:16Gn 2:24+6:18Lit is outside the body, or is independent of the body. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 138; Spence, PC [1 Co], 194). The meaning of this phrase is difficult to determine, but the context (note the contrast with “sins against his own body,” or “sins in his own body,” or “sins with reference to his own body”) seems to favor an interpretation somewhere between those of Spence, NLT, and GeCL. Following their lead in the translation here. Cf also 2 Co 7:2.+6:18Or in, or with reference to.+6:19Cf Rm 14:7–8; 1Co 3:16; 2 Co 6:16.+6:19Or among.+6:20Lit in, or by. Cf CJB, TEV. I like the clarity of these translations, but wanted to keep “in your body” in clause-final. Hence the translation here.+7:2Lit because of the immoralities. The plural here is interpreted in terms of pervasiveness of acts (see previous note). This is reflected in the translation. Cf CJB, HCSB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT.+7:3Lit To the wife let the husband repay the debt/duty. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 144).+7:5Lit be again in the same place. ME(I/F) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 146). Cf NET, TEV.+7:7Cf Mt 19:10-12.+7:8Lit I say.+7:8Lit if they remain even as I. Cf CJB, ESV, NIV, NLT, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+7:10Cf Mk 10:5-12.+7:14Or is consecrated.+7:14Lit is set apart in his wife. ME (see BDAG, 329, sv ἐν 9.a.; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 268; UBSHS [1 Co], 153).+7:14Lit is set apart in the brother. ME (see previous note).+7:15Or called.+7:16Cf TEV.+7:16The spouse here is meant to be understood as playing an instrumental role in salvation (see BDAG, 982, sv σῴζω 2.a.β.).+7:16Cf 1 Pt 3:1-6.+7:16Cf TEV.+7:17Or called.+7:17Cf TEV; UBSHS (1 Co), 158.+7:18Lit let him not pull over the foreskin. ME(H) (see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:18).+7:19IT. Cf ISV, NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+7:20Lit in the calling in which he was called/summoned. ME (see ANLEX, 232, sv κλῆσις 2; BDAG, 549, sv κλῆσις 2; DBL Greek, #3104.3; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:20; L-N, 87.2). The context clearly confirms this meaning here (“slave,” “free,” etc). Cf HCSB, NET, NIV.+7:21Or although if indeed you are able to gain your freedom, avail yourself of the opportunity, or although if indeed you are able to gain your freedom, make the most of it. Cf 1 Ti 6:2.+7:22Lit the one who was called by the Lord as a slave. ME. Cf TEV.+7:22Lit the one was called as a freedman. ME. Cf NLT.+7:23See note at 1 Co 6:20.+7:23Cf 1 Pt 1:18-19; Re 5:9.+7:23Or don’t become, or don’t show yourselves to be. My interpretation of γίνομαι ( ginomai) here (see DBL Greek, #1181.7; L-N, 41.1) is influenced by Eph 6:5-8 and Col 3:22-23. Paul’s point here is that irrespective of someone’s station or status, people are to conduct themselves according to a higher standard, which is applicable in all circumstances and situations, and conformity to which will be rewarded in the age to come.+7:23IT. See note at Mt 19:26.+7:23Cf Eph 6:5-8; Col 3:22-23.+7:24Lit Each one in what he was called/summoned. ME (see note at v 20).+7:24Or before God, or with God, or in fellowship with God, or as one accountable to God. Cf Eph 6:7-8; NIV here; translation and notes and the ISV at 2 Co 2:17.+7:25Lit the virgins. Cf ESV. For a synopsis of the primary interpretations of παρθένων ( parthenōn) here, see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 7:25; ESS (1 Co 1-9), 285; and UBSHS (1 Co), 167.+7:26Or in view of the present distress. Cf v 29. Cf also NRSV.+7:26Or good, or advantageous, or fitting.+7:27Lit Have you been bound/tied...?. The obligation/tie signaled by δέω ( deō) can apply either to married or engaged couples (see Fee in ESS [1 Co 1-9], 290). Given Paul’s teaching on divorce in vv 10-16, he is most likely referring to betrothal/engagement (which also accords with Jewish bridal customs; cf Mt 1:19). Cf ESV, NLT, NRSV, RSV at 1 Co 7:36; and ESV at 1 Co 7:25 and 7:28.+7:27Cf Mt 1:19.+7:27Lit Don’t seek a loosing/release.+7:27Lit Have you been loosed...? See note in the first sentence of this verse.+7:28Lit and if the virgin.... Cf ESV.+7:29Lit This I am saying, brothers. ME. Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+7:29Lit The appointed time is drawn to a close. ME (see BDAG, 498, sv καιρός 3.b.; UBSHS [1 Co], 170).+7:29Lit those who have wives as not having. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 170).+7:31Lit so that those who have wives should be like those who don’t have [wives], and those who weep like those who don’t weep, and those who rejoice like those who don’t rejoice, and those who buy like those who don’t possess, and those who avail themselves of the world not fully avail themselves [of it]. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 294-7; UBSHS [1 Co], 170-1).+7:34Cf REB, TEV.+7:34Lit the unmarried woman and the virgin. Cf ESV.+7:34Or to be holy, or to be consecrated.+7:35Lit This I speak for your own profit. ME. Cf TEV.+7:35Lit but for the sake of/with a view to what is seemly and constantly in service to the Lord without distraction. ME (see ANLEX, 181, sv εὐσχήμων 3; UBSHS [1 Co], 174). Cf most English translations.+7:36Lit toward his virgin. Cf ESV.+7:37Lit He who stands in his heart firm. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 31.7).+7:37Or will.+7:37Lit to go on keeping his virgin. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 178). Cf ESV, NCV, NRSV, RSV, TEV.+7:38This section can also be translated in a manner similar to how it is translated in the NIV footnote, which reads: “If anyone thinks he is not treating his daughter properly, and if she is getting along in years, and he feels she ought to marry, he should do as he wants. He is not sinning. He should let her get married. But the man who has settled the matter in his own mind, who is under no compulsion but has control over his own will, and who has made up his mind to keep the virgin unmarried—this man also does the right thing. So then, he who gives his virgin in marriage does right, but he who does not give her in marriage does even better.”+7:39Lit falls asleep. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.104).+7:40Lit according to my own conviction/opinion/judgment. ME.+7:40Lit and I believe that I too have the Spirit of God. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 312; UBSHS [1 Co], 179).+8:2Lit has not known as it is necessary to know. Cf NRSV.+8:3ME (OTB) (see notes at Ga 4:9). Paul is making plays on words with “knowledge/knowing” here. At the same time, I felt it important here to maintain consistency in translation with Ga 4:9. Hence, I’ve included an appositional phrase in translation.+8:3Lit by him. Cf Ga 4:9; 1 Jn 2:3-6, 4:2-16.+8:4Lit we know that an idol is nothing in the world. ME (OTB) (see Dt 32:21 [note the parallelism; cf Ga 4:8]; Ps 31:6, Ps 96:5, 97:7, 115:4, 135:15; Is 2:8, 44:9, 48:5, 57:13; Jr 2:6, 10:5-14; Hab 2:18; 2 Ki 7:15; Jr 10:8, 14:22; Jnh 2:8; Ac 14:15). “Care should be taken not to translate this part of verse 4 in such a way as to conflict with verse 5, where Paul admits that other spiritual powers exist” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 185).+8:4Lit and that no one is God except one. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 185).+8:5Lit just as there are many gods and many lords. ME (OTB/H) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 185-6; notes at Ga 4:8-9.) Cf Dt 32:8 (see esp DSS, LXX; NET Bible Notes at Dt 32:8); Jb 1-2; Ps 82; Dn 10; Rm 8:38; Eph 1:21, 2:1-2, 3:10, 6:12; Col 1:16; 1 Pt 3:22; Jud 6; Re 7:1-3, 16:5.+8:6Lit to us. The dative here is most likely an ethical dative (“yet from our standpoint” [as Christians]), with the truth of the perspective assumed within the framework of the Biblical worldview.+8:6Lit Even though there are so-called gods, whether in heaven or on the earth, just as there are many gods and many lords, but to us. ME (OTB/H) (see UBSHS [1 Co], 185-6; notes at Ga 4:8-9). The mismatch in languages here is significant.+8:6Lit from whom is the whole creation/all things. The preposition here indicates source. Cf Re 4:11.+8:7Lit this knowledge is not in all. The context indicates that Paul is speaking here of believers, and therefore knowledge being “in” someone means that it is rooted in them to the point that they can make decisions without defiling their conscience in the process; it refers to a “maturity of knowledge” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 186).+8:7Lit Some because of the custom until now of the idol, they eat as though food sacrificed on an idol. ME (see BDAG, 280, sv εἰδωλόθυτος; UBSHS [1 Co], 186). Cf most English translations. Again, there is significant mismatch in languages here.+8:8Cf Rm 14:10-12; Co 4:5; 1 Jn 3:21, 4:17.+8:9Lit a stumbling block to the weak. ME (see L-N, 88.307).+8:10Lit If someone sees you, the one who has knowledge, reclining [for a meal] in an idol’s temple, will not his conscience, being weak, be built up so as to eat the idol sacrifices? ME. The mismatch in languages here is obvious. Cf CJB, ISV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV. See also note at 8:7 above.+8:12Cf Mt 18:1-6.+9:2Lit the seal of my apostleship. ME (see ESS [1 Co], 333; UBSHS [1 Co], 194). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+9:4Lit the right to eat and drink. ME (see BDAG, 396, sv ἐσθίω 1.e.α; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 9:4). Cf NET.+9:8Lit Is it according to man...? ME(I/F). Cf ESV, ISV, NCV, NRSV, RSV.+9:8Lit says these things.+9:9Dt 25:4+9:10Lit who plows. ME(H) (see L-N, 43.4).+9:10Lit who threshes. ME(H) (see ANLEX, 44, sv ἀλοάω; L-N, 43.19).+9:10Cf 1 Ti 5:18.+9:11Drawing from BDAG in translation here (see BDAG, 624, sv μέγας 5).+9:11Lit your fleshly things. ME(I/F) (see BDAG, σαρκικός, 914 1.a; cf v 4 [lit “we have a right to food and drink, don’t we?”]). Cf NLT. ὑμῶν τὰ σαρκικὰ ( humōn ta sarkika) is in P2 (see BART Display), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for primary focus and stress.+9:12Lit so that we may not give any hindrance to the gospel of the Messiah. ME. Cf NET, NLT.+9:13Cf Dt 18:3-4; Nu 18:20-24.+9:13Cf Nu 18:5, 20-24; Dt 18:3-4.+9:14Cf Mt 10:10; Lk 10:7; Ga 6:6; 1 Ti 5:18.+9:15Lit And I do not write these things so that it might be thus with reference to me. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 204). Cf CJB, ESV, RSV, TEV.+9:15Lit the boast of me. ME. In this context, where “boasting” is used in a positive sense, and where “reward” based on voluntary sacrifice is in view (cf v 17), “honor” (see LALS, sv καύχημα; LEH LXX Lex, sv καύχημα; notes at 1 Th 2:19-20), based on praiseworthy conduct (see translation and notes at 2 Co 1:12-14, 5:12, 7:14, 8:2, 11:10), is the basic meaning of καύχημα ( kauchēma). Cf the LXX at Dt 26:19; Pr 16:31, 17:6, 19:8; Jr 13:11; Zc 12:7. Cf also Sir 1:11, 10:22, 25:6, 44:7, 45:8-12, 50:11.+9:15Cf 1 Th 2:19-20.+9:16Lit it is not to me a boast. ME (see previous note; translation and notes at 2 Co 1:14; v 18 below [ie, “boasting” approximates “reward”]). Cf 1 Co 3:8, 4:5.+9:16Lit If I proclaim the gospel, there is not for me a boast, for obligation is laid upon me. ME (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 353; UBSHS [1 Co], 205). The mismatch is languages is significant here. Cf Lk 17:7-10.+9:17Lit doing this. ME. Cf TEV.+9:17Cf TEV.+9:18Lit so as not to make full use of my right in the gospel. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 206).+9:19Lit Even though I am free. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 207; cf notes at Ga 4:22). Cf NJB, TNT.+9:19Cf CJB, NCV, NIV, TEV.+9:20Or become. The aorist may be functioning gnomically here. Cf TEV.+9:20Or to, or among.+9:20Cf Ac 16:3, 21:23-26.+9:21Lit not being without God’s law.+9:21Cf Ga 6:2.+9:23Or for the sake of the gospel.+9:23Cf NAB.+9:23Lit so that I may become a sharer of it. ME(OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 952, συγκοινωνός; ESS [1 Co 1-9], 363; notes at Mk 1:15). Cf Rm 5:1-5, 8:20-25; 1 Co 1:7; 2 Co 1:5-7; Php 3:10-14 (note how Paul in Php 3 moves from the hope of the resurrection [cf “imperishable crown” in v 25 here] to the race analogy; very similar to what we see here); 1 Th 2:19-20, 4:13-18; 1 Ti 4:10; Heb 11:39-40.+9:25Cf Ps 21:3-4, 103:4; Th 2:19; 2 Ti 4:8; Heb 2:9; Jm 1:12; 1 Pt 5:4; Re 2:10, 3:11.+9:26Lit as not without aim. ME ( UBSHS [1 Co], 212). Cf CJB, TEV. This may also be a litotes (emphatic affirmation, accomplished by denying the opposite) (see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 367).+9:26Lit not beating the air. ME ( UBSHS [1 Co], 212). Cf TEV. This may also be a litotes (emphatic affirmation, accomplished by denying the opposite; see ESS [1 Co 1-9], 367).+9:27Cf Rm 6:11-14, 8:13; Ga 5:16; Heb 12:4.+10:1Or forefathers. Lit fathers.+10:1Cf NLT.+10:1Lit that our fathers were all under the cloud. ME(OTB) (see Ex 13:21, 40:34; Nu 9:18, 14:14, 33:8; Ne 9:12, 19; Ps 78:13-14, 105:39). Cf CJB, NLT, TEV, TNT; UBSHS (1 Co), 215.+10:1IT. Cf TEV.+10:2Lit into Moses. ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], UBSHS [1 Co], 216; Rm 6:3). Cf NCV, ISV, NLT, TEV at Rm 6:3; translation and notes at Rm 6:3.+10:3Cf Ex 16.+10:4Cf Ex 17; Nu 20.+10:4Cf Ex 14:19, 23:20-23; Nu 20; Dt 32:30-31; Is 63:10-11; Ac 7:51.+10:5Lit the majority of them. Here Paul is referring to the generation that experienced the wonders described in vv 1-4 (cf Nu 14:22-23; Ps 95:9-10).+10:5Lit Yet God did not take pleasure. ME(OTB)/IT (see Nu 14:1-38). Paul clearly has Nu 14 in mind here (cf v 5 with Nu 14:16 in the LXX). That Paul is thinking in terms of “inheriting the land” is confirmed by 1 Co 6:9-10 and Eph 5:5 (cf vv 6-10 below, where idolatry and immorality are mentioned specifically).+10:5Cf Nu 14:6, 24-31; Ps 95:10-11; Mt 7:13-14.+10:5Nu 14:16 (LXX). Cf Nu 14:29-35, 26:64–65; Ps 106:26; Heb 3:17, 10:37-38; Jud 1:5.+10:6Cf Nu 11:4, 34 (LXX).+10:7Ex 32:6. Lit the people sat down to eat and drink and got up to play. ME(H/OTB) (see BDAG, 396, sv ἐσθίω sv 1.e.β.; NET Bible Notes, Ex 32:6; UBSHS [1 Co], 219).+10:8See Nu 25.+10:9See Nu 21:4-9. Cf Ps 78:18-19.+10:10See Nu 16. Cf Ex 12:23, 16:2, 17:2; Nu 14:2-37; 2 Sm 24:16; 1Ch 21:15; Re 15:1-8.+10:11Or as types, or as examples.+10:11Lit to those people. Cf UBSHS [1 Co], 222.+10:11Or fulfillment, or climax, or end, or goal.+10:11Cf 1 Co 7:26-31.+10:12Lit thinks he is standing. ME (see ANLEX, 313, sv πίπτω 2.c.; BDAG, 483, sv ἵστημι 4; Ibid, sv πίπτω 2.b.). Cf Ps 51:10, 78:8, 37.+10:13Lit a temptation has not taken you except what is characteristic of man. ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT, TEV.+10:13Cf Gn 39; Dn 3; Jm 1:12-18.+10:16Cf NLT, TEV.+10:16Lit The cup of blessing we bless, is it not fellowship/sharing/participation of the blood of the Messiah? ME(OTB/H)/IT (see, eg, Lv 7:15, Lv 19:5-6; BDAG, 463, sv θυσιαστήριον, 1.a.; EDBT, sv Offerings and Sacrifices; UBSHS [1 Co], 226). I agree with the UBSHS that both “communion” with God and “sharing/participation” with one another are in view here. However, the claim that “the following verses suggest that Paul is thinking mainly about the union of Christians with one another” (see UBHS [1 Co], 226) is not accurate. While this may be the point of v 17, the overall focus of the context is the need to avoid fellowship/communion with/worship of idols/demons (cf v 14, 18-22). Paul’s point here, moreover, hinges on the assumptions of ancient sacrificial systems (IT), where eating a portion of the sacrifice offered to a deity (in Israel’s case, the one true God), in the presence of that deity, was an important part of the worship, and where “eating together” signified close and peaceful relations between the deity and the worshiper (cf 1 Co 8:7-8). Thus, failure to make any of the IT explicit leaves passage extremely vague, if not incomprehensible, for many modern readers. Hence the translation here.+10:16Lit The bread we break, is it not fellowship/sharing/participation of the blood of the Messiah? ME(OTB/H)/IT (note at “blood?” above).+10:17Cf NLT.+10:17Lit one. ME (see note at Ga 3:28).+10:18Lit Israel according to the flesh. ME. Cf most English translations.+10:18Lit those who eat the sacrifices. ME(OTB)/IT (see, eg, Lv 3:3, 7:15-18, 10:12-15; Dt 18:1-4. See also BDAG, sv θυσία 2.a.β.; EDBT, sv Offerings and Sacrifices; ESS [1 Co 10-16], 36; notes at v 16).+10:18Lit are fellowshipers/partakers/sharers in the altar. ME(H/OTB)/IT (see BDAG, 463, sv θυσιαστήριον, 1.a.; ESS [1 Co 10-16], 36; notes at v 16 above). “Altar” here is being used metonymically for God himself. Cf vv 20-21.+10:19Lit that food sacrificed to idols is anything. ME (see L-N, 92.13; UBSHS [1 Co], 229). Cf 1 Co 8:4-13.+10:19Lit is anything. ME (see notes at 1 Co 8:4). “The meaning of the verse is best defined by comparing it with 8:4–6, where it is clear that Paul is denying, not the existence of other spiritual powers, but their claims on Christians’ loyalty and worship” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 229).+10:20Lit the things they sacrifice. ME. Cf TEV.+10:20Dt 32:17 (LXX)+10:22An allusion to Dt 32:16, 21.+10:22Lit Surely we are not stronger than he, are we? ME (see ESS [1 Co], 231; UBSHS [1 Co], 231).+10:23Lit all things are permitted. ME (see notes at 1 Co 6:12). Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 6:12 (see translation and notes there).+10:23Maintaining consistency in translation with 1 Co 6:12 (see translation and notes there).+10:23Cf 1 Co 8:1.+10:24Cf Php 2:4.+10:26Ps 24:1+10:28Lit this was temple-sacrificed. ME(H)/IT (see BDAG, 280, sv εἰδωλόθυτος; L-N, 53.21).+10:28διά ( dia) signals benefaction (cf, eg, L-N, 90.38; NIV). Paul’s point here is self-sacrificial love for the good/strengthening/upbuilding of those for whom eating would involve a violation of conscience. Cf 1 Co 9:19-23, v 31 below; Ga 5:6; Php 2:1-11.+10:28Lit for the sake of. ME (see 1 Co 8:9-13).+10:29Or judged by, or condemned by, or subjected to the judgment of. Cf REB.+10:29Cf Ac 11:2.+10:30Contra the UBSHS (see UBSHS [1 Co], 237; cf RSV), I (with a number of commentators; see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 49) interpret this statement as either (1) providing support for 29a (ie, why Paul means another person’s conscience); or (2) as a rhetorical outburst going back to the defense of his freedom in 1 Co 9:19-23 (as proposed by Fee; see UBSHS [1 Co], 49). This is reflected in the translation through the use of parentheses. The stronger brother voluntarily laying down his “strength” for the well-being of the weaker is the central point (cf vv 31-11:1 just below; 1 Co 8:9-13).+10:31Or glory, or praise.+10:31\ft Lit for the glory/praise/honor of God. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 237).+10:32Lit Greeks.+11:1Lit become imitators of me. ME. Cf NCV, NIV.+11:1Cf 1 Th 1:5.+11:3Or a husband. So throughout this section.+11:3Or woman. So throughout this section.+11:3Cf 1 Co 4:23.+11:4Lit having down on the head. ME (see L-N, 49.16; UBSHS [1 Co], 244).+11:5Lit it is one and the same as the woman who has been shaved. ME(OTB/H)/IT (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 64; NBC, 1178; UBSHS [1 Co], 245; Robertson, Word Pictures, 1 Co 11:5; Vincent, Word Studies, 3:247). A shaved head was a sign of grief and disgrace (see Dt 21:12; 2 Sm 10:4; 1 Ch 19:4; Jb 1:20 Is 7:20, 15:2; Jr 7:29). Cf also Nu 5:18 (see esp NET).+11:6Lit let her also have herself shorn. ME. The TEV captures the meaning well here, in my opinion, and therefore something similar has been used in translation here.+11:7Cf NLT, TEV.+11:7Or the husband. Cf Pr 12:4.+11:7Cf Gn 1-3.+11:8Paul is obviously pointing readers back to Genesis 2, which refers to particular individuals, and which is a known story. At the same time, that story is being used to describe a general pattern for men and women (note both the absence and presence of the article throughout vv 7-12). The meaning is clear either way. Cf NLT.+11:8An allusion to Gn 2:21-22.+11:9Cf Gn 2:18-24.+11:10Cf Gn 6:1-4; 2 Pt 2:4-7; Jud 6-7. Cf also Ps 138:1 (LXX [137:1]); 1 Co 4:9.+11:11Or a wife is not independent of her husband, nor is a husband independent of his wife. Lit neither is a wife apart from/independent of/separate from her husband, nor is a husband apart from/independent of/separate from his wife, or neither is woman apart from/independent of/separate from man, nor is man apart from/independent of/separate from woman. Cf ItCL in UBSHS [1 Co], 249.+11:11Lit in the Lord, or by the Lord. Cf Gn 2:24; Mt 19:5-6; Mk 10:8; 1 Co 6:16; Eph 5:28-33. Though in Paul’s writings ἐν κυρίῳ ( en kuriō) usually means “in connection with the Lord” (with the specific meaning determined by context; see, eg, Rm 14:14, 16:8-22; 1 Co 4:17, 15:58; Eph 6:21; Col 4:7), his theological framework certainly isn’t confined to this usage (see, eg, 1 Co 1:31; 2 Co 10:17). In 1 Co 1:31, “in the Lord” means “what the Lord has done” (TEV; see notes at 1 Co 1:31). Instrumental uses of the phrase are also attested in the LXX (see, eg, 2 Kingdoms 2:1 [2 Sm 2:1 in the MT], 19:8 [2 Sm 19:7 in MT]; Ho 1:7; Zc 12:5). Verse 12 is providing strength and support for this verse (note the presence of γὰρ [ gar]), and focuses on the simple fact that though the first woman was taken from Adam, men are born through women. That statement, in turn, is followed by a statement about God being the originator of all things. In this context, then, irrespective of whether “woman and man” or “wife and husband” is meant, “in the Lord” doesn’t mean “the new order established by Christ” ( UBSHS [1 Co], 248), or “life in the Lord,” (TEV), or “in the Lord’s fellowship” (REB), or “among the Lord’s people” (NLT), or anything else along these lines. Husband and wife didn’t suddenly start becoming “not independent/not apart from/not separate from” one another (ie “one flesh”) after the first coming, nor did an interdependence of existence between men and women suddenly begin when Jesus came. Nor do either of these things suddenly begin when people enter the church! The interpretations of Barrett and Hodge, which focus more on God’s will and design (see ESS [1 Co], 73), are more in line with the context here. Men and women depend on one another for their existence according to God’s good will and design, and husband and wife are bound together as “one flesh” according to God’s good will and design. This interpretation is reflected in the translation.+11:12See notes at v 8.+11:12Lit Just as woman was out of man, so also man is through woman. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 249). Cf GeCL.+11:12Cf Re 4:11.+11:14“No abstract length of hair was in mind so much as male and female differentiation” ( BKC, 2:529). “Hair, in context, the length is distinctive from a man” ( DBL Greek, #3151). Cf Nu 6:1-21.+11:18Lit among you. ME. Cf TEV+11:19Lit For it is necessary/inevitable for there to be factions among you, so that those who are approved genuine (upon testing/examination) may become manifest/clear among you. ME (see BDAG, 256, sv δόκιμος; UBSHS [1 Co], 255). Cf v 30; Ac 5:1-11.+11:21Lit For each takes his own supper beforehand in eating. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 256).+11:22This interpretation/translation is not too strong in this context! Cf vv 30-31.+11:22Cf Mt 10:40; Ac 9:4.+11:24IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 261). Cf Lk 22:19.+11:24Or in your place, or on your behalf. See notes at Ga 1:3; Lk 22:19.+11:29Lit not differetiating/judging between/distinguishing the body. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 266; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 11:29). Here, the distinction signaled by διακρίνω ( diakrinō) is most likely meant to convey the sacredness/sanctity of the Lord’s body and all it means/represents. Cf NET, TEV, TNT. Bringing together elements from the NET and TNT notes in translation here.+11:29Or judgment, or condemnation.+11:29Cf TEV.+11:32Or judged.+11:34ὡς ἂν ἔλθω ( hōs an elthō) is in P2 (see BART Display and LDGNT), and has therefore been placed in clause-final for extra focus and stress.+12:1Cf translation and notes at 1 Th 4:13.+12:2Or Gentiles.+12:2Lit to mute idols. ME. Cf CEV+12:2Cf NEB (see UBSHS [1 Co], 273).+12:4Following the lead of the TEV and the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 275). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:5Following the lead of the TEV and the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 275). Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:6Cf BDAG, 335, sv ἐνέργημα 1.+12:7Lit To each one the manifistation/disclosure of the Spirit is given. ME (see L-N, 28.36; UBSHS [1 Co], 276). Cf NCV, TEV. φανέρωσις ( phanerōsis) is a verbal noun cognate of φανερόω ( phaneroō) (“reveal,” “disclose,” “display”).+12:9In this context, πίστις ( pistis) doesn’t refer to faith generally, but to a special gift of faith (see BDAG, 820, sv 2.d.ζ.; UBSHS [1 Co], 277). Cf NLT.+12:10Lit workings/deeds/abilities of powers. ME (see ANLEX, 150, sv ἐνέργημα; BDAG, 335, sv ἐνέργημα 1). Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:10Or languages.+12:10Lit the explanation/interpretation of tongues/languages. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+12:13Or in, or by. Cf, eg, ἐν πνεύματι ( en penumati) at Mt 3:11, Mk 1:8, Lk 3:16, Jn 1:33, and Ac 1:5.+12:13Lit Greeks.+12:17Lit where would be the hearing? ME (see L-N, 24.71). Cf NCV, NLT.+12:17Lit where would be the sense of smell? ME (see L-N, 24.71). Cf NCV, NLT.+12:19Lit If all things/the whole were one member, where would the body be? ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 285). Cf NCV, TEV.+12:27Lit and members from a part. ME (see L-N, 63.15). Cf NCV, NET, NIV, NLT, TEV.+12:28Cf NLT. Cf also v 12:18 above.+12:28Lit miracles. In the following verses, the particular gifts are being used metonymically as a short-hand reference to the people who exercise those gifts. Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NIV, NLT, RSV.+12:28Or administration, or guidance.+12:30In Greek, questions that begin with μὴ ( mē) expect a negative answer (see Black, Grammar, 170; Mounce, Grammar, 296). Cf ISV, NET. I have made this explicit in translation in order to be faithful to what is happening in the Greek text, not because I’m against speaking in tongues (I exercise this gift myself). “Charismatics” should be careful not to condemn brothers and sisters in Christ who don’t speak in tongues. At the same time, people who would consider themselves “non-charismatics” should be careful not to demonize this gift or condemn those who exercise it. Believers have full permission to ask God for this gift (see 1 Co 14:1), and though Paul places greater priority on prophecy in context to corporate situations, he still valued the gift of tongues (see 1 Co 14:18).+12:30IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+12:31Cf CJB, ISV, NCV, NLT.+13:1Or languages.+13:2Technically, “knowledge” goes with “understand,” but “understand knowledge” doesn’t transfer naturally into English. Hence the translation here. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+13:3Other manuscripts read “so that I may boast.” For discussion of the textual variants, see NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 13:3; UBSHS (1 Co), 294.+13:7Or believes.+13:8Or fails. Lit falls.+13:11Lit a man. In this context, the focus is on adulthood (see UBSHS [1 Co], 300). Cf NET, NRSV.+13:12Lit by a mirror. ME(H)/IT (see UBSHS [1 Co], 300). Cf ISV, NCV, NIV, TEV.+13:12Or indirectly. Cf Ex 33:11; Nu 12:8; Dt 34:10.+13:12Cf Ex 33:11; Dt 34:10; Re 21:3-4.+13:12Cf Ps 1:6, 31:7, 144:3; Na 1:7; 2 Ti 2:19.+13:13Faith and hope by definition end at the Second Coming (see, eg, Rm 8:24-25; 2 Co 5:7; Heb 11:39). Love, however, goes on forever.+14:2Or in another language. So throughout this section.+14:2Or men, or human beings.+14:2IT. Cf CJB, NLT, TEV.+14:2Or in the Spirit, or with his spirit.+14:5 Now I desire all of you to speak in tongues, but rather that you may prophesy. ME. Cf ISV. Trying to maintain some consistency in translation with v. 1, where the same construction is used.+14:5Lit is greater. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 307). Here, “greater” doesn’t mean that the invididual is of greater worth, but that a particular role is more important in terms of building up the assembly.+14:5Lit he.+14:5IT. Cf NCV, NLT, TEV.+14:5Lit may receive edification.+14:7Lit how will the thing being fluted or the thing being harped be known? ME. Cf CJB, ISV, NIV, NLT, TEV.+14:9Cf NLT.+14:10Or and all of them have meaning. Lit none are without sound, or none are without meaning. ME. Following the lead of the CEV in rendering the phrase positively here. Cf also UBSHS (1 Co), 310.+14:11Lit If I don’t know the meaning of the sound. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 310).+14:16Lit the one filling the place of the uninstructed/outsider. ME(H) (see BDAG, 468, sv ἰδιώτης 2).+14:21Lit Law. Cf NCV, TEV. Here “law” is being used to refer not only to the Torah, but to the Tanakh/OT Scriptures (cf, eg, BSL, 1 Co 14:21, sv νόμος; L-N, 33.56).+14:21Lit lips. ME (see L-N, 33.74).+14:21Is 28:11,12+14:23Lit the uninstructed/outsiders. ME(H) (see BDAG, 468, sv ἰδιώτης 2). Maintaining consistency in translation with verse 16.+14:24Lit an uninstructed person/outsider. ME(H) (see BDAG, 468, sv ἰδιώτης 2). Maintaining consistency in translation with verse 16.+14:24Lit he will be convicted by all. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 318). Cf NIV, NLT, TEV.+14:26Or a hymn.+14:26IT. Cf TEV.+14:28Cf CJB, TEV.+14:28Lit he/she.+14:32Lit the spirits of prophets to prophets are subject. ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 245; UBSHS [1 Co], 323). ὑποτάσσεται ( hupotasettai) is in a DFE position (see BART and LDGNT), and therefore inversion has been used to give extra focus to this element within the ME.+14:33Lit the holy ones.+14:34Or wives.+14:34Cf 1 Ti 2:11-14; 1 Pt 3:5-6.+14:35Lit if they want to learn something. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 326). Cf NLT, NIV, TEV.+14:35Or a wife.+14:39Lit eagerly desire the to prophesy. Maintaining consistency in translation with 14:1.+15:2Or are being saved. The present indicative is encoded with imperfective aspect, and here is most likely functioning futuristically (see UBSHS [1 Co], 331). Cf 1 Co 1:18, 3:15, 5:5, Rm 5:9; 1 Pt 1:9.+15:2Lit unless you believed in vain. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 351; L-N, 72.10 [related to v 14]; ESS [1 Co 10-16], 261). Cf ISV, NLT. Looking to v 14 and v 17 for the intended meaning here (see translation and notes there). I’ve tried to use synonyms in all three places (since the meaning is the same, but different words are used, in the Greek text).+15:3Cf Ps 22, Is 53.+15:4Cf Lv 23:9-14.+15:6Lit more than five hundred brothers. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+15:8Lit as though to the miscarriage. ME (see L-N, 23.55; NET Bible Notes, 1 Co 15:8; UBSHS [1 Co], 334). Cf CJB, NET.+15:10Lit his grace toward me. ME (see translation and notes at Jn 1:14, Rm 1:5, 1 Co 3:10, 2 Co 10:18, Ga 2:7, Heb 4:15, Jm 4:6; L-N, 88.66).+15:10Lit did not turn out in vain. ME. Cf, eg, Rm 1:13, 1 Th 2:1 (see translation and notes there).+15:12Lit that there is not a resurrection of the dead? ME (see translation and note at Mt 22:23).+15:13Cf TEV.+15:14Lit is empty. ME (see L-N, 72.10; translation and note at 1 Co 15:2).+15:15Lit We are found also to be false witnesses of God. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 340; notes at Ga 4:17). Cf NCV.+15:15Lit whom he did not raise if in reality the dead are not raised. ME. Cf ISV, NLT, TEV.+15:18Cf TEV.+15:18Lit fallen asleep. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.104).+15:19Or for, or in. The preposition here is interpreted as a preposition of reference (see, eg, L-N, 89.5; Wallace, Grammar, 144-5, 372). This is reflected in the translations as Rm 8:24 makes clear. Cf Rm 8:24.+15:20Cf TEV.+15:20Cf Lv 23:9-14; 1 Co 15:4 above.+15:20Lit fallen asleep. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.104).+15:21IT. “Came into the world” is implied here. Cf NLT; UBSHS (1 Co), 344.+15:23IT. Cf NLT.+15:24Or the goal, or the end, or the culmination.+15:24Cf Ps 110:5-6; Is 24:21-22.+15:25Lit he. This is a reference to Ps 110:1. Cf UBSHS (1 Co), 347; ISV, TEV.+15:25Ps 110:1+15:27Lit he.+15:27Ps 8:6+15:27Lit it, or he. Cf NLT, TEV.+15:27IT. Cf NLT.+15:27Lit him. Cf CJB, TEV.+15:27Lit it is clear/obvious that he is outside/excepted who subjected to him the all things. ME. CJB, HCSB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+15:28Lit to him.+15:28Lit God will be all things among/in all people, or God will be all things in all things. ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 301; cf NCV, NLT, TEV). Cf Ps 82:8; Zc 14:9; Ml 1:11.+15:29Or on behalf of, or for the sake of.+15:29Lit they. Cf CJB, NCV.+15:30Lit run a risk/be in danger every hour. ME. In this context, ὥρα ( hōra) means constantly (see BDAG, 1103, sv ὥρα 2.c.). This has been incorporated into the clause as an adjective for more natural expression in English.+15:31Lit yes, I swear by the boast about you which I have in Messiah Jesus our Lord. ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 309; translation and notes at Rm 15:17, 2 Co 1:14, Ga 6:4). Cf Rm 15:17-18.+15:32Cf CJB.+15:32Is 22:13+15:35Lit With what kind of body will they come [back]? ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 317; L-N, 13.30). Cf ISV, NCV, NJB, NLT, TEV.+15:37Lit the body that it will become. “Body” here is referring to plant structure (see BDAG, 984, σῶμα 4). Because of the comparison with the resurrection body, though, I thought it important to keep the word “body” as well. Hence the translation here.+15:37I decided to maintain a more literal rendering here, because of Paul’s use of this language in 2 Co 5:1-5.+15:39Lit not all flesh is the same flesh. ME. Cf NLT. The first “flesh” has been translated according to “Flesh” I, and the second according to “Flesh” C, D (see FBT Chart).+15:39Lit There is one flesh of men, another flesh of animals.... Translating “flesh” according to “Flesh” C, D (see FBT Chart).+15:40Or in heaven.+15:40In this context, δόξα ( doxa) is referring to a glorious/radiant/beautiful appearance (see L-N, 79.18).+15:41Lit For star differs from star in glory. ME. Cf ISV.+15:42Lit it. Cf CJB, NCV, NLT, TEV.+15:42Cf Lk 24:36-43; Php 3:21.+15:43Lit in dishonor. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 360). Cf TEV.+15:44Lit a natural body. ME (see translation and note at 1 Co 2:14). Cf CJB.+15:44Lit a spiritual body. ME (see UBSHS [1 Co], 361). Cf FrCL. As passages like Lk 24:36-43 (“a ghost [lit πνεῦμα ( pneuma), “spirit”] does not have flesh and bones, as you see I have” [Lk 24:39, ESV]) make clear, πνευματικός ( pneumatikos) here doesn’t mean complete immateriality or total discontinuity with the non-resurrected body. There is continuity with the former body, and yet the new body has properites in its glorified state that allow the person to function in some ways like the angels. Cf Is 44:1-5; Mt 22:29-32; Lk 20:34-37, 24:36-43; Jn 3:8, 20:26-27; Ac 23:6; Rm 8:11; Heb 1:7.+15:45Ge 2:7+15:45Or last.+15:45Cf Lk 24:39 (lit “a spirit [πνεῦμα ( pneuma)] does not have flesh and bones, as you see I have” [ESV]). “Spirit” here does not mean complete immateriality!+15:45Cf Jn 5:25-26, 7:37-39.+15:47Following the lead of the UBSHS in translation here (see UBSHS [1 Co], 362). Cf TEV.+15:47Or from the earth.+15:48Or as is the man from heaven. Lit the heavenly one/man. ME (see ESS [1 Co 10-16], 334). The context (see v 43 above, and v 53 below) indicates that ἐπουράνιος ( epouranios) here is most likely meant to be understood in terms of the heavenly glory that characterizes the resurrected body. Cf also 2 Co 5:4; Php 3:21; 1 Jn 3:2.+15:48Lit those heavenly. ME (see note at “glory” earlier in this verse).+15:49Or image.+15:49Or the man from heaven.+15:50ME(OTB/I/F)/IT (see BDAG, 26, sv αἷμα 1.a.). Cf Mt 16:17.+15:51Lit behold. EFE (see note at Mt 2:9).+15:51Lit will sleep. ME(I/F) (see L-N, 23.104).+15:52Cf Lv 23:24, 25:9; 1 Th 4:16.+15:52Cf 1 Th 4:13-18.+15:53For the meaning δεῖ ( dei) in this type of context, see notes at Mt 16:21; UBSHS (1 Co), 255. Cf Rm 6:5, 8:28-30; Php 3:10-11, 21; Heb 2:10-18.+15:53Cf NCV, NLT.+15:54Lit the word that is written. ME. Cf NLT, TEV.+15:54Is 25:8+15:55Ho 13:14+15:56Lit the power/strength/force/capability of sin is the Law. ME. Looking to Rm 5:20, Rm 7:5-8,, and Ga 3:19 for clarity as to Paul’s intended meaning here (see translation and notes in those places). The relation to the Law is one of function (see BDAG, 262, sv δύναμις 1.a.; cf Rm 7:7-8); hence “turn” is used in translation here. Paul is obviously not saying here that the Law sanctions sin!
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